27.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [8]; 2nd and 4th conjugation (2)

appāreō, appārēre, appāruī [2]: appear

doceō, docēre, docuī [2]: teach

habeō, habēre, habuī [2]: have

moneō, monēre, monuī [2]: warn

videō, vidēre, vīdī [2]: see

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audiō, audīre, audīvī [4]: hear

mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī [4]: fortify

sciō, scīre, scīvī [4]: know

sepeliō, sepelīre, sepelīvī [4]: bury

aperiō, aperīrī, aperuī [4]: open

veniō, venīre, vēnī [4]: come

inveniō, invenīre, invēnī [4]: find

There were a few posts recently about the way in which Latin – most often through French – was brought into the English language.

[i] habeō, habēre, habuī [2]: have; that is not from Latin. Engl. ‘have’ is from Old English habban, which can trace its Germanic ancestry back to Indo-European, which is also the original source of the Latin verb.

[ii] Apart from habeō, every one of those verbs above appears in English.

The most important first step is to recognise meaning. Below are English words related to those verbs:

1. What part of a camera is the aperture?
2. An inventor might … a solution to a problem.
3. What does an advent calendar tell you?
4. What is made in a munitions factory?
5. What is the function of [i] audio equipment and [ii] video equipment?
6. A dead body may be placed in a sepulchre.
7. The word science is usually associated with, for example, Physics or Chemistry, but the original meaning of science had a far wider meaning.
8. The word doctor now is most often associated with medicine, but, in Ancient Rome, doctōrēs were not doctors. What job did they do?

Even just a few letters can ‘trigger’ recognition: admonish i.e. caution; warn (moneō)

Verbs are the cornerstone of a sentence; you may not know every word in a Latin sentence but go for the verbs first. In the image match the verbs with their meanings.

• (Apollo) warned
• Apollo came
• Each of them gave [=had] a speech.
• He opened
• He taught (me)
• I buried
• I found
• I knew
• I saw
• Surely you’ve heard?
• The king heard
• They appeared
• They found
• They warned
• We all came
• We fortified
• We saw

27.05.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima [2](6); ways of learning [i]

When it comes to learning the key components of Latin, there are two questions:

[i] Where do you start?

[ii] How do you learn them?

Where do you start? The grammar books and textbooks will prioritise, and they almost always prioritise with the first declension of nouns and the first conjugation of verbs. The little passages so far have done almost all of it.

The grammar books will give you the “tables” and, of course, you need them. But how you approach them can vary. Some people, for example, will recite them, some use flash cards, some write the endings out again and again. It doesn’t matter but I wanted to share how I did it. I used this book and I learned them in the context of phrases and short sentences all of which came from these texts. That way, not only did I learn the endings, I learned the basic functions of the cases.

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1. Quam bella est ōra maritima! Nōn procul ab ōrā maritimā est vīlla. In vīllā amita mea habitat; et ego cum amitā meā nunc habitō. Ante iānuam vīllae est ārea; in āreā est castanea, ubi luscinia interdum cantat. Sub umbrā castaneae ancilla interdum cēnam parat. Amō ōram maritimam; amō vīllam bellam.

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First declension: nouns ending in -a; almost all of them are feminine

[1] Nominative singular: the subject of the sentence

The first sentence in the book …

• Quam bella est ōra maritima! │ How beautiful is the sea-shore!

[2] Accusative singular: [i] the direct object of the sentence [ii] with certain prepositions

• [i] Amō ōram maritimam │ I love the sea-shore,
• [ii] Ante ianuam │ before [in front of] the door

[3] Genitive singular: of

• sub umbrā ¦ castaneae │beneath the shade ¦ of a chestnut tree

[4] Ablative singular: with certain prepositions and this little text gives four of the main ones

• Nōn procul ab ōrā maritimā │not far from the coast
• Cum amitā meā nunc habitō │I now live with my aunt
• In villā amita mea habitat │ My aunt lives in the house
• Sub umbrā │ beneath the shade

The two images show four out of the five singular case endings for this declension. I like the first one because it was created round about the time the author was there. 

27.05.24: Level 1; 10 at a time; places [1]