25.01.25: H & B; level 2; reading; Pride punished

Ōlim Minerva tībiā lūdēbat. Repente ōris imāginem in aquā videt. “Tībia,” inquit “pulchram deam nōn decet.” Itaque magnā īrā ā locō discessit, tībiam humī relīquit. Posteā Marsyās invēnit: tībia, quod nūper os deae tetigerat, ubi Marsyās lūdēbat, sonōs mīrōs et dulcēs ēmīsit. Magnum erat Marsyae gaudium: etiam Apollinem ad certāmen prōvocāvit. “Mūsae,” inquit “inter nōs iūdicābunt; victor victō [i] supplicium cōnstituet.” In spēluncā certāmen habēbātur: Apollō citharā, Marsyās tībiā lūdēbant. Mūsārum arbitriō penes [ii] Apollinem erat victōria. Tum deus hominem īnfēlīcem propter superbiam crūdēliter pūnīvit: ad arborem vīnxit et cutem ā vīvō homine dētrāxit. Ē spēluncā, ubi sanguis humī cecīderat, fluvius fluēbat: tībia fluviō ad aliam terram portābātur, ubi Apollinī in templō dēdicāta est.

[i] victō: this is an example of a perfect passive participle being used as a noun i.e. the person who has been conquered

[ii] penes [+ accusative]: in the power / possession of

[A]

[1] Lines 1 – 4 (Ōlim … ēmīsit)

In which order are the following statements made?

• being angry
• being inappropriate for a goddess
• finding the flute
• leaving the flute behind
• playing the flute
• seeing a reflection
• sweet sounds
• touching the mouth of a goddess

[2] Lines 4 – 5 (Magnum … cōnstituet)

1. What did Marsyas decide to do? (1)
2. What would be the role of the Muses? (1)
3. Who would decide the loser’s punishment? (1)

[3] Lines 6 – 7 (In spēluncā … victōria)

Give details about the competition and the outcome. (5); [i] In spēluncā certāmen habēbātur: [ii] Apollō citharā, [iii] Marsyās tībiā lūdēbant. [iv] Mūsārum arbitriō [v] penes Apollinem erat victōria.

[4] Lines 7 – end: (Tum … dēdicāta est.)

1. What was the reason for punishing Marsyas? (1)
2. Describe the punishment (4); [i] ad arborem [ii] vīnxit et [iii] cutem [iv] ā vīvō homine dētrāxit.  
3. Translate: Ē spēluncā, ubi sanguis humī cecīderat, fluvius fluēbat: tībia fluviō ad aliam terram portābātur, ubi Apollinī in templō dēdicāta est. (9)*

[B] Note the three passive verbs in the text and give the translations

[C] Give the first person singular present tense of the following verbs from the text:

1. relīquit [line 2]
2. tetigerat [line 3]
3. ēmīsit [line 4]
4. vīnxit [line 8]
5. dētrāxit [line 8]
6. cecīderat [line 9]

[D] Identify the case of each of the following nouns and explain why it is being used

1. ōris [line 1]
2. deam [line 2]
3. magnā īrā [line 2]
4. humī [line 2; line 9]
5. sonōs [line 3]
6. Apollinī [line 10]

“No matter how good a pride-filled mortal may be at his art, he can't win against a god and shouldn't even try. Should the mortal manage to earn the prize for the contest itself, there will be little time to glory in victory before the angered deity exacts revenge.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyas

____________________

*[i] From the cave [ii] where the blood had fallen [iii] on the ground, [iii] a river flowed: [iv] the flute was carried [v] by the river [vi] to another land, [vii] where it was dedicated [viii] in a temple [ix] to Apollo.

25.01.25: level 2; topic; crime and punishment [7]: reading [2]

[1] occīdō, -ere, occīdī, occīsus [3]: kill

nōn occidēs (Vulgate) │ Thou shalt not kill

sexāgintā mīlia hominum ūnō diē volāticōrum manibus occīdī meīs. (Plautus) │ with my own hands, in one day, I slew sixty thousand flying men.

[i] active and [ii] passive forms of the same verb

[i] magnum numerum eōrum occīdērunt (Caesar) │ they killed a great number of them

[ii] magnusque eōrum numerus est occīsus (Bellum Africum) │ and a great number of them were killed [literally: was killed agreeing with numerus (singular)

trucīdō, -ārē, -āvī, -ātus [1]: slaughter; massacre

caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesus [3]: kill; murder; (mil.) defeat (incurring heavy losses)

[2] venēnō, -āre, -avī, -ātus [1]: poison

[i] active and [ii] passive forms of the same verb

[i] serpentem in aquam mīsit quī eam venēnāvit (Hyginus) │ the sent a serpent into the water which poisoned it

[ii] imperāvit quam plūrimās [a] venēnātās serpentēs vīvās [b] colligī eāsque in vāsa fictilia [b] conicī (Nepos) │ He gave orders for the greatest possible number of venomous snakes to be collected and to be thrown together into earthenware jars.

[a] the past passive participle is often used as an adjective i.e. literally poisoned, but it would be translated as poisonous (venomous)

[b] note the use of the passive infinitives of

colligō, -ere, collēgī, collēctus [3]: gather together > colligī: to be gathered together

coniciō, -ere, coniēcī, coniectus [3-iō]: throw together > conicī: to be thrown together

[3] iugulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1] < iugulum, -ī [2/n] (physical) throat; (figurative) murder; the verb, apart from meaning ‘slay’ or ‘kill’, may also translate as ‘slit the throat’ and ‘strangle’ (strangulation was a common form of execution)

[i] active and [ii] passive forms of the same verb

illum miserum ¦ fugientem ¦ iugulāvit (Cicero) │ he slew that miserable man ¦ as he was fleeing

īnsciente Antigonō ¦ iugulātus est ¦ ā cūstōdibus (Nepos) │ he was strangled ¦ by his guards ¦ without the knowledge of Antigonus

[4] coniūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1] │ [i] swear together by oath [ii] conspire

[i] PASICOMPSA: et inter nōs coniūrāvimus, ego cum illō et ille mēcum: ego cum virō et ille cum muliere, nisi cum illō aut ille mēcum, neuter stuprī causā caput līmāret. (Plautus)│ and we swore on oath between ourselves, I with him and he with me: neither I with a man nor he with a woman would besmirch our head for the reason of [= because of] sexual intercourse unless it was I with him or he with me

[ii] circumspicite paulisper mentibus vestrīs … hōsce ipsōs hominēs quī huic adfīnēs scelerī fuērunt. Catilīna contrā rem pūblicam coniūrāvit. cuius aurēs umquam haec respuērunt cōnātum esse audācter hominem ā pueritiā nōn sōlum intemperantiā et scelere sed etiam cōnsuētūdine et studiō in omnī flāgitiō, stuprō, caede versātum? (Cicero) │ Survey for a moment in your mind's eye … these very men who were implicated in this wickedness. Catiline conspired against the republic. Whose ears were ever unwilling to believe in this attempt on the part of a man who had spent his whole life, from his boyhood upwards, not only in intemperance and debauchery, but who had devoted all his energies and all his zeal to every sort of enormity, and lust, and bloodshed?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy

adfīnis, alternative to affīnis, -e: (here) associated with; taking part in

huic adfīnēs scelerī [dative] fuērunt │ they were party to this crime / wicked deed

This extract contains numerous words referring to immorality i.e. not necessarily crimes but terms used to besmirch a person’s character:

caedēs, -is [3/f]: see previous post; bloodshed

flāgitium, -ī [2/n]: disgraceful / shameful action or crime; scandal

intemperantia, -ae [1/f]: lack of moderation; extravagance; excessive behaviour

stuprum, -ī [2/n]: see previous post; note that, both in the Cicero and the Plautus texts, the noun again refers to sexual impropriety i.e. sexual intercourse (outside marriage); lust

In the same “area” of vocabulary is: libīdō, libīdinis [3/f]: desire; lust; wantonness; sensuality

[5] interficiō, -ere, interfēcī, interfectus [3-iō]: kill

Salvē, quī mē interfēcistī paene vītā et lūmine (Plautus) │ Welcome to you, you who have almost deprived me of life and light [= you who have almost killed me …]

atque eōs ¦ convulnerātōs ¦ usque in castra rēgia reppulērunt multōsque ex hīs interfēcērunt. │and he drove them ¦ [who had been / having been] severely wounded ¦ to the king's camp, and slew many of them

[6] The last extract makes extensive use of the passive and is a good illustration of why it is important to be very familiar with it; in particular note how Latin can express the idea concisely with a single word whereas the translation most often requires several. There are seven passive forms used here which allow for a flowing and fast-moving narrative not weighed down by clauses.

quōs … [i] corripī atque [ii] interficī iussit; quōrum alter ¦ [iv] acceptō vulnere [iii] occupātus ¦  per suōs prō [vi] occīsō [v] sublātus, ¦ alter [vii] interfectus est. (Caesar)

quōs … [i] corripī atque [ii] interficī iussit: passive infinitives │ He ordered them … [i] to be seized and [ii] put to death, one of whom

quōrum alter ¦ [iv] acceptō vulnere [iii] occupātus │ one of whom [iv] (literally) having been seized by a wound [iii] which had been received = having received a dangerous wound

per suōs prō [vi] occīsō [v] sublātus [est]: the verb ‘esse’ is often omitted │ [v] he was carried off [vi] for dead [= like a person who had been killed i.e. the participle is acting like a noun] 

25.01.25: Level 2; the passive voice [26]: the perfect passive [7]; the perfect passive: translation practice [5]

AENĒĀS IN ITALIAM VENIT

postquam Aenēās et sociī Karthāginem relīquērunt, ad Italiam pervēnērunt. multī Italiae incolae Troiānīs erant inimicī, quod aliēnī erant. sed Latīnus, rēx Laurentī, Troiānōs benignē accēperat. Lāvīnia, Latīnī fīlia, ā Turnō amāta est. Turnus erat rēx Rutulōrum. Turnus Aenēam timēbat quod Aenēās ā Latīnō benignē acceptus erat. Turnus sīc putābat: “sī pulchra Lāvinia ab Aenēā vīsa erit, et amāta erit, coniūnx Turnō nōn dabitur.” Itaque bellum miserum inter Aenēam et Turnum gestum est. multī hominēs utrimque interfectī sunt. tandem Turnus in proeliō cecidit. Lāvīnia ab Aenēā in mātrimōnium ducta est, et oppidum Lāvinium conditum est. ibi Aenēās paucōs annōs regnābat. posteā Aenēās ā Rutulīs occīsus est. tum Ascanius, Aenēae fīlius, rēgnābat. Ascanius Albam Longam, urbem clāram, condidit. Albae Longae gens Troiāna trecentōs annōs rēgnābat. tandem Rōmulus, fīlius Rhēae Silviae et Martis, Rōmam condidit. sīc gēns Rōmāna cōnstitūta est.

Find the Latin:

Lavinia was loved

Lavinia was loved by Turnus

Aeneas had been kindly received

Aeneas had been kindly received by Latinus

If Lavinia is seen [= will have been seen]

If Lavinia is loved [= will have been loved] by Aeneas

A war was waged

A war was waged between Aeneas and Turnus

Many men were killed

Many men were killed on both sides

(literally) Lavinia was led into marriage

The town of Lavinium was founded

Aeneas was killed

Aeneas was killed by the Rutuli

The Roman race was established

24.01.25: Level 1; oral proficiency in Latin [2](3); vocabulary

Trēs Cūriātiī vulnerātī circum ūnum Horātium stābant. Albānī victōriam facilem exspectābant. Sed ūnus Horātius erat vir fortis et prūdēns. Subitō ā Cūriātīīs celeriter cucurrit et fugam simulāvit. Rōmānī erant trīstēs et sēcum dīcēbant, “Cūr Horātius noster fugit? Estne perterritus?”Horātius autem nihil timēbat. Trāns agrum festīnābat; post eum trēs Cūriātiī cum difficultāte currēbant. Inter Cūriātiōs erant magna intervālla. Subitō Horātius sē convertit et prīmum Cūriātium interfēcit deinde alterum. Iam erat sōlus ūnus Albānus, quem dēfessum et vulnerātum sine difficultāte interfēcit Horātius.

[1] Match up the verbs below with the Latin verbs in the wordcloud

1. Is he?
2. (he) is fleeing / running away
3. (he) ran
4. (he) killed
5. (he) turned around [= turned himself around]
6. (he) pretended
7. (he) was
8. (they) were
9. (he) was (not) afraid
10. (he) was hurrying / started to hurry
11. (they) were running
12. (they) were saying / kept on saying
13. (they) were expecting
14. (they) were standing

[2] Match up other words from the text with the Latin in the wordcloud

1. across
2. after; behind
3. already; now
4. around
5. between
6. however
7. nothing
8. quickly
9. suddenly
10. then
11. they were saying to themselves
12. whom
13. why?
14. with difficulty
15. without difficulty

24.01.25: level 1; topic; school [27]; the sky [2]; sun, moon, light and darkness

[1] Dē sōle

Lūmen magnum in caelō vidēmus. Id lūmen candidum est. Id sōl vocātur. Sōl nōn plānus vidētur. Is globōsus vidētur. Sōl nātūrā rotundus est. Is quoque globus vocātur. Sōl parvus vidētur. Magnus autem est. Sphaera magna est. Terra et sōl globī magnī sunt.

[2] Dē lūnā

Aliud lūmen in caelō videō. Id lūmen quoque magnum est. Id nōn candidum est. Suāve est. Id lūmen lūna dīcitur. Lūna nōn plāna vidētur. Ea globōsa vidētur. Lūna rotunda est. Ea quoque globus dīcitur. Lūna magna est. Ea globus est magnus. Terra et lūna magnae sunt. Eae globī magnī sunt.

[3] Dē lūce et tenebrīs

Lūx diēs dīcitur. Nox tenebrae vocātur. Tellūs nōn lūcida est. Ea obscūra est. Lūcem ab sōle accipit. Lūcem quoque ā lūnā accipit. Sōl interdiū terrae lūmen dat. Lūna noctū eī lūmen dat. Is interdiū,  ea noctū terram illūminat. Lūmen sōlis candidum et ārdēns est. Lūmen lūnae suāve est.

[a] Find the Latin:

[i] Nominative

• The light is called day
• It is also called the globe
• They are large spheres

[ii] Genitive

• The light of the sun
• The light of the moon

[iii] Dative

• The sun gives light to the earth

[iv] Accusative

• The sun gives light to the earth

[v] Ablative

• about / concering the light
• about / concering the sun
• about / concering the moon
• It receives light from the sun
• It receives light from the moon

[b] Review 1st / 2nd declension adjective endings; a common error when starting Latin is seeing some connection between 1st / 2nd declension adjectives and 1st / 2nd declension nouns because they share the same endings – but that is where the comparison stops. 1st / 2nd declension adjectives are used with nouns of any declension. Below some nouns from the text are in two groups i.e. 1st / 2nd declension nouns and 3rd declension nouns. Complete each phrase by using the adjectives listed at the very end of the exercise. Each adjective can only be used once.

[i] 1^st / 2^nd declension nouns

• a large globe │ globus __________
• a round moon │ lūna __________
• a spherical moon │ lūna __________
• a large moon │ lūna __________
• large spheres │ globī __________
• the Earth and Moon are large │ terra et lūna __________ sunt

[ii] 1^st / 2^nd declension nouns

sōl, -is [3/m]: sun

tellūs, tellūris [3/f]: earth; the Earth

lūmen, lūminis [3/n]: light

• a round sun │ sōl __________
• the dark Earth │tellūs __________
• the Earth is not bright │ tellūs nōn __________ est
• a large light │ lūmen __________
• a bright white light │ lūmen __________

candidum; globōsa; lūcida; magna; magnae; magnī; magnum; magnus; obscūra; rotunda; rotundus

Notes

is, ea, id; plural: eī, eae, ea

There have already been many posts concerning these words and so below is simply a summary:

These words can have two uses:

[i] as pronouns i.e. he / she / it / they

[ii] demonstratives i.e. this / that / these / those

Latin uses these to refer to someone / something previously mentioned i.e. as in English:

“Have you met the new boss?” > “Yes, I’ve met him.”

is, ea and id agree in gender with the noun they are referring to e.g. is can mean ‘he’ or ‘it’ depending on whether the noun is animate (referring to a living being) or inanimate (referring to an object)

• Sōl [masculine] nōn plānus vidētur. Is globōsus vidētur. │The Sun does look seem flat. It looks spherical.
• Lūna [feminine] nōn plāna vidētur. Ea globōsa vidētur. │ The moon does not look flat. It looks spherical.
• Tellūs [feminine] nōn lūcida est. Ea obscūra est. │ The Earth is not bright. It is dark.
• Lūmen [neuter] magnum in caelō vidēmus. Id lūmen candidum est. Id sōl vocātur. │ We see a large light in the sky. That light is shining white. It is called the Sun.

Latin does not need to use these if it is clear who / what is being referred to. Look at the last sentence of this extract.

• Aliud lūmen in caelō videō. Id lūmen quoque magnum est. Id nōn candidum est. Suāve est. │ I see another light in the sky. That light is also large. It isn’t shining bright. It’s agreeable / pleasant, i.e. the last sentence omits id with no change in meaning.

Two examples from the text show other forms of these words:

• Terra et lūna magnae sunt. Eae globī magnī sunt. │ The earth and the moon are big. They / these are large spheres.
• Sōl interdiū terrae lūmen dat. Lūna noctū eī lūmen dat. │ During the say the Sun gives light to the Earth. The Moon gives light to it at night.

The full declension table is given below:

It is better to become familiar with these as you come across them when reading; two, however, to note straight away are: [i]  eius (his / her / its) and [ii] eōrum / eārum (their) i.e. they function as possessive adjectives.

All previous posts on is, ea, id:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LsKpv7nwA3-rwgzn88bzoOGgPMV8Kqj-/view?usp=sharing

Latin tutorial:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74R9hHFr0JI

23.01.25; level 2; crime and punishment [6]: people

sceleratus, -ī [2/m]: criminal

maleficus, -ī [2/m]: wrongdoer; also: magician; sorcerer

malefica, -ae [1/f]: feminine form of maleficus; also: witch; sorceress

venēfica, -ae [1/f]: sorceress; witch; female poisoner

coniūrātus, -ī [2/m]; coniūrātor, coniūrātōris [3/m] (Late Latin): conspirator

perduellis, -is [3/m]: public enemy; enemy of the state; traitor

parricida, -ae [1 m/f]: has several meanings including the murderer of a near relative, but it also can refer to a person who commits (high) treason i.e. a traitor

fūr, -is [3/m]: thief

latrō, latrōnis [3/m]: robber; highwayman

pīrāta, -ae [1/m]: pirate

raptor, raptōris [3/m]: referring to a person who forcibly seizes something / someone i.e. [i] robber; plunderer [ii] abductor [iii] ravisher

moechus, -ī [2/m]: adulterer; fornicator

cadāver, -is [3/m]: corpse

homicīda, -ae [1 m/ f]: murderer; murderess

percussor, percussōris [3/m]: murderer; assassin

interfector, interfectōris [3/m]: murderer

interfectrīx, interfectrīcis [3/f]: murderess

occīsor, occīsōris [3/m]: killer

sīcārius, -ī [2/m]: murderer; assassin; contract killer

Image: Clytemnestra; yes, I know she wasn’t Roman but she does have a tremendous name that just screams murderess.

23.01.25: H & B; level 2; reading; Spurius Maelius

[A] In urbe ōlim magnā erat cibī inopiā. Tum Sp. Maelius, eques plēbēius propter dīvitiās nōtus, frūmentum in Etrūriā emēbat et cīvibus pauperibus aut parvō vēndēbat aut grātīs dabat. Propter līberālitātem magnō in honōre ā plēbēiīs habēbātur, patriciōrum autem īram movēbat. Itaque falsīs crīminibus accūsātus est. ‘Contrā populum Rōmānum,’ clāmābant patriciī, “Sp. Maelius coniūrat: rēgnum appetit: sī iam mūneribus plēbēiōrum animīs placuerit auctōritātemque cōnfirmāverit, iterum mox sub rēgis imperiō cīvitās Rōmāna tenēbitur” …

[1] Lines 1 – 3 (In urbe … movēbat)

1. Who was Spurius Maelius?
2. Where was he?
3. What was he doing?
4. Why was he doing it?
5. How could he afford that?
6. How much did he sell it for?
7. Did everybody have to pay?
8. What did the Plebeians think of him and why? (2)
9. What did the Patricians think of him?

[2] Lines 3 – 6 (Contrā … tenebitur)

Which four of the following statements are correct? Of what was Spurius Maelius falsely accused?

1. conspiracy with the Roman people
2. influencing the roman people with gifts
3. attacking the king
4. conspiring against the Roman people
5. receiving gifts from the plebeians
6. strengthening the political authority of the king
7. strengthening his own political authority
8. wanting to become king

[B]  … “vōs, cīvēs, sī patriam [1] __________, Sp. Cassiī exemplō [2] __________,” Ingēns statim timor inter omnēs cīvēs [3] __________. Cincinnātus dictātor, C. Servīlius Ahāla magister equitum [4] __________. Dictātōris imperiō Maelius nōn [5] __________: tum Ahāla cum turbā iuvenum patriciōrum forum [6] __________; Maelium tēlīs [7] __________ et [8] __________. Diū inter Rōmānōs Ahālae factum [9] __________: hodiē tamen ā multīs Sp. Maelius vir bonus et pauperum amīcus [10] __________: nam Ahāla posteā [11] __________ et ex urbe in exsilium [12] __________.

Complete the Latin text using the translation and the verbs listed below.

You, citizens, if you love the fatherland, you will be warned by the example of Spurius Cassius. Enormous fear was (being) stirred amongst all the citizens. Cincinnatus was elected dictator, C. Servilius Ahala Master of the Horse. Maelius did not obey the authority of the dictator: then Ahala with a crowd of young patrician men entered the forum; they attacked and killed Maelius with weapons. For a long time the deed of Ahala was praised among the Romans; today, however, Sp, Maelius is regarded as a good man and friend of the poor, for later Ahala was condemned and he left the city (to go) into exile.

amātis; creātus est; damnātus est; discessit; habētur; intrāvit; laudābātur; monēbiminī; movēbātur; necāvērunt; oppugnāvērunt; pārēbat

[C]

Why do you think the patricians falsely accused Spurius Maelius? What is the “key threat” they emphasise to the Roman people and why would the people have reacted badly to that?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_Maelius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy

Gaius Servilius Ahala killing Spurius Maelius for plotting to make himself King of Rome, 439 BC.

23.01.25: Level 2; the passive voice [25]: the perfect passive [6]; the perfect passive: translation practice [4]

DĒ AENĒĀ PIŌ

quod Troia ā Graecīs incēnsa erat, Troiānī in partēs dīversās pulsī sunt. Multī interfectī sunt, sed Aenēās et sociī ad Italiam fūgērunt. in Āfricā ā rēgīnā Karthāginis adiūtī sunt. Aenēās rēgīnae dīxerat: “sī nōs Troiānī in urbem tuam bene acceptī erimus, et sī auxilium ad sociōs meōs missum erit, nōmen tuum semper laudābitur.” Itaque Troiānī ā rēgīnā adiutī erant et nōmen rēginae diū laudābātur. tandem nāvēs Troiānae comparātae sunt quod Aenēās ā Mercuriō admonitus erat. sed cōnsilia Aenēae ā rēgīnā audīta erant et Dīdō misera erat. Aenēās graviter accūsātus est; rēgīnam tamen relīquit. iterum Troiānī ā Fātīs in mare pulsī sunt. Misera Dīdō sē interfēcit quod relicta erat. sed Aenēās et sociī laetī ad Italiam nāvigāvērunt.

The challenge in dealing with these forms of the passive is not so much how they are constructed, but what their perfect passive participles are because, very often, they cannot be predicted. Despite that they are fairly easy to spot:

[i] they consist of two parts: the perfect passive participle + the verb esse

[ii] in most instances the perfect passive participle will end in –tus (-ta, etc.) or –sus (-sa, etc.)

[iii] in most instances the perfect passive participle will resemble the other principal parts i.e. if your aim is simply to read the language, then enough information is given in the perfect passive participle to recognise its meaning based upon other forms you have already seen

Look at the verbs highlighted; find the Latin:

[1] Perfect passive

1. Aeneas was violently reproached (accused)
2. Many were killed
3. The Trojans were driven out (into different regions)
4. The were driven (into the sea)
5. They were helped by the queen
6. Trojan ships were prepared

[2] Pluperfect passive

1. Troy had been set on fire
2. The Trojans had been helped
3. Aeneas had been advised
4. Aeneas’ plans had been heard
5. Dido had been left behind

[3] Future perfect passive

“If the reservation is / has been made before 6pm, we’ll get a table in the restaurant.” The English sentence is referring to something that will have been done in the future. English uses a present or past passive, the latter emphasising the completion of the action, but Latin uses the future perfect passive.

Find the Latin in the text and compare the Latin and the literal English translation:

1. If we are well received = literally: If we will have been well received = Latin future perfect passive
2. If help is sent = literally: if help will have been sent = Latin future perfect passive

22.01.25: Level 1; oral proficiency in Latin [2](2)

Read the introduction and then the Latin text.

The second king of Rome was Tullus Hostilius. During his reign, the Romans fought a war with their neighbours the Albans (Albanī). In each army there was a set of three brothers: the Horatiī, who were Romans, and the Cūriātiī, who were Albans. Tullus Hostilius and the Alban king agreed that these two sets of brothers would fight each other to determine the outcome of the war. The fighting began; almost immediately, two of the Horatii were killed. But all three of the Cūriātiī had been wounded.

Trēs Cūriātiī vulnerātī circum ūnum Horātium stābant. Albānī victōriam facilem exspectābant. Sed ūnus Horātius erat vir fortis et prūdēns. Subitō ā Cūriātīīs celeriter cucurrit et fugam simulāvit. Rōmānī erant trīstēs et sēcum dīcēbant, “Cūr Horātius noster fugit? Estne perterritus?”

Horātius autem nihil timēbat. Trāns agrum festīnābat; post eum trēs Cūriātiī cum difficultāte currēbant. Inter Cūriātiōs erant magna intervālla. Subitō Horātius sē convertit et prīmum Cūriātium interfēcit deinde alterum. Iam erat sōlus ūnus Albānus, quem dēfessum et vulnerātum sine difficultāte interfēcit Horātius.

accidō, accidere [3]: happen

dēfessus, -a, -um: tired

integer, -gra, -grum: (here) uninjured

interficiō, interficere [3-iō]: kill

intervāllum, -ī [2/n]: space; gap

lōrīca, -ae [1/f]: body armour consisting of leather thongs; coat of mail; breastplate

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=lorica-harpers

one of the images shows the remains of a type of lorica found at Corbridge

perterritus, -a, -um: frightened

sē convertit: turned round

simulō, simulāre [1]: pretend

sōlus, -a, -um: alone

vulnerātus, -a, -um: injured

Here are some questions about the image and the text; the answers (some of which are only one word) are listed at the end, but which answers go with which questions? Sometimes there is more than one answer.

[1] Quī sunt hī trēs virī lōrīcās nigrās gerentēs?  ____________________

[2] Quī est alter vir? ____________________

[3] Estne Horātius Rōmānus an Albānus? ____________________

[4] Suntne Cūriātiī integrī? [i] ____________________; [ii] ____________________

[5] Ā quibus fugit Horātius?  ____________________

[6] Quālis vir est Horātius? [i] ____________________; [ii] ____________________; [iii] ____________________

[7] Cūr sunt Rōmānī trīstēs? ____________________

[8] Ubī currit Horātius? ____________________

[9] Ubī currunt Cūriātiī? ____________________

[10] Quae sunt inter trēs Cūriātiōs? ____________________

[11] Quid accidit postquam Horātius sē convertit? [i] ____________________; [ii] ____________________

[12] Cūr est facile interficere tertium Cūriātium? [i] ____________________; [ii] ____________________

ab Albānīs fugit; Cūriātiī; deinde alterum; fortis; Horātius; Horātius interficit prīmum Cūriātium …; magna intervālla; minimē; nōn timet; post Horātium currunt; prūdēns; quod est dēfessus et …; quod Horātius fugit; Rōmānus; trāns agrum; vulnerātī sunt; vulnerātus

By FropFrop - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=140856716

22.01.25: level 1; topic; school [26]; the sky [1]

Complete the Comenius text with the words listed below

Caelum, │ The Heaven,

rotātur, & │ is wheeled about, and

ambit [1] __________, │ encompasseth the Earth,

stantem in [2] __________. │ standing in the middle.

[3] __________, │ The Sun,

ubi ubi* est, │ wheresoever it is,

fulget [4] __________, │ shineth perpetually,

ut ut dēnsa [5] __________,│ howsoever dark Clouds,

ēripiant eum ā [6] __________; │ may take it from us;

facitque suīs [7] __________, │ and causeth by his Rays,

Lūcem, Lūx [8] __________. │ Light, and the Light, Day.

Ex oppositō, │ On the other sīde, over against it,

sunt Tenebræ, │ is Darkness, 

inde [9] __________ │ and thence Night.

[10] __________ │ In the Night

splendet [11] __________, │ shineth the Moon,

& [12] __________, │ and the Stars,

micant, [13] __________. │ glister and twinkle.

[14] __________, │ In the Evening,

est Crepusculum: │ is Twilight:

[15] __________ │ In the Morning,

[16] __________, │ the breaking,

& Dīlūculum. │ and dawning of the Day.

* ubi ubi: wherever; colloquial rather than standard Classical Latin; ‘wherever’ is normally expressed by ubicumque

aurōra; diem; lūna; māne; mediō; nōbīs; nocte; nox; nūbila; perpetuō; radiīs; scintillant; sōl; stēllæ; terram; vesperī

Notes

[1] tenebrae, -ārum [1/f/pl]: although referring to a singular idea in English (darkness) the Latin noun is plural

[2] a further example of the passive voice:

Caelum rotātur │ the sky is turned around (rotated)

[3]

lūx, lūcis [3/f]: light; the third declension noun is used in two cases in the same sentence; endings are added to the stem of the genitive case i.e. lūx, lūc¦is > lūc-

Sōl …facit … lūcem [accusative] (et) lūx [nominative] (facit) diem │ the Sun makes light and the light makes day

nox, noctis [3/f] night; again, the ending is added to the stem of the genitive case i.e. nox, noct¦is > noct-

ablative: nocte │ in the night; at night

[3] Sōl .. facit suīs radiīs lūcem │ the Sun creates light by means of its rays

Latin uses the ablative case to state by what means something is done.

21.01.25: H & B; level 2; reading; a horrible banquet

Dē Tantalō fābulae multae et mīrae nārrantur; saepe ad cēnam ā deīs immortālibus vocātūs erat; semel deōs vocāvit. Magnam cēnam parāvit; simul “Deōrum,” inquit “sapientiam temptābō; carnem hūmānam prō ferīnā carne appōnam: deī fraudem nōn sentient.” Itaque Pelopem fīlium necāvit, carnem et membra in multās partēs dīvīsit et in aēnō* coxit. Tum cibum mīrum et horrendum deīs apposuit. Deī tamen fraudem statim sēnsērunt, nihil ēdērunt. Cerēs autem nūper fīlium āmīserat: propter dolōrem incautē Pelopis humerum ēdit. Magna erat deōrum īra propter fraudem: membra Pelopis iterum in aēnum posuērunt, iterum coxērunt; sīc vītam puerō īnfēlīcī reddidērunt. Prō humerō alter humerus eburneus datur: exinde semper Pelopidae omnēs alterum humerum candidum velut eburneum habēbant. Tantalum autem deī prō scelere magnīs suppliciīs pūnīvērunt.

*aēnum, -ī [2/n]: cauldron

[A]

[1] Lines 1 – 2 (Saepe … vocāvit)

Explain how the dinner invitations changed. (4); the greater number of points, the more details need to be given: saepe ad cēnam ā deīs immortālibus vocātūs erat; semel deōs vocāvit.

[2] Lines 2 – 4 (Magnam … sentient)

Explain how Tantalus intended to test the gods. (5); [i] Magnam cēnam parāvit; simul “Deōrum,” inquit “[ii] sapientiam temptābō; [iii] carnem hūmānam [iv] prō ferīnā carne appōnam: [v] deī fraudem nōn sentient.” 

[3] Lines 4 – 5 (Itaque … apposuit)

Who was Pelops and What did Tantalus do to him? (7); Itaque Pelopem [i] fīlium [ii] necāvit, [iii] carnem et membra [iv] in multās partēs dīvīsit et [v] in aēnō [vi] coxit. Tum [vii] cibum (mīrum et horrendum) deīs apposuit.**

[4] Lines 5 – 6 (Deī … ēdērunt)

How did the gods react? (3)

[5] Lines 6 – 7 (Cērēs … ēdit)

What did Ceres do and why was she careless? (3)

[6] Lines 7 – 8 (Magna … reddidērunt)

1. How did the gods react? (1)
2. What did they do? (4)

[7] Lines 8 – 10 (Prō … habēbant)

Describe the appearance of the descendants of Pelops and explain the reason. (4)

[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalus

Lines 10 – 11: Tantalum autem deī prō scelere magnīs suppliciīs pūnīvērunt. How was Tantalus punished?

[B] Find the three passive verbs in the text and give the translations.

[C] Give the first person singular present tense of the following verbs from the text:

1. dīvīsit [line 4]
2. coxit [line 5]
3. apposuit [line 5]
4. sēnsērunt [line 6]
5. āmīserat [line 6]

[D] Give the nominative singular of the following nouns from the text:

1. fraudem [line 3]
2. carnem [line 4]
3. membra [line 4]
4. partēs [line 4]
5. scelere [line 10]

[E]

1. What does this text tell you about Man’s relationship with the gods?
2. What is the object in the image called? Explain in your own words why it is given that name.

____________________

** [i] Tantalus’ / his son; [ii] killed him; [iii] divided the flesh and limbs [the body] [iv] into many parts; [v and vi] cooked it ¦ in a cauldron; [vii] served the food / it to the gods

21.01.25: level 2; crime and punishment [5]: reading [1]

Both here and in later reading / quotations pertaining to crime and immoral behaviour, you will begin to see the passive used in context

Plautus: Mostellaria (The Haunted House)

TRANIO: Scelus, inquam, factum est iam diū, antīquom[i] et vetus │ TRANIO: A crime, I tell you, was committed a long time ago, an ancient and old one.

THEUROPIDES: Antīquom? │ THEUROPIDES: An ancient one?

TRANIO: Id adeō nōs nunc factum invēnimus │ TRANIO: It’s only now that we’ve discovered this deed.

THEUROPIDES: Quid istuc est sceleris? aut quis id fēcit? Cēdō[ii]. │THEUROPIDES: What is this crime, or who committed it? Tell me.

TRANIO: Hospes necāvit hospitem captum manū; iste, ut ego opīnor, quī hās tibi aedis vēndidit. │ TRANIO: A host murdered his guest, seized by his hand; he’s the one I think who sold you the house.

THEUROPIDES: Necāvit? │ THEUROPIDES: Murdered?

TRANIO: Aurumque eī adēmit hospitī eumque hīc dēfodit hospitem ibīdem in aedibus. │ TRANIO: And stole the gold from this guest, and buried this guest here in the house, in that very place.

[i] antiquom = antiquum

[ii] cedō: literally ‘I yield / step aside / give way’ i.e. he is allowing Tranio to give further information

[1] scelus, sceleris [3/n]: crime

• scelus faciō, facere, fēcī, factus [3-iō]: commit a crime; note the use of the perfect passive:
• scelus … factum est │ a crime was committed
• nōn fūrtum faciēs (Vulgate) │ Thou shalt not steal [i.e. you will not commit a theft]

[2] factum, -ī [2/n]: deed

[3] dēfodiō, -ere, dēfōdī, dēfossus [3-iō]: bury; dig deep

[4] necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: kill; murder; slay

[5] adimō, -ere, adēmī, ademptus [3]: steal; snatch away; deprive somebody of something

• aurumque eī adēmit hospitī │  and stole the gold from this guest

There is a use of the dative known as the dative of separation; it occurs when somebody is “deprived” of something e.g. something is snatched from somebody; what you are deprived of is in the accusative and person who was deprived of it is in the dative

aurumque [accusative] eī [dative] adēmit hospitī [dative]│ and he stole the gold ¦ from this guest

absum tibi [dative] │ I am away from you

[6] capio, capere, cepi, captus [3-iō]: capture, seize; here the perfect passive participle is used in a participial phrase:

Hospes necāvit hospitem ¦ captum manū │ A host murdered his guest ¦ [who had been] seized by his hand