12.08.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [85] dependent uses [12] proviso

[1] The conjunction dum has an additional meaning not included in the previous section. We’ll begin with the famous quotation from Accius beloved by all tyrants:

Ōderint dum metuant │ Let them hate provided that they fear.

This is an example of a proviso clause.

[i] A proviso clause sets a specific and necessary condition that must be fulfilled for the action in the main clause to take place.

[ii] It is most commonly translated as ‘provided that’ although ‘as long as’ can convey the same idea.

[iii] It is introduced by:

dum

modo

dummodo (or dum modo)

[iv] The verb in the clause of proviso is in the subjunctive.

Licet enim lascīvīre, dum nihil metuās (Cicero)

• You may enjoy yourself provided that you have nothing to fear [literally: you fear nothing]

Modo Iuppiter adsit … (Vergil)

• Provided that Jupiter is present …

Modo inter mē atque tē mūrus intersit (Cicero)

• Provided that only the wall is between me and you.

Sed est tantī, dummodo ista sit prīvāta calamitās (Cicero)

• But it is worthwhile provided that this misfortune is private.

Dummodo sit dīves barbarus ille placet (Ovid)

• Provided that he is wealthy, that foreigner is pleasing.

Dum modo mōrāta rēctē veniat, dōtāta est satis (Plautus)

• So long as / provided that she comes with the right morals, that is dowry enough.

Ingenuamne an lībertīnam? / Aequī istūc faciō, dum modo eam dēs quae sit quaestuōsa (Plautus)

• Freeborn or freedwoman? / Either is fine with me provided you give me one who’s after money.

Dum modo doleant aliquid, doleant quidlibet (Cicero)

• Provided that / so long as they suffer something, let them suffer anything.

adprobātor certē fuistī, dum modo Kal. Ian. Rōmae essem (Cicero)

• You were certainly agreeable [literally: somebody who agrees (noun)] provided I was in Rome on January 1^st.

[2]

Negative proviso clauses will include nē:

Id faciat saepe, dum nē lassus fīat (Cato)

• Let him do this often provided he does not become tired.

Nūbant, dum dōs nē fīat comes (Plautus)

• Let them marry, provided their dowry doesn't go along with them [literally: does not become a companion]

[3]

Note these examples from Cicero where a proviso clause is expressed, but the verb is not used:

Rescrībēs igitur, quicquid volēs, dum modo aliquid.

• So, write back, whatever you want, provided (it is) something.

Tū mihi, etiamsī nihil erit, quod scrībās, … tamen id ipsum scrībās velim, tē nihil habuisse, quod scrīberēs, dum modo nē hīs verbīs.

• As for you, even if you have nothing to write, … I would nevertheless like you to write that you had nothing to write, provided you don't use those very words [literally: as long as not with those words]

12.08.26: Level 3+; Comenius (1658) CXLIII; the besieging of a city [12] vocabulary and notes [xi] verbs [2] the gerund

In this section of the text, Comenius shows a number of examples of the gerund:

Either by climbing over the walls with scaling-ladders  | Vel mūrōs per scālās  trānscendendō,

or by breaking them down with battering-engines | aut diruendō arietibus,

or by demolishing them with great guns  | aut dēmōliendō tormentīs,

or by breaking through the gates with a petard  | vel dirumpendō portās exōstrā,

or by hurling cannon balls  | vel ēiaculandō globōs tormentāriōs,

out of mortar-pieces  | ē mortāriīs balistīs,

into the city, by engineers  | in urbem per ballistāriōs,

who lie behind leaguer-baskets  | quī latitant post gerrās,

or by overthrowing it with mines by pioneers | vel subvertendō cūniculīs per fossōrēs.

Some brief review notes:

[i] The gerund is a verbal noun referring to the act or process of doing something.

[ii] The ‘marker’ for the gerund is -nd-

visitō, -āre [1] > visitandum

moneō, monēre [2] > monendum

discō, discere [3] > discendum

capiō, capere [3-iō] > capiendum

audiō, audīre [4] > audiendum

[iii] There is no nominative case:

Nominative: -

Genitive: visitandī

Dative: visitandō

Accusative: visitandum

Ablative: visitandō

[iv] In the text, the gerund appears in the ablative case with the ending -ndō to express means or method by which the action is carried out, and it is usually translated in English as “by …-ing.”

ēiaculor, -ārī, -ātus sum [1 dep.]: hurl, discharge

• ēiaculandō globōs tormentāriōs │ by hurling cannon balls  

dīrumpō, -ere, dirūpī, diruptus [3]: break down; burst; (here) break through

• dirumpendō portās │ by breaking through the gates

diruō, diruere, diruī, dirūtus [3]: tear down

• diruendō │ by breaking down (the walls)

trānscendō, trānscendere, trānscendī, trānscēnsus [3]: climb over

• mūrōs …  trānscendendō │ by climbing over the walls

subvertō, subvertere, subvertī, subversus [3]: overthrow

• vel subvertendō │ by overthrowing (the city)

dēmōlior, -īri, dēmōlitus sum [4 dep.]: demolish; tear down 

• dēmōliendō │ by demolishing (the walls)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/gerund

12.08.26: Level 3+; Comenius (1658) CXLIII; the besieging of a city [11] vocabulary and notes [x] verbs [1]

Urbs passūra obsidiōnem, prīmum prōvocātur per tūbicinem et invītātur ad dēditiōnem. Quod sī abnuat facere, oppugnātur ab obsidentibus et occupātur.

Vel mūrōs per scālās trānscendendō, aut diruendō arietibus, aut dēmoliendō tormentīs, vel dirumpendō portās exōstrā, vel ēiaculandō globōs tormentāriōs ē mortāriīs ballistīs in urbem per ballistāriōs, quī latitant post gerrās, vel subvertendō cūniculīs per fossōrēs.

Obsessī dēfendunt sē dē mūrīs ignibus, lapidibus, etc., aut ērumpunt. Urbs vī expugnāta diripitur, exciditur, interdum aequātur solō.

Comenius includes a number of verbal features which we will briefly review:

[i] passive voice

aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: level

invītō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: invite, urge

occupō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: seize, take

oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: assault, attack

prōvocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: summon, challenge

excidō, excidere, excidī, excīsus [3]: destroy

diripiō, diripere, diripuī, direptus [3-iō]: plunder

Urbs … │ a city …

… prōvocātur │ … is summoned

… invītātur ad dēditiōnem │ … is invited / persuaded to yield

… oppugnātur │ … is attacked

… occupātur │ … is occupied / taken

… diripitur │ … is plundered

… exciditur │ … is destroyed

… aequātur solō │ … is laid even with the ground [ = levelled; razed to the ground]

[ii] participles acting as nouns and adjectives:

obsideō, -ēre, obsēdī, obsessus [2]: besiege

(a) present active participle

> obsidēns, -ntis: (who is) besieging

oppugnātur ab obsidentibus │ it is assaulted by the besiegers [ = those who are besieging]

(b) perfect passive participle

> obsessus, -a, -um: having been besieged

Obsessī dēfendunt sē dē mūrīs │ Those that are besieged defend themselves

expugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: storm, take by assault

> expugnātus, -a, -um: having been stormed

Urbs vī expugnāta │ a city (that has been) taken by force

(c) future active participle

Patior, patī, passus sum [3-iō dep.]: suffer; endure

> passūrus, -a, -um: about to / going to endure

Urbs passūra obsidiōnem │ a city about to endure a siege

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/passive%20voice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/present%20active%20participle

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/future%20active%20participle

11.08.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [31] [5]

Aestāte Cassius domī est et cum patre in agrīs labōrat. Domō nōn saepe abest quod in agrīs multās rēs facere necesse est. Sī puer abest, pater sōlus labōrat. Aestāte, igitur, Cassius amīcōs nōn saepe videt. Herī pater hoc dīxit: “Tū, mī fīlī, bene labōrāvistī et praemium tibi dabō. Per tōtum diem nōn necesse est labōrāre. Sī ita cupis, ad oppidum ī.”

Hoc cōnsilium erat grātum puerō. Posteā eōdem diē Cassius oppidō appropinquāvit. Deinde in aedificium magnum vēnit. Ibi virī et fēminae pictūrās spectāvērunt. Ante Cassium in pictūrīs erant mīlitēs quī multās rēs faciēbant. Imperātor, Iūlius appellātus, erat vir magnae virtūtis. Multōs mīlitēs dūcēbat. Ante imperātōrem erat legiō magna quae tria mīlia mīlitum habēbat. Mīlitēs arma et signum portābant et hostēs vincere parātī erant. Dux imperābat et legiō in duās partēs dīvīsa est. Alia ad dextram iter faciēbat, alia ad sinistram.

Trāns flūmen aliī mīlitēs castra sub monte ulteriōre, locō idōneō, pōnēbant. Imperātor illīus legiōnis nōn erat īdem. Ille imperātor erat hostis. Prīmus imperātor ipse mīlitēs dē perīculō monēbat. Deinde legiōnem ad hostēs dūxit. Proelium erat dūrum et inīquum quod magna erat legiō prīmī imperātōris. Undique erat nix alta quod erat hiems. Per nivem altam iter facere nōn est facile. Hostēs legiōnem parvam habēbant. Ex duōbus mīlibus mīlitum circiter mīlle mīlitēs necātī sunt. Magna erat praeda. Reliquī hostēs, quī nōn vulnerātī sunt, per silvās collēsque properābant. Fuga eōrum erat grāta legiōnī magnae. In proeliō hostēs victī sunt. Post proelium imperātor magnae legiōnis, “Ō mīlitēs,” inquit, “auxiliō ipsōrum deōrum et virtūte vestrā vīcimus. Eādem virtūte gentem nostram per omnēs terrās nōtam faciēmus. Haec et aliās rēs imperātor dīxit et mīlitēs laetitiam sēnsērunt.

Diū Cassius spectābat. Iterum eāsdem pictūrās vīdit. Subitō erant nūllae pictūrae, et ubīque in aedificiō lūx erat clāra. Puer undique circumspectābat et ecce! nēmō vidēbātur, nam sōlus erat Cassius. Paene timidus erat. Ex aedificiō cucurrit. Iter puerī erat longum sed pater eum in viā exspectābat.

Find the Latin

[1] Prepositions followed by the accusative case

(a)

1. through the whole day
2. through the deep snow
3. through the woods and hills
4. through all the lands

(b)

1. to the town
2. to the right
3. to the left
4. to the enemies

(c)

1. across the river
2. after the battle
3. before / in front of Cassius
4. before / in front the commander

(d)

1. into a building
2. into two parts

[2] Prepositions followed by the ablative case

(a)

1. in the building
2. in the battle
3. in the fields
4. on the road

(b)

1. with (his) father
2. about / concerning the danger
3. out of the building
4. out of / from two thousand soldiers
5. under the mountain

[3] Expressions where English uses a preposition, but Latin uses the ablative case without a preposition

1. in Summer
2. on the same day
3. from home
4. in / at a suitable place
5. (We conquer) with / by means of the gods themselves
6. with / by means of your courage
7. with / by means of the same courage

Notes

[i]

domus (house) uses three different cases to express:

(to) home i.e. movement towards home │ domum; accusative case

at home: domī │ locative case

from home: domō │  ablative case

[ii] Some nouns may be used without a preposition when, in this example, when the location is not specific:

locō idōneō │ at a suitable place

____________________

[1]

(a)

1. per tōtum diem
2. per nivem altam
3. per silvās collēsque
4. per omnēs terrās

(b)

1. ad oppidum
2. ad dextram
3. ad sinistram
4. ad hostēs

(c)

1. trāns flūmen
2. post proelium
3. ante Cassium
4. ante imperātōrem

(d)

1. in aedificium
2. in duās partēs

[2]

(a)

1. in aedificiō
2. in proeliō
3. in agrīs
4. in viā

(b)

1. cum patre
2. dē perīculō
3. ex aedificiō
4. ex duōbus mīlibus mīlitum
5. sub monte

[3]

1. aestāte
2. eōdem diē
3. domō
4. locō idōneō
5. auxiliō ipsōrum deōrum (vīcimus)
6. virtūte vestrā
7. eādem virtūte

10.08.26: Level 1 (review); vocabulary [5]: the body

[1] Which of the following nouns refers to parts of:

(a) the head

(b) the arms or hands

(c) the legs or feet

(d) the rest of the body

Note: one noun can refer to two different areas of the body.

crūs

nāsus

digitus

tālus

auris

pectus

cubitum

faciēs

bracchium

ōs

manus

pēs

dorsum

oculus

pollex

palma

genū

caput

venter

umerus

[1] Label the images:

auris, auris [3/f]

brācchium, -ī [2/n]

caput, capitis [3/n]

crūs, crūris [3/n]

cubitum, -ī [2/n]

digitus, -ī [2/m]

dorsum, -ī [2/n]

faciēs, -ēī [5/f]

genū, genūs [4/n]

manus, -ūs [4/f]

nāsus, -ī [2/m]

oculus, -ī [2/m]

ōs, ōris [3/n]

palma, -ae [1/f]

pectus, pectoris [3/n]

pēs, pedis [3/m]

pollex, pollicis [3/m]

tālus, -ī [2/m]

umerus, -ī [2/m]

venter, ventris [3/m]

____________________

[1]

(a) oculus, nāsus, faciēs, caput, ōs, auris

(b) manus, cubitum, brācchium, digitus, palma, pollex

(c) pēs, genū, crūs, tālus, digitus

(d) umerus, dorsum, venter, pectus

[2]

09.08.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [84] dependent uses [11] dum / dōnec / quoad (2) practice

Apart from completing the Latin quotations with the verbs listed below, the purpose of this exercise is to illustrate a point that was made at a very early stage when the lengthy topic of the subjunctive began.

At times, English can convey subjunctive ideas with the use of auxiliary verbs such as “could”, “might”, “may”, and “would”. Professional translations will very often do this if it is stylistically appropriate i.e. it does not sound clumsy or archaic. However, that is not guaranteed and the examples below show, at this level, where you need to consider the thinking that underpins the usage of moods. In [A] the actions are presented as factual, whereas in [B] the actions are treated as prospective i.e. they refer to actions that are expected or intended.

[A] Indicative

[i] There was silence until he returned.

Dōnec __________ silentium fuit (Livy)

[ii] While these things are being done, your father is brought alongside in a very small boat; and nobody has caught sight of the man until he boards the ship.

Dum haec __________, lembō advehitur tuus pater pauxillulō, neque quisquam hominem cōnspicātust [ = cōnspicātus est], dōnec in nāvem __________ (Plautus)

[iii] I was anxious until the moment when we came to challenge the jurors.

Ūsque eō timuī dōnec ad reiciendōs iūdicēs __________ (Cicero)

[iv] But if I cannot completely persuade you, at least (wait) until what we are doing about Spain is known

Quod sī tōtum tibi persuādēre nōn possum, saltem, dum, quid dē Hispāniīs agāmus, __________ (Cicero)

[v] For, while I was dealing with that … I was as if nurturing my own pains

Nam, dum illud __________ … quasi fovēbam dolōrēs meōs (Cicero)

[vi] As long as the king was with me ….

Quoad mēcum rēx __________… (Cicero)

[vii] Take a look at our house whenever you can [ = as long as you will be able].

Domum nostram, quoad __________, invīsās (Cicero)

[viii] As long as you wish me to hope, I shall comply with your wishes.

Quoad mē vōs spērāre __________, vōbīs obtemperābō (Cicero)

[ix] I have all the account books both of this man and of his father, and I have read and studied them with utmost care — of the father for as long as he lived, yours for as long as you say you kept them.

Habeō et ipsīus et patris eius acceptī tabulās omnīs, quās dīligentissimē lēgī atque dīgessī, patris, quoad __________, tuās, quoad __________ tē cōnfēcisse (Cicero)

[x] They remained at Rome until Lucius Metellus set out for the province.

Rōmae fuērunt quoad L. Metellus in prōvinciam __________ (Cicero)

aguntur; ais; fuit; poteris; profectus est; rediit; scītur; subit; tractābam; vēnimus; vīxit; vultis

[B] Subjunctive; examples with dōnec + subjunctive are rare

[i] Now, don’t wait for me to return [literally: until I return] home by this street.

Nunc nē expectētis, dum hāc domum __________ viā (Plautus)

[ii] The matter will be solved in the blink of an eye [literally: by the time you sneeze]

Dum tū __________, rēs erit solūta (Plautus)

[iii] And so I sat down in the middle of the road until I could write out a summary of these things for you.

Itaque subsēdī in ipsā viā, dum haec… summātim tibi __________ (Cicero)

[iv] And I have not moved from Thessalonica …until you (could / might) write something to me about him.

He ought to have been a little quieter until he received a reply [literally: until replies were brought back]

Dēbuit esse paulō quiētior, dum respōnsa __________ (Cicero)

[v] For I did not have to wait until he returned from Cosa.

Nōn enim ego … illum expectāre, dum dē Cosānō __________, dēbuī, (Cicero)

[vi] As I had decided to await Pomptinus, I thought it most convenient, until he arrived, to spend the days with Pompey.

Nec mē Thessalonīcā commōvī … quoad aliquid ad mē dē eō __________ (Cicero)

[vii] Quod Pomptīnum statueram exspectāre, commodissimum dūxī diēs eōs, quoad ille __________, cum Pompēiō cōnsūmere (Cicero)

[viii] He will need to hold out until Pompey arrives.

Erit ad sustentandum, quoad Pompēius __________ (Cicero)

[ix] Continue to feed clover until it dries out

Usque ōcinum datō, dōnec __________ (Cato)

[x] When Pompey was arriving, the townspeople allowed him to approach nearer and nearer, until he came close to the very gates and the wall.

Pompēiō adveniente oppidānī usque eō passī propius accēdere, dōnec ad ipsās portās ac mūrum __________ (Bellum Africum)

adpropinquāret; ārēscat; perscrīberem; redeam; redīret; referrentur; scrīberēs; sternuās; veniat; venīret

____________________

[A]

[i] rediit

[ii] aguntur; subit

[iii] vēnimus

[iv] scītur

[v] tractābam

[vi] fuit

[vii] poteris

[viii] vultis

[ix] vīxit; ais

[x] profectus est

[B]

[i] redeam

[ii] sternuās

[iii] perscrīberem

[iv] referrentur

[v] redīret

[vi] scrīberēs

[vii] venīret

[viii] veniat

[ix] ārēscat

[x] adpropinquāret

09.08.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [83] dependent uses [11] dum / dōnec / quoad (1)

dum; dōnec; quoad

[1] All three are conjunctions meaning ‘until’ or ‘as long as’ and introduce a subordinate clause of time.

[2] The use and meaning of ‘dum’ extends beyond [1]; there will be additional information on ‘dum’ in the next section of dependent uses

dum

while

[i] 2 actions taking place simultaneously or overlapping in time e.g. While X was happening, I was doing Y / Y happened

Dum spīrō ¦ spērō (Latin phrase)

• While I breathe ¦ I hope.

Dum erō Lāodicēae (Cicero)

• While I am [shall be] at Laodicea …

Dum hī apud mē sunt (Cicero)

• While these people are around me …

Tū, sī quid dē Hispāniīs certius et sī quid aliud, dum adsumus, scrībēs (Cicero)

• If you get more certain news about Spain or any other matter, write and tell me while I am here

Ego, dum pānis et cētera in nāvem parantur, excurrō in Pompēiānum (Cicero)

• While bread and provisions are being put on board, I am going off to my estate at Pompeii. 

Dum ades, quicquid prōvidērī poterit, prōvidē (Cicero)

• While you’re here, see to whatever arrangements can be made.

Ego, dum in prōvinciā omnibus rēbus Appium ōrnō, subitō sum factus accūsātōris eius socer (Cicero)

• While in my province I show Appius every honour, I’ve suddenly become father-in-law of his accuser.

Quamquam istōs ferre nōn possum, quī, dum sē pācem velle simulant, ācta nefāria dēfendunt (Cicero)

• However, I cannot put up with those people who, while they pretend that they want peace, defend criminal actions.

[ii] Unlike English, dum in this context is often with the present tense even if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense; this gives a more ‘immediate’ feel. However, past tenses may also be used:

Alexim … nisi forte dum ego absum [present], adulēscēns factus est … salvēre iubeās velim (Cicero)

• Please remember me to Alexis … unless perhaps while I have been away, he has become a man

Sed, dum redeō [present], Hortēnsius vēnerat (Cicero)

• But while I was returning, Hortensius had come.

Tamen, dum impendēre Parthī vidēbantur, statueram frātrem relinquere (Cicero)

• Still, while the Parthians seemed threatening, I had decided to leave my brother in charge.

(2) until

[i] In English translation the distinction between ‘while’ and ‘until’ may not always be clear.

Ēligās cēnseō aliquod oppidum vacuum ā bellō, dum haec dēcernuntur (Cicero)

• I think you should choose some town remote from the war, until these matters are settled.

Or: …while these matters are being settled

However, it is best to determine whether the writer is referring to an event in the future – an end point – as opposed to something that is taking place at the same time.

Ego in Arcānō opperior, dum ista cognōscō (Cicerō)

• I stay in Arcanum until I find out these things.

i.e. Cicero is waiting for information to arrive

[ii] Like antequam and priusquam, dum can be followed a verb in [A] the indicative, or [B] the subjunctive.

[A] Indicative: there is no sense of “expectancy” or “intention” i.e. the speaker considers the action to be factual even if it has not yet happened.

Dēlīberā hoc dum ego redeō (Terence)

Think about this until I get back.

Nōn putō tē exspectāre dum scrībam (Cicero)

I don’t think you are waiting until I write [ = for me to write].

Exspectā, amābō tē, dum Atticum conveniam (Cicero)

• Please wait until I meet Atticus.

Manēbō, dum spēs pācis erit (Cicero)

• I shall wait until there is [will be] hope of peace.

Dum anima est, spēs esse dīcitur (Cicero)

• It is said that as long as there is life, there is hope.

[B] Subjunctive: the action is intended, or expected, or not yet completed

Exspectās fortasse dum dīcat (Cicero)

• Perhaps you’re waiting for him to say [literally: … you are expecting that he may say]

Dum hic nōdus expediātur, nōn putet senātus nōs … oportēre dēcēdere (Cicero)

• Until this problem is unravelled, the Senate may not think it right for me to leave.

Lupus observāvit dum dormitārent canēs (Plautus)

• The wolf kept watch until the dogs were dozing.

Comitia dīlāta [sunt] dum lēx ferrētur (Cicero)

• The elections were delayed until a law could be passed.

Dum rēs cōnficerētur, procul in praesidiō fuit (Nepos)

• Until the matter could be completed, he was far away on guard duty.

Nōn exspectāvī, dum mihi ā tē litterae redderentur (Cicero)

• I did not wait until a letter was returned from you to me [ = I did not wait for your reply to my letter].

dōnec / quoad

[i] Both have the same meaning of dum as ‘until’ or ‘as long as’

[ii] Like dum, both can be followed by [A] the indicative or [B] the subjunctive

[A] The speaker considers the action to be factual even if it has not yet happened.

Haud dēsinam dōnec perfēcerō hoc (Terence)

• I will not stop until I (shall) have finished this.

Nē quōquam exsurgātis, dōnec ā mē erit signum datum (Plautus)

• Don’t get up (to go) anywhere until the signal has [will have] been given by me.

Dōnec grātus eram tibī ... Persārum viguī rēge beātior (Horace)

• As long as I was pleasing to you, I flourished more blessed than the king of the Persians.

Nōn faciam fīnem rogandī quoad nōbīs nūntiātum erit tē id fēcisse (Cicero)

• I shan't stop asking until I hear [literally: …until it will have been reported to us] that you have done it.

Milō ... in senātū fuisset eō diē quoad senātus est dīmissus (Cicero)

• Milo had been in the senate on that day until the senate was dismissed.

Quoad potuit, fortissimē restitit (Caesar)

• As long as he was able, he put up a very brave resistance.

Tulit haec cīvitās quoad potuit, quoad necesse fuit (Cicero)

• This state endured it as long as it could, as long as it was necessary.

[B] The action is intended, or expected, or not yet completed

Thrāces nihil sē movērunt, dōnec Rōmānī trānsīrent (Livy)

• The Thracians did not move at all, until the Romans had crossed.

Iubet [historical present] Sp. Larcium ad portam Collīnam stāre dōnec hostis praetereat (Livy)

• He ordered Spurius Larcius to stand at the Colline Gate until the enemy passed by.

An id exspectāmus, quoad nē vestīgium quidem Asiae cīvitātum atque urbium relinquātur? (Cicero)

• Shall we wait for this until not even a trace is left of the states and cities of Asia?

09.08.26: Level 3+; Comenius (1658) CXLIII; the besieging of a city [10] vocabulary and notes [ix]

… vel subvertendō cūniculīs per fossōrēs.

[i] cūniculus, -ī [2/m]: [i] rabbit; [ii] burrow; mine, underground tunnel

[ii] fossor, -ōris [3/m]: in Ancient Rome, a digger or miner; the military term that the translator uses is a ‘pioneer’, a soldier detailed to form roads or dig trenches. The more common word nowadays is ‘sapper’.

Illī aliās ēruptiōne temptāta, aliās cunīculīs ad aggerem vīneāsque āctīs (Caesar)

• At one time they attempted a sortie, at another they drove mines to the rampart and mantlet. 

09.08.26: Level 3+; Comenius (1658) CXLIII; the besieging of a city [9] vocabulary and notes [viii] the Assyrians

Although this is an Assyrian relief from the 9th century BC, it displays features later familiar in Roman siegecraft. The walled town has crenellated battlements (pinnae). The wheeled siege engine resembles a later Roman vīnea: it is mobile, likely covered with crātis, i.e. wickerwork screening), and fitted with a battering ram (ariēs). There are also mobile siege towers (turrēs ambulātōriae) from which archers fire at the defenders. The damaged walls (moenia) suggest the assault is succeeding.

08.08.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [31] [4]

Aestāte Cassius domī est et cum patre in agrīs labōrat. Domō nōn saepe abest quod in agrīs multās rēs facere necesse est. Sī puer abest, pater sōlus labōrat. Aestāte, igitur, Cassius amīcōs nōn saepe videt. Herī pater hoc dīxit: “Tū, mī fīlī, bene labōrāvistī et praemium tibi dabō. Per tōtum diem nōn necesse est labōrāre. Sī ita cupis, ad oppidum ī.”

Hoc cōnsilium erat grātum puerō. Posteā eōdem diē Cassius oppidō appropinquāvit. Deinde in aedificium magnum vēnit. Ibi virī et fēminae pictūrās spectāvērunt. Ante Cassium in pictūrīs erant mīlitēs quī multās rēs faciēbant. Imperātor, Iūlius appellātus, erat vir magnae virtūtis. Multōs mīlitēs dūcēbat. Ante imperātōrem erat legiō magna quae tria mīlia mīlitum habēbat. Mīlitēs arma et signum portābant et hostēs vincere parātī erant. Dux imperābat et legiō in duās partēs dīvīsa est. Alia ad dextram iter faciēbat, alia ad sinistram.

Trāns flūmen aliī mīlitēs castra sub monte ulteriōre, locō idōneō, pōnēbant. Imperātor illīus legiōnis nōn erat īdem. Ille imperātor erat hostis. Prīmus imperātor ipse mīlitēs dē perīculō monēbat. Deinde legiōnem ad hostēs dūxit. Proelium erat dūrum et inīquum quod magna erat legiō prīmī imperātōris. Undique erat nix alta quod erat hiems. Per nivem altam iter facere nōn est facile. Hostēs legiōnem parvam habēbant. Ex duōbus mīlibus mīlitum circiter mīlle mīlitēs necātī sunt. Magna erat praeda. Reliquī hostēs, quī nōn vulnerātī sunt, per silvās collēsque properābant. Fuga eōrum erat grāta legiōnī magnae. In proeliō hostēs victī sunt. Post proelium imperātor magnae legiōnis, “Ō mīlitēs,” inquit, “auxiliō ipsōrum deōrum et virtūte vestrā vīcimus. Eādem virtūte gentem nostram per omnēs terrās nōtam faciēmus. Haec et aliās rēs imperātor dīxit et mīlitēs laetitiam sēnsērunt.

Diū Cassius spectābat. Iterum eāsdem pictūrās vīdit. Subitō erant nūllae pictūrae, et ubīque in aedificiō lūx erat clāra. Puer undique circumspectābat et ecce! nēmō vidēbātur, nam sōlus erat Cassius. Paene timidus erat. Ex aedificiō cucurrit. Iter puerī erat longum sed pater eum in viā exspectābat.

[1] From the word cloud, give the Latin for the following words and phrases

about / approximately

afterwards / later

again

almost

because / which

everywhere

for / because

for a long time

often

on all sides / from all directions

suddenly

then / next

there

therefore

thus / so

well

yesterday

bene; circiter; deinde; diū; herī; ibi; igitur; ita; iterum; nam; paene; posteā; quod; saepe; subitō; ubīque; undique

[2] Find the Latin

[i] The legion was divided.

[ii] The enemies were defeated.

[iii] About a thousand soldiers were killed.

[iv] The enemies … were not wounded

[v] The enemies were prepared.

[vi] The commander, called Julius, …

[vii] No one could be seen

[3] Find the Latin

[i] … because it’s necessary …

[ii] … because the legion … was large

[iii] … because it was winter

[iv] … for Cassius was alone

[v] … if the boy is away …

[vi] … if you so desire …

[vii] … soldiers who were doing many things

[viii] … the enemy who were not wounded …

[ix] … a great legion which had 3,000 soldiers

____________________

[1]

about / approximately: circiter

afterwards / later: posteā

again: iterum

almost: paene

because / which: quod

everywhere: ubīque

for / because: nam

for a long time: diū

often: saepe

on all sides / from all directions: undique

suddenly: subitō

then / next: deinde

there: ibi

therefore: igitur

thus / so: ita

well: bene

yesterday: herī

[2]

[i] legiō … dīvīsa est

[ii] hostēs victī sunt

[iii] circiter mīlle mīlitēs necātī sunt

[iv] hostēs … nōn vulnerātī sunt

[v] hostēs … parātī erant

[vi] imperātor, Iūlius appellātus, …

[vii] nēmō vidēbātur

[3]

[i] … quod … necesse est …

[ii] … quod magna erat legiō …

[iii] … quod erat hiems

[iv] nam sōlus erat Cassius

[v] Sī puer abest …

[vi] Sī ita cupis, …

[vii] mīlitēs quī multās rēs faciēbant

[viii] hostēs, quī nōn vulnerātī sunt

[ix] legiō magna quae tria mīlia mīlitum habēbat

07.08.26: Level 1 (review); vocabulary [4]: weather

[1] Which of the following nouns, adjectives and verbs are associated with:

(a) hot weather?

(b) cold weather?

(c) wet weather?

aestās

aestuōsus

caldus

frīgidus

glaciēs

hiems

ningit

nix

pluit

pluviōsus

procella

pruīnōsus

sōl lūcet

stīria

tempestuōsus

tepidus

[2] Label the images:

aestās, -tātis [3/f]

aestuōsus, -a, -um

caldus, -a, -um

frīgidus, -a, -um

glaciēs, -ēī [5/f]

hiems, -is [3/f]

ningit

nix, nivis [3/f]

pluit

pluviōsus, -a, -um

procella, -ae [1/f]

pruīnōsus, -a, -um

sōl lūcet

stīria, -ae [1/f] 

tempestuōsus, -a, -um

tepidus, -a, -um

____________________

[1]

(a) caldus; aestuōsus; sōl lūcet; aestās; tepidus

(b) frīgidus; pruīnōsus; ningit; hiems; stīria; nix; glaciēs

(c) pluviōsus; tempestuōsus; pluit; procella

[2]