20.05.25: Level 2; review; prīmus annus [5]; cāsus ablātīvus; [i] opus; [ii] filled with; [iii] adjectives + the ablative

Vīlla Cornēliāna

Contentī sumus fundō nostrō. Vaccae enim lāc et cāseum, gallīnae anatēsque ōva, pecora carnem praebent. Flūmen etiam, quod praeter vīllam fluit, piscibus plēnum est. Haec omnia nūllō labōre habēmus, sed sī frūmentum et vīnum cupimus, multō labōre opus est. Nostrī autem servī fundum dīligenter cūrant; nam dominum amant, quia et iūstus et benignus est; sī enim servus laude dīgnus est, et laudem et praemium accipit, sed is quī indīgnus est sine morā poenās dat.

Apud Claudium contrā miserī sunt servī; dominus enim ipse Rōmae habitat, vīlicus autem est omnium hominum iniūstissimus. Servōs enim cottīdiē ferit, neque umquam satis cibī eīs dat. Eī quī ēsuriunt nōn bene labōrāre possunt. Nōlunt igitur servī Claudiam dīligenter labōrāre, et quam plūrimī ē fundō aufugiunt. Eīs enim quī labōrant opus est cibō; eīs etiam qui nōn labōrant cibō opus est vīvendī causā.

[1] Respondē:

1. Quālī pēnsō contentus est magister?
2. Quālibus servīs contentus est dominus?
3. Quibus rēbus mēnsa magistrī plena est?
4. Quibus rēbus nostra camera plēna est?
5. Quālibus hominibus nostra camera plēna est?
6. Quibus rēbus malum pēnsum est plēnum?
7. Quibus animālibus ager est plēnus? Quibus avibus fundus? Quibus animālibus mare?
8. Quā rē dīgnus es, sī pēnsum bene fēcistī?
9. Quā rē dīgnus es, sī pēnsum male fēcistī?
10. Quā rē tibi opus est scrībendī causā?
11. Quibus membrīs tibi opus est videndī causā? Et natandī causā (1)? Et ambulandī causā (1)?
12. Cūr servī apud Cornēlium libenter manēbant?
13. Cūr apud Claudium nōn manēbant?
14. Quis nostrōrum rēgum iūstus erat et benīgnus?
15. Quis nostrōrum rēgum poenās dedit, quia iniūstus erat?

(1) causā [+ genitive]: for the sake of; on account of; placed after the noun (or, here, gerund)

videndī causā │ literally: for the sake of seeking > in order to see

natandī causā│ literally: for the sake of swimming > in order to see

ambulandī causā │ literally: for the sake of walking > in order to see

vīvendī causā │ literally: for the sake of living > in order to live

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[2] uses of the ablative; find the Latin:

1. A slave is worthy of praise.
2. We are happy with our farm.
3. The river is full of (filled with) fish.
4. We have all these things with no work.
5. They need food. [ = to them there is need of food]
6. Much work is needed. [ = there is need of a lot of work]
7. They flee from the farm.
8. without delay

Notes

[1] opus, operis [3/n]: (here) need; necessity

opus esse: to have need (of something); the person who needs it is in the dative case, and what there is a need of is expressed either by the nominative case or, as here, the ablative case.

multō labōre [ablative] opus est │ a lot of work is needed [ = there is need for much work]

Eīs [dative] enim quī labōrant opus est cibō [ablative] │For those who are working need food. [ = To them who are working there is a need for food.

novō cōnsiliō [ablative] nunc mihi [dative] opus est (Plautus) │ Now I need [literally: to me there is need of] a new plan.

auxiliō [ablative] mihi [dative] opus fuerat (Cicero) │ I had needed assistance.

[2] Latin uses the ablative case (categorised under the ablative of means) with adjectives and verbs that refer to filling something with something or being filled with (full of) something:

Flūmen … piscibus plēnum est. │ The river is full of (filled with) fish.

Tōtum montem hominibus complēvit. │ He filled the whole mountain with men.

Vīlla abundat gallīnā, lacte, cāseō, melle (Cicero) │ The farm abounds in poultry, milk, cheese and honey.

[3] Some adjectives are followed by the ablative case; these adjectives may be classified under different uses of the ablative, but it is enough simply to recognise them:

contentus, -a, um: content, satisfied

Contentī sumus fundō nostrō. │ We are content with our farm.

(in)dignus, -a, -um: (un)worthy

sī enim servus laude dīgnus est │ for if the slave is worthy of praise

līber, -a, -um: free (from)

nūdus, -a, -um: naked; bare; deprived (of)

orbus, -a, -um: bereaved; bereft (of) e.g. parents; childless, fatherless etc.

vacuus, -a, -um: empty; devoid (of)

perge hinc ¦ omnī līber metū ¦ tēque et exercitum servā (Livy) │ march on from here ¦ free from all fear ¦  and save yourself and the army

Huic trādita urbs est nūda praesidiō, referta cōpiīs (Cicero) │ Rome is delivered to him stripped of protection, stocked with supplies

arce et urbe orba sum (Ennius) │ I am bereft of citadel and city

vacua dēfēnsōribus moenia (Livy) │ unmanned walls [ = walls devoid of defenders]

20.05.25: Level 2; topic; Mankind; the human body; accident and illness [11]; review; perfect passive participles

Images #1 - #3: Poisoned, murdered, snatched away, and thrown off rocks: many people in Classical Latin literature – both real and fictional – came to unfortunate ends: match the perfect passive participles with the images.

cruciātus

dēiectus          

fractum

mersus

necātus; occīsus

percussus; ictus         

raptus

strangulātus  

venēnātus

verberātus

Images #4 - #5: Translate and, this time, note the ablative without ā/ab expressing the means / instrument with / by which the action was performed rather than by a person.

Some more sticky ends ….

1. Mīles sagittā trānsfīxus est.   
2. Puer morsū serpentis venēnātus est.
3. Rēx gladiō occīsus est.
4. Domus incēnsa est.    
5. Nāvis tempestāte dēlēta est.  
6. Vir fulmine ictus est.

Image #6: The city of Rome and the Roman Empire are often presented in terms of violence; this is a skewed vision since the overwhelming majority of citizens lived in peace, but Classical Latin literature does include many descriptions of battles, political intrigue, rough justice, and the wrath of the Gods. Consequently, it is useful to build up a ‘bank’ of vocabulary connected with these sorts of themes.

cruciō, cruciāre, cruciāvī, cruciātūs [1]: torture; crucify

lacerō, lacerāre, lacerāvī, lacerātus [1]: tear to pieces

necō, necāre, necāvī, necātus [1]: kill; murder (especially without physical wounding e.g. by poison or hunger)

strangulō, strangulāre, strangulāvi, strangulātus [1]: strangle

superō, superāre, superāvī, superātus, [1]: conquer; overcome

vastō, vastāre, vastāvī, vastātus [1]: lay waste

venēnō, venēnāre, venēnāvī, venēnātus [1]: poison

verberō, verberāre, verberāvī, verberātus [1]: whip; beat

____________________

dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētus [2]: destroy

obsideō, obsidēre, obsēdī, obsessus [2]: besiege

____________________

[īcō], icere, īcī, ictus [3]: hit; strike (In Classical Latin literature only the perfect forms are found.)

caedō, caedere, caesī  caesūs [3]: cut; strike; kill

frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctus [3]: break

incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus [3]: set fire to

mergō, mergere, mersī, mersus [3]: plunge; drown

occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus [3]: kill

submergō (also summergō), submergere, submersī, submersus [3]: sink

trānsfīgō, trānsfīgere, trānsfīxī, trānsfīxus [3]: thrust through

____________________

dēiciō, dēicere, dēiēcī, dēiectūs [3-iō]: throw down

interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectus [3-iō]: kill; assassinate; slay

percutiō, percutere, percussī, percussūs [3-iō]: strike; beat

rapiō,   rapere, rapuī, raptus [3-iō]: snatch; abduct

19.05.25: Level 1; readings [15]: silence is golden

Iam Epicharmus Mārcum rogat: “Cūr istī virī tantopere clāmant? Cūr nōs Graecōs contumēliīs violant?”

Sed Mārcus: “Tacē, Epicharme! Tacē et tū, Dēmarāte! Ecce, istī virī iam quiētī sunt. Vītāte igitur rixam, amīcī!”

Sed ūnus ē virīs Rōmānīs Graecōs rogat: “Num patria vestra Graeciā est, puerī?”

Graecī nihil respondent, sed Mārcus: “Graecī sunt, nōn negō, sed amīcī meī! Es igitur quiētus et abstinē contumēliīs et iniūriīs!”

Cēterī autem virī clāmant: “Cūr vōs iuvat in Ītaliā nostrā esse? Cūr nōn in parvīs oppidīs vestrīs manētis? Cūr Rōmam nostram intrāre audētis? Properāte abīre, nisi…”

“Este quiētī” Mārcus clāmat, “este hūmānī!”

Virī autem “Movē tē cum amīcīs tuīs! Nōs neque Graecōs neque amīcōs Graecōrum amāmus!”

18.05.25: Level 3; the locative case (2); other nouns with the locative case

Image: A small number of nouns which do not fall under the category of towns, cities and small islands also have a locative case. Apart from rūs [3/n] the locative case is the same as the genitive singular.

humus, -ī [2/f]: ground; earth; soil  > Locative: humī  (on the ground)     

mīlitia, -ae [1/f]: military service > Locative: mīlitiae (on military service)

domus (irregular): house; *domus is an irregular noun in that its declension can comprise 2^nd declension endings, but also 4^th declension endings. However, the locative case is the same as the genitive case when 2^nd declension endings are used i.e. domī (at home)

bellum, -ī [2/n]: war > Locative: bellī (at war) 

rūs, rūris [3/n]: countryside > Locative: rūrī (in the countryside) 

bellī domīque │ in war and (in) peace (at home)

Aurīga humī iacet. │ The charioteer is lying on the ground.

Flāviae pater magnam vīllam rūrī habet. │ Flavia’s father has a large house in the countryside.

tum porrō puer, ut saevīs prōiectus ab undīs nāvita, nūdus humī iacet īnfāns (Lucretius) │ Then further the child, just like a sailor cast forth by savage waves, lies naked and speechless on the ground

Scelestissimē, audēs mihi praedicāre id, domī tē esse nunc, quī hīc ades? (Plautus) │ You consummate villain, do you dare tell me this, that you are now at home, who are here present?

Quīn rūrī es in praefectūrā tuā? (Plautus) │But why aren't you in the country, at your post of command?

Mam. Aemilium, prīncipem aetātis suae bellī domīque, aerārium fēcērunt (Livy) │ They reduced Mamercus Aemilius, the foremost man of his time in war and peace (at home), to the lowest class of citizens

Latin tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwLS-fh3pVg