04.09.24: adverbs [2](3); -ē; -ter (3)

Form the adverb from the adjective; use the examples as a guide. The answers are given below - but try the questions before you look!

fortis, -e > fortiter│bravely        

celer, -is, -e > celeriter │ swiftly             

diligēns > diligenter │carefully

mendāx, mendācis > mendāciter │falsely; deceptively             

[1] brevis, -e

>  __________ │ briefly; shortly 

[2] crūdēlis, -e

>  __________ │ cruelly                

[3] dulcis, -e

>  __________ │ sweetly                

[4] ēlegāns

>  __________ │ elegantly                           

[5] fallāx, fallācis

>  __________ │ deceitfully                                        

[6] ferōx, ferōcis

>  __________ │ fiercely                

[7] fidēlis, -e

>  __________ │ faithfully                            

[8] frequēns

>  __________ │ frequently                                         

[9] gravis, -e

>   __________ │ heavily

[10] hostīlis, -e

>   __________ │ hostilely; like an enemy                             

[11] impatiēns

>   __________ │ impatiently      

[12] tenāx, tenācis

>   __________ │ firmly; tenaciously                       

[13] terribilis, -e

>   __________ │ frightfully; dreadfully                  

[14] vehemēns

>   __________ │ violently            

[15] vulgāris, -e

>   __________ │ commonly; vulgarly    

____________________

1. breviter
2. crūdēliter
3. dulciter
4. ēleganter
5. fallāciter
6. fidēliter
7. ferōciter
8. frequenter
9. graviter
10. hostīliter
11. impatienter
12. tenāciter
13. terribiliter
14. vehementer     
15. vulgāriter           

04.09.24: adverbs [2](2); -ē; -ter (2)

Complete the translations with the appropriate adverb.

1. Cūr mē tam turpiter fallis? │ Why do you deceive me so __________?
2. Graecī tamen tyrannōs nōn amābant, quod saepe crūdēliter administrābant imperium. │ However, the Greeks did not like tyrants because they often __________ managed political power.
3. Horātius fortiter pontem dēfendit. │ Horatius __________ defended the bridge.
4. Imperātor ipse graviter vulnerātus est. │ The commander himself was __________ wounded.
5. Lātē per Graeciam errant. │ They wander __________ through Greece.
6. Magister puerīs dīcit, “dīligenter scrībite!” │ The teacher says to the boys “Write __________!”
7. Mīlitēs miserē perībant. │ The soldiers were perishing __________.
8. Populus nōn libenter vītam et bona tyrannī arbitriō mandat. │ The people do not __________ entrust (their) life and property to the judgement / authority of a tyrant.
9. Prīnceps iūstē regēbat. │ The chief used to rule __________.
10. Sapienter haec relīquistī, sī cōnsiliō, fēlīciter, sī cāsū. (Cicero) │ you have left all this __________, if (you did so) by design; __________, if by accident.
11. Serva carmina pulchrē cantābat. │ The slave girl was singing songs __________.
12. Sōl clārē lūcēbat. │ The sun was shining __________.
13. Subitō autem duo anguēs ē marī ad lītus celeriter pervēnērunt. │ Suddenly, however, two serpents from the sea __________ reached the shore.
14. Verba Mercuriī Aenēam vehementer terruērunt. │ Mercury’s words frightened Aeneas __________.

beautifully; bravely; brightly; carefully; cruelly; disgracefully; justly; luckily; miserably; quickly; seriously; violently / forcefully; widely  / far and wide; willingly; wisely

04.09.24: adverbs [2](1); -ē; -ter (1)

We first focus on the formation of adverbs which are the equivalent of English –ly. These are known as adverbs of manner since they describe how an action was performed.

[i] 1st / 2^nd declension adjectives remove the ending, and -ē is added to the stem

• cār¦us: dear > cār¦ē: dearly
• cert¦us [certain] > certē [certainly]
• laet¦us [happy] > laetē [happily]
• lāt¦us: far; broad > lātē: widely; broadly; far and wide; everywhere
• pulcher, pulchr¦a, -um > pulchr¦ē [beautifully]
• note: bonus > bene: well

One proverb helps you remember this ending:

festinā lentē: hasten slowly [ = the more hurry, the less speed]

[ii] 3^rd declension adjectives form adverbs with the ending –ter; remove the /s/ of the gen. sg. to find the stem to which –ter is added:

• celer > gen. sg. celeri[s] > celeri- > celeri|ter: quickly
• fortis > gen. sg. forti[s] > forti- > fortiter: bravely
• ācer > gen. sg. ācri[s] > ācri- > ācriter: sharply; strongly
• fēlix > gen. sg. fēlīci[s] > fēlīci- > fēlīciter: happily; fortunately
• mendāx > gen. sg. mendāci[s] > mendāci- > mendāciter: falsely; deceptively

fortiter: bravely

fideliter: faithfully

feliciter: happily

[iii] 3^rd declension adjectives ending in –ns are formed by the removal of /s/ of the nom. sg. –ter then being added to the stem; note the shortening of /ē/ > /e/

• dīligēn[s] > dīligen¦ter: diligently; carefully
• libēn[s] > liben¦ter: willingly
• potēn[s] > poten¦ter: powerfully
• prūdēn[s] > prūdenter: wisely; prudently
• sapiēn[s] > sapienter: wisely

[iv] Note that there are adjectives which form their adverbs in irregular ways:

• facilis > facile: easily
• difficilis > difficilē: with difficulty

03.09.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima 10[1]

Nōn procul ā Dubrīs est scopulus altus, unde ōceanum et nāvigia et ōram maritimam spectās. Locus in fābulā commemorātus est, ubi Leir, rēgulus Britannōrum antīquōrum, fortūnam suam mīseram dēplōrat, stultitiam suam culpat, fīliās suās animī ingrātī accūsat. Scopulus ex poētā nōminātus est. Nam in fābulā est locus ubi vir generōsus, amīcus fīdus rēgulī, dē scopulō sē praecipitāre parat; sed fīlius suus vīrum ex perīculō servat. Fīlium fīdum laudō. Nōs puerī locum saepe vīsitāmus.

____________________

Not far from Dover there is a high cliff, from which you (can) look at the ocean and the ships and the coast. The place is commemorated in the story, when Leir, the ruler of the ancient Britons, laments his miserable fortune, blames his foolishness, and accuses his daughters of ingratitude [literally: an ungrateful mind]. The cliff is named after the poet. For in the story there is a place where a noble man, a faithful friend of the ruler, prepares to throw himself off the cliff; but his own son saves the man from danger. I praise the faithful son. We boys often visit the place.

____________________

03.09.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [4](4); 1st / 2nd declension nouns and adjectives: accusative plural (2)

[1]

parvus, -a, -um: small

Nominative plural

In oppidō sunt tabernae parvae. │ There are small shops in the town.

Accusative plural

Tabernās parvās in oppidō videō. │ I see small shops in the town.

[2]

Rōmānus, -a, -um: Roman

Nominative plural

In lūdō sunt discipulī Rōmānī. │ There are Roman students in the school.

Accusative plural

Discipulōs Rōmānōs in lūdō videō. │ I see Roman students in the school.

[3]

antiquus, -a, -um: ancient

Nominative plural

In oppidō sunt templa antiqua. │ There are ancient temples in the town.

Accusative plural

Templa antiqua in oppidō videō. │ I see ancient temples in the town.

Lectiō §21

superō, superāre [1]: conquer; overcome

occupō, occupāre [1]: occupy

pācō, pacāre [1]: pacify; subdue

expugnō, expugnāre [1]: take by storm; assault

vastō vastāre [1]: lay waste; devastate; ravage

These sentences begin to put the cases together:

[1] Nominative and accusative plural

Rōmānī ¦ Gallōs / Germānōs / Britannōs ¦ superant. │[i] The Romans [nominative: subject of the sentence] ¦ conquer ¦ [ii] the Gauls / Germans / Britons [accusative: direct object of the sentence].

____________________

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] Belgās ¦ superant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ conquer ¦ [ii] the Belgae.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] insulās ¦ occupant. │[i] The Romans ¦ occupy ¦ [ii] islands.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] multās insulās ¦ occupant. │[i] The Romans ¦ occupy ¦ [ii] many islands.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] tōtās provinciās ¦ pācant. │[i] The Romans ¦ subdue ¦ [ii] whole provinces.

____________________

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] oppida ¦ occupant. ││[i] The Romans ¦ occupy ¦ [ii] towns.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] plūs quam centum oppida ¦ expugnant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ storm ¦ [ii] more than 100 towns.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] multa castella ¦ expugnant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ storm ¦ [ii] many castles / forts.

____________________

[2] Nominative, accusative and genitive plural

[i] Rōmānī [nominative] ¦ [ii] portās [accusative] ¦ [iii] oppidōrum [genitive] occupant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ occupy ¦ [ii] the gates ¦ [iii] of the towns.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] mūrōs ¦ [iii] oppidōrum ¦ expugnant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ storm ¦ [ii] the walls ¦ [iii] of the towns.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] agrōs ¦ [iii] barbarōrum ¦ vastant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ ravage / devastate / lay waste ¦ [ii] the fields ¦ [iii] of the barbarians.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] viās ¦ [iii] prōvinciārum ¦ occupant. │ The Romans occupy the roads of the provinces.

Rōmānī Gallōs superant — Rōmānī Germānōs superant — Rōmānī Belgās superant — Rōmānī Britannōs superant — Rōmānī īnsulās occupant — Rōmānī oppida occupant — Rōmānī portās oppidōrum occupant — Rōmānī viās īnsulārum occupant — multa castella expugnant — plūs quam centum oppida expugnant — mūrōs oppidōrum expugnant — agrōs barbarōrum vastant — multās īnsulās occupant —  viās prōvinciārum occupant. Rōmānī tōtās provinciās pācant.

03.09.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [4](3); 1st / 2nd declension nouns and adjectives: accusative plural (1)

[1]

Nominative singular

Quid est hoc? │ What is that?

> Fenēstra est. │ It’s a window.

> Ūna fenestra est. │ There’s one window.

Accusative singular

Quid vidēs? │ What do you see?

> Fenēstram videō. │ I see a window.

> Ūnam fenēstram videō. │ I see one window.

____________________

Nominative plural

Quot fenēstrae sunt? │ How many windows are there?

> Duae / trēs fenēstrae sunt. │ There are three windows.

Accusative plural

Quot fenēstrās vidēs? │ How many windows do you see?

> Duās / trēs fenēstrās videō. │ I see two / three windows.

____________________

[2]

Nominative singular

Quid est hoc? │ What is that?

> Equus est. │ It’s a horse.

> Ūnus equus est. │ There’s one horse.

Accusative singular

Quid vidēs? │ What do you see?

> Equum videō. │ I see a horse.

> Ūnum equum videō. │ I see one horse.

____________________

Nominative plural

Quot equī sunt? │ How many horses are there?

> Duo / trēs equī sunt. │ There are two / three horses.

Accusative plural

Quot equōs vidēs? │ How many horses do you see?

> Duōs / trēs equōs videō. │ I see two / three horses.

[3]

Nominative singular

Quid est hoc? │ What is that?

Hoc est templum. │ That’s a temple.

Unum templum est. │ There’s one temple.

Accusative singular

Quid vidēs? │ What do you see?

> Templum videō. │ I see a temple.

> Ūnum templum videō. │ I see one temple.

____________________

Nominative plural

Quot templa sunt? │ How many temples are there?

> Duo templa sunt. │ There are two temples.

> Tria templa sunt. │ There are three temples.

Accusative plural

Quot templa vidēs? │ How many temples do you see?

> Duo / tria templa videō. │ I see two temples.

Image #1: Note: ūnus, -a, -um does not mean ‘a / an’ in Classical Latin although it did evolve into, for example, French un(e) which does mean that; ūnus, -a, -um was only used to express a number. In Classical Latin there is no indefinite or definite article i.e. no words for ‘a(n)’ or ‘the’.

Note how the numbers 1-3 change according to case and gender.

Image #2:

[A] Lectiō §20: nominative plural

barba, -ae [1/f]: beard

gena, -ae [1/f]: cheek

palma, -ae [1/f]: palm (of the hand)

capillus, -ī [2/m]: hair; can be singular or plural

digitus, -ī [2/m]:finger

humerus,-ī [2/n]: shoulder

lacertus, -ī [2/m]: upper arm

lingua, -ae [1/f]: tongue

nāsus, -ī [2/m]: nose

oculus, -ī [2/m]: eye

bracchium, -ī [2/n]: forearm; arm

collum, -ī [2/n]: neck

labrum, -ī [2/n]: lip

tergum, -ī [2/n]: back

Image #3:

[B] Viva voce

Accusative singular and plural

Quid tangis? │ What are you touching?

Nāsum tangō │ I’m touching (my) nose

[i] Which pupil (1^st to 15^th) is touching …

• two shoulders
• two forearms
• the tongue
• the upper arms
• the hair
• the lips
• the neck
• two cheeks
• the back
• one upper arm
• one lip
• one finger
• one cheek
• four fingers
• eyes

[ii] Who is touching [a] his beard and [b] only one eye!