Latin for Learners: 04.09.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [18]

Rōmānī, postquam Poenōs vīcērunt, bellum contrā cīvitātēs multās gerēbant: in tribus bellīs contrā Macedonēs pugnāvērunt et tandem Macedoniam fēcērunt prōvinciam Rōmānam. In Āfricā Iugurtha, quī Numidiam regēbat, partēs multās vincēbat. Ubi Rōmānī cōpiās ad Āfricam mīsērunt, Iugurtha nōn pugnāvit, sed pecūniam multam imperātōribus Rōmānīs dedit, et pācem fēcit. Posteā, ubi Iugurtha et populus Rōmānus bellum iterum gerēbant, Iugurtha Aulum Albīnum, imperātōrem Rōmānum, superāvit; multōs necāvit aut vulnerāvit; cēterōs sub iugum mīsit. Inde Marius, quem Rōmānī imperātōrem creāvērunt, Iugurtham vīcit et captīvum Rōmam dūxit.

[1]

Macedō, Macedonis [3/m]: Macedonian

Macedonia, -ae [1/f]: Macedonia (see notes)

Numidia, -ae [1/f]: Numidia (see notes)

cēterōs sub iugum mīsit │ literally: he sent the rest under the yoke

iugum, -ī [2/n]: yoke (for oxen or cattle); collar (for a horse)

“A yoke was made of two upright spears with a third fixed across the top at such a height that a man passing underneath had to bow his head. The victors in a battle used to make their captives march, one by one, under the yoke as a sign that they had been defeated.” (Vincent)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Send_under_the_yoke

[2] sentence structure

[i] subordinate clauses of time / temporal clauses

Rōmānī, ¦ postquam Poenōs vīcērunt, ¦ bellum contrā cīvitātēs multās gerēbant

Ubi Rōmānī cōpiās ad Āfricam mīsērunt, ¦ Iugurtha nōn pugnāvit,…

Posteā, ¦ ubi Iugurtha et populus Rōmānus bellum iterum gerēbant, ¦ Iugurtha Aulum Albīnum, imperātōrem Rōmānum, superāvit; …

[ii] relative / adjectival clauses

In Āfricā Iugurtha, ¦ quī Numidiam regēbat, ¦ partēs multās vincēbat.

Inde Marius, ¦ quem Rōmānī imperātōrem creāvērunt, ¦ Iugurtham vīcit …

[3] apposition

… Iugurtha [Aulum Albīnum, ¦ imperātōrem Rōmānum], superāvit; …

[4] in tribus bellīs: see next post

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The Romans, after they defeated the Carthaginians, waged war against many states: in three wars they fought against the Macedonians, and finally made Macedonia a Roman province. In Africa Jugurtha, who ruled Numidia, conquered many parts. When the Romans sent troops to Africa, Jugurtha did not fight, but gave a great deal of money to the Roman commanders, and made peace. Afterwards, when Jugurtha and the Roman people were at war again, Jugurtha overcame Aulus Albinus, the Roman commander; he killed or wounded many; he put the rest under the yoke. Then Marius, whom the Romans made commander, defeated Jugurtha and took the captive / him as a captive to Rome.

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