Saturday, November 22, 2025

08.02.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [21]; future passive infinitive

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/06/190925-level-3-supine-1.html (note [2][ii]; the supine + īrī)

The supine + īrī creates a future passive infinitive i.e. referring to something that is “going to be done”.

verberātum īrī │ to be going / to be about to be beaten

mūtātum īrī │ to be going / to be about to be changed

This construction is rare in CL literature, and, with the distinctive īrī, is easily recognisable. It does not agree with the subject i.e. you will only see this form in indirect statements:

Putō pontem dēlētum īrī ā Caesare. │ I think that the bridge is going to be / will be destroyed by Caesar

Caesar dīcit librōs missum īrī. │ Caesar says that the books are going to / about to / will be sent.

Dīxit urbem captum īrī. │ He said that the city was going to / about to / would be captured.

Examples from the post referred to above:

Negant urbem facile captum īrī. │ They say that the city will not easily be captured. [= they deny that the city will easily be captured.]

Inter omnēs cōnstat urbem nunquam traditum īrī. │ All agree that the city will never be surrendered.

Nōn crēdō pecūniam solūtum īrī. │ I do not believe that the money will be paid.

08.02.26: Level 3; the Pater Noster of Juvencus [2]; notes on Latin poetry [1] metre

Some basics of Latin poetry were first discussed here:

04.09.25: The best place to start Latin poetry is … in a cave! [2]; some basics concerning Classical Latin poetry

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/774016828542921/

[i] In print, you will either come across completely unscanned versions of verse or, as I have written below, edited texts with naturally long vowels marked (see the next post: identifying long and short syllables)

Sīdereō genitor residēns in vertice caelī

Nōminis ōrāmus venerātiō sānctificētur

In nōbīs Pater alte tuī: tranquillaque mundō

Adveniat rēgnumque tuum lūx alma reclaudat

In caelō ut terrīs fīat tua clāra voluntās

Vītālisque hodiē sānctī substantia pānis

Prōveniat nōbīs; tua mox largītiō solvat

Innumera indulgēns errōris dēbita prāvī

Et nōs haut aliter concēdere foenora nostrīs

Tētrī saeva procul temptātiō daemonis absit

Aequē malīs tua nōs in lūcem dextera tollat

[ii] A fully scanned version would have this or a similar format:

l.1: Sī-dĕ-rĕ- ¦ ō gĕ-nĭ- ¦ tōr rĕ-sĭ- ¦ dēns īn ¦ vēr-tĭ-cĕ ¦ cāe-lī

l.2: Nō-mĭ-nĭs ¦ ōr-ā- ¦ mūs vĕ-nĕ- ¦ rā- tiō ¦ sānc- tĭ- fĭ- ¦ cē-tŭr

l.3: Īn nō- ¦ bīs pă- tĕr ¦ āl-tĕ tŭ- ¦ ī: trān- ¦ qu-īl-lă-quĕ ¦ mūn-dō

l.4: Ād-vĕ-nĭ- ¦ āt rēg- ¦ nūm-quĕ tŭ- ¦ ūm lūx ¦ āl-mă rĕ- ¦ clāu-dăt

l.5: Īn cāe- ¦ l(o) ͜ ūt tēr- ¦ rīs fī- ¦ āt tŭ-ă ¦ clāră vŏ- ¦ lūn-tās

l.6: Vī-tā- ¦ līs-qu(e) ͜ (h)ŏ-dĭ- ¦ ē sānc- ¦ tī sūb- ¦ stān-tĭ-ă ¦ pā-nĭs

l.7: Prō-vĕ-nĭ- ¦ āt nō- ¦ bīs; tŭ-ă ¦ mōx lār- ¦ gī-tiō ¦ sōl-văt

l.8: Īn-nŭ-mĕ- ¦ r(a) ͜ īn-dūl- ¦ gēns ēr- ¦ rō-rīs ¦ dē-bĭ-tă ¦ prāvī

l.9: Ēt nōs ¦ hāut ă-lĭ-¦ tēr cōn- ¦ cē-dĕ-rĕ ¦ fōe-nŏ-ră ¦ nōs-trīs

l.10: Tē-trī ¦ sāe-vă prŏ- ¦ cūl tēmp- ¦ tā-tiō ¦ dāe-mŏ-nĭs ¦ āb-sĭt

l.11: Āe-quĕ mă- ¦ līs tŭ-ă ¦ nōs īn ¦ lū-cēm ¦ dēx-tĕ-ră ¦ tōl-lăt

As an example. The links below are to a poem V by Catullus:

[i] The first link takes you to a completely unscanned version

http://rudy.negenborn.net/catullus/text2/l5.htm

[ii] The second takes you to a scanned version

http://rudy.negenborn.net/catullus/text2/sc5.htm

[1] Metre

References are made here to long and short syllables; that is discussed in the next post

Vincent describes the verse as dactylic hexameter:

(1) a dactyl is a long syllable followed by two short syllables: — UU

Line 1: SĪ-DĔ-RĔ- ¦ ō gĕ-nĭ- ¦ tōr rĕ-sĭ- ¦ dēns īn ¦ vēr-tĭ-cĕ ¦ cāe-lī

(2) Two short syllables can equal one long syllable i.e. — UU = — — ; a combination of two long syllables is known as a spondee

Sī-dĕ-rĕ- ¦ ō gĕ-nĭ- ¦ tōr rĕ-sĭ- ¦ (2) DĒNS ĪN ¦ vēr-tĭ-cĕ ¦ cāe-lī

Combinations, six feet of six dactyls or spondees, is known as hexameter.

[1] Sī-dĕ-rĕ- ¦ [2] ō gĕ-nĭ- ¦ [3] tōr rĕ-sĭ- ¦ [4] dēns īn ¦ [5] vēr-tĭ-cĕ ¦ [6] cāe-lī

(3) The last syllable of a line can be long or short; this is usually indicated by X i.e. — X; a syllable of this type is called an anceps

[i] In the first line, the final syllable is long:

Sī-dĕ-rĕ- ¦ ō gĕ-nĭ- ¦ tōr rĕ-sĭ- ¦ dēns īn ¦ vēr-tĭ-cĕ ¦ cāe-LĪ

[ii] In Line 2 the final syllable is short:

Nō-mĭ-nĭs ¦ ōr-ā- ¦ mūs vĕ-nĕ- ¦ rā- tiō ¦ sānc- tĭ- fĭ- ¦ cē-TŬR

When a poem is scanned, sometimes no mark is given above an anceps because it makes no difference.

[iii] Note that /i/ when it is with another vowel e.g. -iō- or -ia- can, depending on the rhythm, be [a] similar to English /y/ and not scanned separately,  or [b] a separate vowel sound

[a]

[l.2] vĕ-nĕ- ¦ rā- tiō [imagine ve-ne-¦ ra-tyo (or -tjo- as written in some scans)]

[l.7] lār- ¦ gī-tiō

[l.10] tēmp- ¦ tā-tiō

[b]

[l.4] the /i/ is scanned as an independent vowel: Ād-vĕ-n- ¦ āt i.e. it is pronounced distinctly seperately from the following /a/

[l.6] sūb- ¦ stān-t-ă

[l.7] Prō-vĕ-n- ¦ āt


08.02.26: Level 3; Reading (review); [29] The theft of Sabinian women

Rēmus necātus erat, Rōmulus nōnnūllus annōs rēgnāverat et rēx bonus fuerat, Rōma ipsa crēverat. Iam aedificia varia et templa aedificāta, iam viae strātae erant. Rōmānī autem, quamquam ipsī vītam bonam vīvēbant, contentī nōn erant, quod fēminās nōn habēbant. Iam nōnnūllī clam Rōmulum ipsum adierant eumque rogāverant: “Fēminās nōn habēmus; unde nōbīs parābimus?” Rōmulus autem “Id mihi”, inquit, “ignōtum nōn est!”, et cūrās eōrum dolēbat. Ac profectō ipse brevī eīs fēminās parāvit dolō.

Mox Rōmānī Sabīnōs, quī fīnitimī eōrum erant, ad lūdōs invītāvērunt. Sabīnī libenter ad eōs lūdōs adiērunt fēmināsque et fīliās, quārum multās habēbant, sēcum Rōmam trānsportāvērunt. Iam Sabīnī, quī necopīnī et sine armīs ad lūdōs ierant, iīs gaudēbant, cum Rōmānī, quibus Rōmulus id imperāverat, fīliās pulchrās captāvērunt et in casās suās portāvērunt. Sabīnī, quibus arma nōn erant, neque fīliās adiuvābant neque facta impia vindicābant, sed Rōmulum, cuius dolō fraudātī erant, verbīs dūrīs accūsāvērunt. Posteā autem magnīs cum cōpiīs Rōmam rediērunt fīliāsque, quae captātae erant, repetīvērunt. At fēminae ipsae eōs arcēbant et clāmāvērunt: “Abstinēte ā virīs nostrīs, quōs nunc amāmus!” Ex eō annō diuturna inter Rōmānōs et Sabīnōs amīcitia fuit.

abstineō, -ēre, -uī, abstentus [2]: stay away

arceō, -ēre, -uī, arcitus [2]: keep away; prevent

diuturnus, -a, -um: long-lasting

fraudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: cheat; defraud; swindle

necopīnus, a, -um: unsuspecting

Find the Latin:

[i] (they invited) the Sabines, who were their neighbours,

[ii] and the daughters who had been captured 

[iii] by whose trickery [lit: by the trickery of whom] (they had been defrauded) 

[iv] our husbands who(m) we now love

[v] the Romans to whom Romulus had given this command 

[vi] the Sabines who did not have weapons [lit: … to whom there were not weapons] 

[vii] The Sabines who, unsuspecting and without weapons,  

[viii] the women and daughters of whom they had many 

____________________

[i] Sabīnōs, quī fīnitimī eōrum erant,

[ii] fīliāsque, quae captātae erant

[iii] cuius dolō fraudātī erant

[iv] virīs nostrīs, quōs nunc amāmus

[v] Rōmānī, quibus Rōmulus id imperāverat

[vi] Sabīnī, quibus arma nōn erant

[vii] Sabīnī, quī necopīnī et sine armīs

[viii] fēmināsque et fīliās, quārum multās habēbant

Remus had been killed, Romulus had ruled for several years and had been a good king, and Rome itself had grown. By now various buildings and temples had been built, and the roads had already been paved. But the Romans, although they themselves were living a good life, were not content, because they did not have women. Already some had secretly approached Romulus himself and had asked him: ‘We have no women; from where shall we obtain them?’ But Romulus said, ‘That is not unknown to me,’ and he felt their concerns. And indeed, before long he himself provided women for them by trickery.

Soon the Romans invited the Sabines, who were their neighbours, to the games. The Sabines gladly went to those games and brought with them to Rome the women and daughters of whom they had many. Now the Sabines, who had gone to the games unsuspecting / without suspicion and without weapons, were enjoying them, when the Romans, to whom Romulus had given this command, seized the beautiful daughters and carried them off to their huts. The Sabines, who had no weapons, neither helped their daughters nor punished the wicked deeds, but they accused Romulus, by whose trickery they had been deceived, with harsh words. Afterwards, however, they returned to Rome with great forces and demanded back their daughters who had been taken. But the women themselves kept them away and cried: ‘Stay away from our husbands, whom we now love!’ From that year on there was long-lasting friendship between the Romans and the Sabines.

07.02.26: Comenius CVI; the Celestial Sphere [6]; text and vocabulary [5](ii)

Take a second look at images #2 and #3 from the previous post

If you are looking at any original Mediaeval or, here, Renaissance documents, you will see abbreviations, letter forms and spellings that are not in Classical Latin. There are many of these and a number of them were discussed in posts concerning both the Domesday Book and the Bayeux Tapestry:

[i]

ORIĒS / OCCIDĒS = oriens / occidens

COEL= coelum (caelum)

It can be simply a line or what looks like a Spanish tilde (˜) or, for want of a better term, a ‘squiggle’ above a vowel. In original documents it is not a macron i.e. an indicator of vowel length, but usually indicates the omission of /n/ or /m/ i.e. nasalised sounds. However, it isn’t confined to that usage. Depending on the writer it can indicate the absence of a group of letters, in the same way that we would use a ‘full stop’ e.g. info. for information.

28.11.25: the Domesday Book; reading the manuscript [iii] types of abbreviation [ii]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/08/281125-domesday-book-reading-manuscript.html

This example from the Bayeux Tapestry shows the use of the abbreviation to omit groups of letters

HIC PORTATVR CORPVS EADWARDI REGIS AD ECCLESIAM ST PETRI ALI

Hīc portātur corpus Eadwardi regis ad ecclesiam Sancti Petri Apostoli

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/07/130725-bayeux-tapestry-2.html

[ii] Various symbols were used to indicate the absence of a letter or small group; becoming familiar with these is a whole field of study in itself

What looks like a small number 9:

POLVS ARCTIC9 = arcticus

POLVS ANTAR(c)TIC9 = antar(c)ticus

28.11.25: the Domesday Book; reading the manuscript [v] types of abbreviation [iv]; mind your p’s and q’s

Note (5)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/08/281125-domesday-book-reading-manuscript_35.html

[iii] long /s/ i.e. ſ

[iv] abbreviation for ‘and’, similar to 7; it is called an ampersand, and an equivalent can be found which is still used today i.e. &

eclipſis ſolis 7 lune = eclipsis solis et lunae [note also: spelling shift /ae/ > /e/]

For both [iii] and [iv] above:

01.12.25: the Domesday Book; reading the manuscript [vi] types of abbreviation [v]; the long s

Long s: note (1); Ampersand: note (4)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/09/011225-domesday-book-reading-manuscript.html

07.02.26: Comenius CVI; the Celestial Sphere [6]; text and vocabulary [5](i)

[7] Under this move the seven wandring-stars which they call planets, whose way is a circle in the middle of the Zodiack, called the ecliptick │ Sub hōc cursitant stēllæ errantēs VII quās vocant planētās, quōrum via est circulus, in mediō zōdiacī, dictus eclīptica.

cursitō, -āre [1] literally: run all around / here and there;  this verb has a suffix: –(i)tō; this suffix denotes a frequentative action i.e. one that is performed more than once:

  • dictitō, -āre [1]: repeat, maintain i.e. keep saying something
  • clāmitō, -āre [1]: yell i.e. not a single shout but a prolonged action
  • vēnditō, -āre [1]: offer something, again and again, for sale

eclīptica, -ae [1/f]: ecliptic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic

eclīptica, -ae

By Tfr000 (talk) 16:54, 15 March 2012 (UTC) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18710950

stēlla, -ae [1/f] errāns: wandering star i.e. planet

planēta, -ae [1/f]: planet

The ancient Romans recognized seven "planets", the term referring to any celestial body that moved against the background of fixed stars hence the term stēllae errantēs (wandering stars) as opposed to stēllae fīxae / inerrantēs (fixed stars). Therefore, they also included the Sun and the Moon as planets:

Sōl, -is [3/m]

Mercurius, -ī [2/m]

Venus, Veneris [3/f]

Lūna, -ae [1/f]

Mārs, Mārtis [3/m]

Sāturnus, -ī [2/m]

Iuppiter, Iovis [3/m]


Geocentric World  (1517)

06.02.26: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [24][v]: the comparative of adjectives

Ubi populus sibi imperat, laetior est. │ When a people governs itself, it is happier [ = when the people rule themselves, they are happier]

Urbs antīqua etiam pulchrior erat │ The ancient city was even more beautiful

comparative: in English, happier, longer, more beautiful; sometimes the comparative simply means rather + adjective or too + adjective

vir fortior: [i] a braver man; [ii] a rather brave man

hoc difficilius est: [i] this is more difficult; [ii] this is rather / too difficult

[ii] Apart from a few irregular forms, the comparatives of adjectives are formed by two distinctive endings: -ior (masculine and feminine); -ius (neuter)

[iii] 1st / 2nd declension adjectives

(i) addition of -ior or -ius to the stem of the adjective:

long¦us, -a, -um: long > longior, longius: longer; rather / too long

(ii) adjectives in -er form drop /e/ before the ending is added:

pulcher, pulchr¦a, pulchrum: beautiful > pulchrior, pulchrius: more beautiful

[iv] 3rd declension adjectives

(i) The comparatives of these adjectives have the same endings i.e. -ior / -ius:

fort¦is, forte: brave, strong > fortior, fortius: braver, stronger

(ii) 3rd declension adjectives which have a stem change – indicated by the genitive singular – will use that stem to form the comparatives:

audāx: bold > genitive singular: audāc¦is > stem: audāc- > comparative: audācior, audācius: bolder

recēns: recent > genitive singular: recent¦is > stem: recent- > comparative: recentior, recentius: more recent

Links:

Degrees of comparison: introduction

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/041124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-1.html

-ior; -ius

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/041124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-2.html

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/081124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-3.html

Translation of comparatives

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/161124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-8.html

22.11.25: Level 1; review presentations (1):

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/838353188775951/

 22.11.25: Level 1; I'm just experimenting a bit with producing some simple presentation videos.

Key information:

  1. 1st person singular present tense of ambulō (I walk / am walking), currō (I run), stō (I stand)
  2. ego: I
  3. when ego is not needed because the verb ending tells you who is performing the action: ambulō
  4. negative of verbs: nōn ambulō (I don't walk / I am not walking)
  5. via: street > in viā: in the street