12.05.24: short revision of 1st and 2nd declension adjectives

 

12.05.24: review; future tense [5]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs

Match the English verbs with the verbs in the word cloud (it isn’t colour coded)

1. he will feel

2. I shall do

3. they will feel

4. they will say

5. he will sleep

6. you (sg.) will run

7. we will sleep

8. you (pl.) will do

9. I shall say

10. you (pl.) will take

11. we will run

12. you (sg.) will take

12.05.24: review; future tense [4]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs

The future tense of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs are easy to spot because they have distinctive markers i.e. -bō / -bi- / -bu-

Images #1 – 3 show you the endings for the 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation

mittō, mitt│ere [3]: send

remove -ere

> mitt-

> add the endings:

mittam: I shall send

mittēs: you (sg.) will send

mittet: he / she / it will send

mittēmus: we will send

mittētis: you (pl.) will send

mittent: they will send

[ii] In the 4th conjugation -re is removed from the infinitive, but the long /ī/ is shortened > /ĭ/:

audī│re: hear

> audī- > audĭ¦-

Then add the same endings:

audiam, audiēs, audiet, audiēmus, audiētis, audient

[iii] 3rd-iō verbs endings are exactly the same as the 4th conjugation:

capiō, capere [3-iō]: take

Remove the infinitive ending in its entirety:

cap¦- > add short /ĭ/: capi-

Then add the endings:

capiam, capiēs, capiet, capiēmus, capiētis, capient

Match the Latin and English verbs:

1. legam

2. fugiēs

3. audiet

4. legēmus

5. scrībētis

6. venient

7. fugiam

8. mittēs

9. audient

10. veniēmus

11. iaciētis

12. iacient

I shall flee; I shall read; she will hear; they will come; they will hear; they will throw; we will come; we will read; you (pl.) will throw; you (sg.) will flee; you (sg.) will write; you (pl.) will write

11.05.24: Iōsēphus et Titus servī sunt; notes on the video [2]

[5] conjunctions i.e. words that join two parts of a sentence

[i] sed: but

[ii] neque: and .. not …

Neque tua est familia!│And it’s not (even) your family!

[iii] Two ways of saying ‘and’:

[a] et: and

[b] -que which is added to the end of the word

Centum servī ancillaeque │ a hundred slaves and maidservants

Decem servī decemque ancillae │ ten slaves and ten maidservants

[6] Asking questions

[i] -ne: can be attached to the first word of a sentence to form a question

Estne magna familia Iuliī? │ Is Julius’ family large?

[ii] question words (in grammar known as interrogatives)

quis?: Who?

quot?: How many?

[iii] Num cēterī servī Cornēliī tuī servī sunt?

In the subtitles, they translate it as: “So, are the rest of Cornelius’ slaves your slaves as well?” That’s a very neat translation but we need to take it apart a bit:

Two words: [a] nōnne and [b] num; both can be used to ask a question and, in English, the best way to remember these two is with 2 possible translations of each

[a] nōnne expects a ‘yes’ answer

Nōnne intellegis? │ [i] Surely you understand? [ii] You understand, don’t you?

[b] num expects a ‘no’ answer

Num Gallia īnsula est? │ [i] Surely Gaul isn’t an island? [ii] Gaul isn’t an island, is it?

So, by rephrasing the subtitle, you can see how that word num is working:

Num cēterī servī Cornēliī tuī servī sunt?

[i] Surely the rest of Cornelius’ slaves aren’t your slaves?

[ii] The rest of Cornelius’ slaves aren’t your slaves, are they?

Of course, they’re not his slaves i.e. he expects a ‘no’ answer.

 

11.05.24: Iōsēphus et Titus servī sunt; notes on the video [1]

This video shows some of the absolute basics of the language that were covered a long time back in the group; as always, you can scroll back or go to the other site. The video itself also has explanations at the end.

In a dialogue that lasts just under two minutes, there is a lot of very useful information and so, I’ll summarise the key points to take from it in two posts:

[1] Nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension

ancilla, -ae [1/f]: maidservant

domina, -ae [1/f]: mistress

familia, -ae [1/f]: family

fīlia, -ae [1/f]: daughter

__________

dominus, -ī [2/m] master

fīlius, -ī [2/m]: son

numerus, -ī [2/m]: number

servus, -ī [2/m]: slave

līberī, -ōrum [2/m/pl]: children

[2] Verb

sum, esse: be

[3] 1st / 2nd declension adjectives and possessive adjectives:

cēterus, -a, -um: the rest

magnus, -a, -um: large; great

parvus, -a, -um: small

multus, -a, -um: much (pl. many)

paucus, -a, -um: few

meus, mea, meum: my

tuus, tua, tuum: your

[4] Case usage

[i] Nominative

Dominus meus est Iūlius. │ Julius is my master.

Aaemīlia domina mea est. │Aemilia is my mistress.

Vīgintī nōn est parvus numerus. │ Twenty isn’t a small number.

And the two speakers deliberately express them in different ways to show the flexibility of the word order.

singular > plural

servus

> multī servī │ many slaves

> cēterī servī │the other slaves

> quot servī? │how many slaves?

ūnus fīlius > duo fīliī: two sons

paucī līberī: few children

ancilla > decem ancillae: ten maidservants

Quot servī et quot ancillae* …? │ How many slaves and how many maidservants …?

decem servī decemque ancillae* │ten slaves and ten maidservants

*They make a small pronunciation error here:

Latin, like English, has stressed syllables e.g. háppy, ínteresting, impórtant, begín; the last one – be-GIN has a stress on the final syllable. In Latin, however, a word is not stressed on the final syllable e.g.

valē /ˈu̯a.leː/

servus /ˈser.u̯us/

ancillae /anˈkil.lae̯/

quoque /ˈkʷo.kʷe/

duo /ˈdu.o/

[ii] Genitive

Iūlius > familia ¦ Iūliī [literally: the family ¦ of Julius]: Julius’ family

dominus meus > familia ¦ dominī meī [literally: the family ¦ of my master]: my master’s family

līberī > numerus ¦ līberōrum │ the number ¦ of children

servus > numerus ¦ servōrum │ the number ¦ of slaves

[iii] Ablative

familia tua > Quot servī sunt ¦ in familiā tuā? │ How many slaves are ¦ in your family?

And here are both cases working together in two of the questions.

Quot sunt līberī ¦ in familiā ¦ Cornēliī? │ How many children are ¦ in the family ¦ of Cornelius?

Quot servī et quot ancillae sunt ¦ in familiā ¦ dominī tuī? │ How many slaves and how many maidservants are ¦ in the family ¦ of your master?

[iii] Vocative: his name is Titus but when Iosephus addresses him directly -us > -e

Valē, Tite │ Goodbye, Titus.