03.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [9](5); reading [4]; §44 Novum Proelium; §45 Interrogātiō

§44 NOVUM PROELIUM

In proeliīs Britannī esseda habent. Magnae sunt rotae essedōrum. Rotae essedōrum nostrōs vulnerant. Sonus rotārum equōs Rōmānōrum perturbat. Essedum duās rotās et duōs equōs habet. Auriga in essedō est. Britannī esseda armātīs complent. Armātī 'essedariī' vocantur. Essedāriī longās hastās habent. In essedō nōn manent.  In proeliō pugnant. Ecce! essedum in campō est. In essedō quīnque essedāriī sunt. Aurīga equōs incitat. Aurīga in iugō stat. Ecce! essedāriī in essedō nōn manent. Nunc in proeliō pugnant.

Crassus essedāriōs videt. Magnum pīlum habet Crassus. Ūnus ex essedāriīs magnus est. Magnus essedārius Segovax vocātur. Crassus barbarum videt, sed barbarus Crassum nōn terret. Barbarōs Rōmānum nōn saepe fugat. Crassus nostrōs incitat. Ecce! barbarum vulnerat. Segovax mortuus est. Rōmānī reliquōs essedariōs fugant. Reliquī essedariī nunc in essedō sunt. Aurīga equōs incitat. Rōmānī essedāriōs barbarōrum fugant. Quattuor modo essedāriī in essedō sunt. Nam Segovax mortuus est. Quam impavidī sunt Rōmānī, quam impavidus est Crassus!

Vocbulary

iugum, -ī [2/n]: yoke 

rota, -ae [1/f]: wheel

sonus, -ī [2/m]: sound

The author makes a distinction in this text between:

[i] aurīga, -ae [1/m]: charioteer, the man who drives the chariot and spurs on the horses

[ii] essedārius, -ī [1/m]: soldiers on the chariot who fight in the battle

Notes

[1]

vocat: he / she calls > vocātur: he / she is called

vocant: they call > vocantur: they are called

These are examples of the passive form of the verb. The grammatical term passive voice refers to when the subject of the sentence isn’t performing the action, but is experiencing the action. In Latin, some parts of the passive are easy to recognise: for the 3^rd person singular and plural present tense, -ur is added to the end of the verb.

[2]

Ūnus ex essedāriīs: literally “one out of the charioteers” = one of  the charioteers

§45: interrogātiō

Below are the questions for this text in Latin and English. Complete the questions with the words listed below each section. The full text is given at the end, but try the exercise first.

Section #1

[1] What do the Britons have in battles? │ __________ in proeliīs habent Britannī?

[2] How many wheels does a chariot have? │  __________ rotās habet __________?

[3] Are the wheels of the chariots large? │  __________ rotae __________ __________?

[4] How many horses does a chariot have? │ Quot equōs __________ essedum?

[5] Quis in iugō stat? │ __________ stands at the yoke?

[6] Where do the charioteers stand? │ __________ __________ essedāriī?

[7] Where does the chariot driver stand? │  Ubi __________ aurīga?

[8] How many charioteers are in the chariot? │ Quot __________ in essedō sunt?

[9] Why do the charioteers not stay in the chariot? │ __________ essedariī in __________ nōn manent?

[10] Do the charioteers have weapons? │  __________ essedāriī arma?

cūr; essedariī; essedō; essedōrum; essedum; habentne; habet; magnae; quid; quis; quot; stant; stat; sunte; ubi

Section #2

[11] Who sees the charioteers? │ Quis __________ videt?

[12] How many charioteers are large? │ Quot essedāriī __________ sunt?

[13] Does Crassus see the large charioteer? │ __________ Crassus __________ __________?

[14] Does the barbarian frighten Crassus? │ __________ barbarus Crassum?

[15] Who injures the barbarian? │  Quis barbarum __________?

[16] Who is dead? │ Quis mortuus __________?

[17] Where are the rest of the charioteers now? │ Ubi nunc reliquī essedāriī __________?

[18] What does the chariot driver do? │ Quid __________ aurīga?

[19] Where is the chariot driver standing? │ Ubi stat __________?

[20] How many charioteers are now in the chariot? │ Quot essedārīī __________ in essedō sunt?

aurīga; essedariōs; essedārium; est; facit; magnī; magnum; nunc; sunt; terretne; videtne; vulnerat

02.10.24: travelling like crazy

Below is the link to the song which Vincent created for his recent video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BfwaHdKKtg

Below I’ve added: some vocabulary, a literal translation of the lyrics and my own “second level” translation which also the English version to be singable while sticking as closely as possible to the original Latin and still conveying the mood of the song:

insānus, -a, -um: crazy; mad

parātus, -a, -um: ready; prepared

semper: always

itineror, -ārī: travel; (here) itinerēmur: let us travel

sine [+ablative]: without

terra, -ae [1/f]: land; earth

ūnā: together

3^rd declension nouns

finis, -is [3 m/f]: end; finish; border

mōns, montis [3/m]: mountain

sodālis, -is [3/m]: companion; mate

timor, timōris [3/m]: fear

viator, viatōris [3/m]: traveller; wayfarer

__________

Itinerēmur, viātōrēs īnsānī │ Let us travel, crazy travellers

Nōs sumus semper parātī │ We are always ready

Ad finem terrae amīcī │ to (go to) / for the end of the earth

Viātōrēs sumus īnsānī │ We are crazy travellers

Itinerēmur, viātōrēs īnsānī │ Let us travel, crazy travellers

Ūnā per montēs et valles │ Together through mountains and valleys

Sine timōre sodālēs │ Without fear, companions

Viātōrēs sumus īnsānī │ We are crazy travellers

Viātōrēs sumus īnsānī

Viātōrēs sumus īnsānī

__________

A singable English translation:

Let’s hit the road, then, let’s get trav’lling like crazy

We’re always ready to go there

To where the earth has its end, friends

For we travel like crazy

One for all through mountains and valleys

And we never know fear, friends

For we travel like crazy

02.10.24: Level 2; Ordinal numbers – all forms [2]; 20th – 90th

[1] When we looked at the cardinal numbers, the “markers” -gintī; -gintā which indicate multiples of ten were referred to.

Similarly, the ordinals of the multiples of ten have a distinctive ending:  -ē(n)simus. This is also a 1st / 2nd declension adjective ending:  -ē(n)simus, -a, -um 

Cardinal numbers 20-90 do not decline: -gintā; -gintī
vīgintī	20	XX
trīgintā	30	XXX
quadrāgintā	40	XL
quīnquāgintā	50	L
sexāgintā	60	LX
septuāgintā	70	LXX
octōgintā	80	LXXX
nōnāgintā	90	XC

Ordinal numbers decline as 1st / 2nd declension adjectives: -cē(n)simus, -a, -um; -gē(n)simus, -a, -um
vīcē(n)simus; vīgē(n)simus	20th
trīcē(n)simus; trigē(n)simus	30th
quadrāgē(n)simus	40th
quīnquāgē(n)simus	50th
sexāgē(n)simus	60th
septuāgē(n)simus	70th
octōgē(n)simus	80th
nōnāgē(n)simus	90th

[2] Spelling of the ordinals can vary slightly and you will come across the inclusion of /n/ i.e. -ēnsimus or variation between /g/ and /c/ in 20^th and 30th; these are points simply to note because the ordinals are easily recognised

ab annō vīcēsimō (Nepos) │ from the twentieth year

vīcēnsimō diē (Pliny the Elder) │ on the twentieth day

vīgēsimō annō (Vulgate) │ in the twentieth year

librō vīgēnsimō quārtō (Justinian) │ in the twenty-fourth book

____________________

tertiō et trīcēsimō annō (Cicero)

sextō trīcēnsimō annō (Cicero)

in* octāvō et trīgēsimō annō (Vulgate)

librō trigēnsimō secundō (Justinian)

*note the use of ‘in’ + the year in the Vulgate, whereas CL uses the ablative without a presposition

____________________

quadrāgēsimō diē (Cicero) │ on the fortieth day

quadrāgēnsimō diē (Pliny the Elder) │on the fortieth day

octōgēsimō annō (Cicero) │in the eightieth year

octōgēnsimō librō (Justinian) │in the eightieth book

[3] The examples below show different ways of expressing the ordinals of the compound numbers; both parts decline and the order of words can vary

librō vīcēnsimō prīmō (Justinian) │in the twenty-first book

ūnō et vīcēsimō librō (Gellius) │ in the twenty-first book

vīcēsimō et secundō annō (Gordianus Tertius) │ in the twenty-second year

annō secundō et vīcēsimō (Nepos) │ in the twenty-second  year

sextō trīcēnsimō annō (Cicero) │ in the thirty-sixth year

tertiō et trīcēsimō annō (Cicero) │in the thirty-third year

in octāvō et trīgēsimō annō (Vulgate) │ in the thirty-eighth year

ūnō et LXX diē (Pliny the Elder) │ on the seventy-first day 

02.10.24: Level 2; Ordinal numbers – all forms [1]; 1st - 19th

Links to previous posts on ordinal numbers:

21.03.24: video; ordinal numbers 1^st – 10^th

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/410672978210643/

22.03.24: notes on the previous video and introduction to ordinal numbers

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/410993014845306/

22.03.24: ordinal numbers [2]; telling the time

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/411050398172901/

09.04.24: more on ordinal numbers [1]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/421560213788586/

09.04.24: more on ordinal numbers; 11th – 31^st

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/421568470454427/

prīmus, -a, -um	1st	sextus	6th
secundus	2nd	septimus	7th
tertius	3rd	octāvus	8th
quārtus	4th	nōnus	9th
quīntus	5th	decimus	10th

[1] All ordinal numbers end in -us, -a, -um i.e. they decline like any other 1^st / 2^nd declension adjective; you will often see them in the ablative case with reference to [i] times and [ii] years; it is the topic of years that we will look at in detail in this and later posts

sextā hōrā │ at the sixth hour

quintō annō │ in the fifth year

[2] 1^st and 2^nd have unique ordinal forms that are different from the cardinal numbers as in English first and second; the remaining ordinals are derived from their cardinal forms:

1	I	ūnus	first	prīmus, -a, -um
2	II	duo	second	secundus
3	III	trēs	third	tertius
4	IV	quattuor	fourth	quārtus
5	V	quīnque	fifth	quīntus
6	VI	sex	sixth	sextus
7	VII	septem	seventh	septimus
8	VIII	octō	eighth	octāvus
9	IX	novem	ninth	nōnus
10	X	decem	tenth	decimus

[3] 11^th – 19^th

[i] 11^th – 12^th:

ūndecim (11) > ūndecimus, -ā, -um (11th)

duodecim (12) > duodecimus, -ā, -um (12th)

[ii] 13th – 19th are formed from the ordinal numbers 3rd – 7th + decimus, -a, -um. both parts are declined, and you may see variations as to how they are formed, but they are always recognisable:

tertius decimus	thirteenth
quārtus decimus	fourteenth
quīntus decimus	fifteenth
sextus decimus	sixteenth
septimus decimus	seventeenth
octāvus decimus	eighteenth
nōnus decimus	nineteenth

[iii] 18^th and 19^th may also be expressed in the following way, based upon the formation of the cardinal number

duo¦dē¦vīgintī (literally: 2 from 20) = 18	duo¦dē¦vīcēsimus (literally: 2 from 20th) =19th
ūn¦dē¦vīgintī (literally: 1 from 20) = 19	ūn¦dē¦vīcēsimus (literally: 1 from 20th) =19th

• Quīntō decimō diē (Livy) │ on the fifteenth day
• Duodecimō mēnse (Varrō) │ in the twelth month
• Tertiō decimō annō Pūnicī bellī (Livy) │ in the thirteenth year of the Punic War
• cum octāvō decimō aetātis annō Cn. Pompēius, nōnō decimō Caesar Octāviānus (Tacitus)│ when Cneius Pompeius and Cæsar Octavianus, in their eighteenth and nineteenth years respectively, …
• legiō duodēuīcēsima (Livy) │ the eighteenth legion
• in librō ūndēuīcēsimō (Gellius) │ in the nineteenth book

The following are a series of British legal Acts entitled in Latin. In which year(s) of the reign of which monarch(s) did each piece of legislation come into force?

[1]

Anno Regni

WILLIELMI

ET

MARIAE,

REGIS & REGINAE

ANGLIA, FRANCIA & HIBERNIA,

PRIMO.

[2] ANNO QUINTO DECIMO GEORGII VI REGIS

[3] ANNO UNDECIMO & DUODECIMO VICTORIAE REGINAE

[4] ANNO UNDEVICESIMO ELIZABETHAE SECUNDAE REGINAE

[5] ANNO DECIMO TERTIO GEORGII III REGIS

[6] ANNO REGNI GEORGII II REGIS, DECIMO QUARTO

[7] ANNO SECUNDO & TERTIO GULIELMI IV REGIS

[8] ANNO NONO GEORGII IV REGIS

01.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [9](4); reading [3]; §42 Barbarī Terga Vertunt; §43 Interrogātiō

[1] Lectiō §42: Barbarī Terga Vertunt

The full text is given at the end, but try the exercise first.

[i] Choose the correct form of the noun

Brutus is standing on a wall. He does not fear the barbarians. The town has high walls. He fills the high walls of the town with armed men.

(1) Brūtus in [a] mūrō [b] mūrī [c] murum stat. (2) [a] Barbarōrum [b] Barbarōs [c] Barbarīs nōn timet.  (3) [a] Oppidum  [b] Oppida  [c] Oppidī altōs mūrōs habet.  (4) Complet altōs [a] oppidum [b] oppida [c] oppidī mūrōs (5) [a] armātōrum [b] armātōs [c] armātīs.

[ii] Choose the three correct words to complete the sentence.

He gives spears and javelins and swords to the armed men.

Dat  armātīs  __________  et  __________  et  __________. 

gladiī; gladiōs; gladium; hastārum; hastās; hastīs; pīla; pīlīs; pīlōrum

[iii] Complete the Latin:

The town has a large ditch. Brutus fills the ditch with water. In the small forest are the archers of the Romans.

Oppidum __________ __________ habet. Fossam Brūtus __________ complet. In __________ __________ sunt __________ __________.

aquā; fossam; magnam; parvā; Rōmānōrum; sagittāriī; silvā

[iv] Supply the missing endings; each ending is only used once.

The barbarians do not see the archers. Brutus gives the signal for battle [ = of the battle]. The missiles of the seige machines injure the horses.

Barbarī sagittāri_____ nōn vident. Brūt_____ da_____ sign_____ proeli_____. Tēl_____ torment_____ equōs vulnera_____.

-a; -ī; -nt; -ōrum; -ōs; -t; -um; -us

[v] Complete the Latin text with the words below.

The arrows [1] of our (men) injure [2] many barbarians. The sound of the trumpets encourages [3] our (men). [4] Our seige machines frighten [5] the barbarians. Look! A few [6] Romans put to flight more [7] than 1000 barbarians. Look! [8] How [9] many [10] barbarians are dead!

Sagittae [1] __________ [2] __________ barbarōs vulnerant. Sonus tubārum [3] __________ incitat. Tormenta [4] __________ [5] __________ terrent. Ecce! paucī [6] __________ plūs [7] __________ mīlle barbarōs fugant. Ecce! [8] __________ [9] __________ [10] __________sunt mortuī!

barbarī; barbarōs; multī; multōs; nostra; nostrōrum; nostrōs; quam; quam; Rōmānī

[2] §43: interrogātiō

1. Ubi est Brūtus?
2. Timetne barbarōs?
3. Habetne oppidum mūrōs?
4. Quid dat Brūtus sagittāriīs?
5. Quid dat reliquīs armātīs?
6. Habetne oppidum fossam?
7. Estne aqua in fossā?
8. Ubi sunt sagittāriī Rōmānī?
9. Quid nostrōs incitat?
10. Quot barbarōs fugant Rōmānī?
11. Quot Rōmānī sunt?
12. Quid faciunt Rōmānī?

____________________

Brūtus  in  mūrō  stat.  Barbarōs  nōn  timet.  Oppidum altōs  mūrōs  habet.  Complet  altōs  oppidī  mūrōs  armātīs. Dat  armātīs  hastās  et  pīla  et  gladiōs.   Sagittāriīs  dat sagittās. Oppidum magnam fossam habet. Fossam Brūtus aquā complet. In silvā parvā sunt sagittāriī Rōmānōrum. Barbarī sagittāriōs nōn vident. Brūtus dat signum proeliī. Tēla tormentōrum equōs vulnerant. Sagittae nostrōrum multōs barbarōs vulnerant. Sonus tubārum nostrōs incitat. Tormenta nostra barbarōs terrent. Ecce! paucī Rōmānī plūs quam mīlle barbarōs fugant. Ecce ! quam multī barbarī sunt mortuī!

____________________