12.07.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Rōbur et Aes Triplex [3](ii); listening

[1]

[Hōra iam decima erat cum ā Rēgālī nōs in scapham dedimus. Tum ad lītus rēmigāre necesse erat; nam ventus adversus erat. Ego et Marcus ūnā cum patruō meō et nautā veterānō rēmīs labōrāvimus. Sed nōn ante undecimam hōram in lītore stetimus. Dum domum properāmus, imber fuit, et necesse erat in tabernā aliquantum temporis exspectāre: intrāvimus et nōs recreāvimus; nam fatīgātī erāmus.]

In what order are the following first mentioned?*

adverse wind

feeling tired

hurrying home

rain

rowing to the shore

rowing together

time they left the ship

time they reached the shore

waiting at an inn

[2]

[Sed 'post tenebrās lūx.' Cum domum adventāvimus, amita mea et Lȳdia "Ubi tam diū fuistis?" inquiunt; "nōs anxiae fuimus; sed cēna iam parāta est." Tum nōs "Multa spectāvimus" inquimus; "ambulātiō longa sed pergrāta et ūtilis fuit."]

Choose [a], [b] or [c]

[i] The writer says post tenebrās lūx because:

[a] good things always happen after bad things

[b] it’s the following morning

[c] the weather improves

[ii] When they got home, the writer’s aunt and Lydia first …

[a] said dinner was ready

[b] asked them where they’d been

[c] said they were worried

[iii] They replied that …

[a] they had seen something useful

[b] they had been on a short but enjoyable walk

[c] the walk had been useful and enjoyable

[3]

[Post cēnam Marcus et Alexander Dubrās in vehiculō properāvērunt. Ego per noctem dē Britannīs antīquīs et dē classe Britannicā hodiernā somniāvī. Ante oculōs erant virī fortēs membrīs robustīs, flāvīs capillīs, oculīs caeruleīs cum Rōmānīs terrā marīque pugnantēs.]

[i] When and how did Mark and Alexander return to Dover? (2)

[ii] What did the writer dream about? (2)

[iii] Which phrase suggests his dream was vivid? (1)

[iv] Complete the translation of the final sentence (7): erant virī fortēs membrīs robustīs, flāvīs capillīs, oculīs caeruleīs cum Rōmānīs terrā marīque pugnantēs

There were __________ men with sturdy __________, __________ hair, __________ eyes who were __________ with the Romans on __________ and __________.

____________________

* [1] 

adverse wind [3]

feeling tired [9]

hurrying home [6]

rain [7]

rowing to the shore [2]

rowing together [4]

time they left the ship [1]

time they reached the shore [5]

waiting at an inn [8]

[1] Hōra iam decima erat cum ā Rēgālī nōs in scapham dedimus. Tum [2] ad lītus rēmigāre necesse erat; nam [3] ventus adversus erat. [4] Ego et Marcus ūnā cum patruō meō et nautā veterānō rēmīs labōrāvimus. Sed [5] nōn ante undecimam hōram in lītore stetimus. Dum [6] domum properāmus, [7] imber fuit, et necesse erat [8] in tabernā aliquantum temporis exspectāre: intrāvimus et nōs recreāvimus; nam [9] fatīgātī erāmus.

12.07.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Rōbur et Aes Triplex [3](i); text and exercises

Hōra iam decima erat cum ā Rēgālī nōs in scapham dedimus. Tum ad lītus rēmigāre necesse erat; nam ventus adversus erat. Ego et Marcus ūnā cum patruō meō et nautā veterānō rēmīs labōrāvimus. Sed nōn ante undecimam hōram in lītore stetimus. Dum domum properāmus, imber fuit, et necesse erat in tabernā aliquantum temporis exspectāre: intrāvimus et nōs recreāvimus; nam fatīgātī erāmus. Sed 'post tenebrās lūx.' Cum domum adventāvimus, amita mea et Lȳdia "Ubi tam diū fuistis?" inquiunt; "nōs anxiae fuimus; sed cēna iam parāta est." Tum nōs "Multa spectāvimus" inquimus; "ambulātiō longa sed pergrāta et ūtilis fuit." Post cēnam Marcus et Alexander Dubrās in vehiculō properāvērunt. Ego per noctem dē Britannīs antīquīs et dē classe Britannicā hodiernā somniāvī. Ante oculōs erant virī fortēs membrīs robustīs, flāvīs capillīs, oculīs caeruleīs cum Rōmānīs terrā marīque pugnantēs.

[i] Vocabulary review: match the Latin and English

adversus, -a, -um

ambulātiō, ambulātiōnis [3/f]

anxius, -a, -um

fatīgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

hodiernus, -a, um

imber, imbris [3/m]

inquimus

inquiunt

lūx, lūcis [3/f]

somniō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

stō, -āre, stetī, status [1]

taberna, -ae [1/f]

tenebrae, -ārum [1/f/pl]

ūnā

ūtilis, -e

vehiculum, -ī [2/n]

worried; we say / said; walk / stroll; useful; together; today’s / present-day; light; rain; stand; they say / said; tire; adverse; carriage; darkness; dream; inn

[ii] Find the Latin:

1. (for) quite some time / a considerable amount of time
2. (they) hurried to Dover
3. throughout the night
4. strong men with sturdy limbs
5. strong men with sturdy limbs, ¦ (with) blond hair, (with) blue eyes
6. fighting ¦ with the Romans
7. fighting with the Romans ¦ on land and sea

09.07.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Rōbur et Aes Triplex [2](ii); listening

[1]

[Tum nautam veterānum dē nōminibus nāvium longārum interrogāvimus. In classe Britannicā mīlitāverat, sed tum mīlitiā vacābat, et custōs erat ōrae maritimae. Nōmina nāvium, ut affirmābat, erant Grandis, Rēgālis, Magnifica, Tonāns, Arrogāns, Ferōx; omnibus tegimen erat lāminīs ferreīs fabricātum. In Grandī praefectus classis nāvigābat.]

The boys asked the old sailor about __________ (2)

The old sailor had served in __________ (1) but was now working as a __________ (1)

All the ships were manufactured with __________ (2)

The __________ sailed in the Majestic (Grandis) (1)

[2]

[Omnēs ad ancoram dēligātae erant. Tum Alexander "Cur nōn" inquit "ad nāvēs in scaphā nāvigāmus?" Mihi et Marcō prōpositum pergrātum erat; et nauta ad nāvigandum parātus erat. Itaque patruus meus "Sērō domum adventābimus" inquit; "sed sī vōs puerī cupidī estis nāvem longam spectandī, ego nōn dēnegābō."]

Alexander suggested that they __________ (2) because the ships were __________ (1). Mark and the writer __________ (1) the proposal, and the sailor was __________ (2). The uncle said that they would __________ (2) but if the boys were __________ (2) he would not __________ (1).

[3]

[Tum nauta "Exspectāte" inquit "dum omnia parō"; et vēla rēmōsque in scapham portāvit. Quam dulce erat in marī tranquillō nāvigāre! Ventus lēnis flābat, et brevī tempore ad Rēgālem appropinquāvimus. Tum classiāriī nōbīs nāvem ingentem mōnstrāvērunt cum māchinīs, tormentīs, rostrīs, cēterīs.]

The sailor told them to __________ (1) until he had __________ (1) and he brought __________ (2) onto the boat. It was __________ (1) sailing because the sea was __________ (1) and a __________ (2) was blowing. It only took a __________ (1) for them to approach the Royal Sovereign. They were __________ (1) different parts of the __________ (1) ship by the __________ (1).

09.07.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Rōbur et Aes Triplex [2](i); text and exercises

Tum nautam veterānum dē nōminibus nāvium longārum interrogāvimus. In classe Britannicā mīlitāverat, sed tum mīlitiā vacābat, et custōs erat ōrae maritimae. Nōmina nāvium, ut affirmābat, erant Grandis, Rēgālis, Magnifica, Tonāns, Arrogāns, Ferōx; omnibus tegimen* erat lāminīs ferreīs fabricātum. In Grandī praefectus classis nāvigābat. Omnēs ad ancoram dēligātae erant. Tum Alexander "Cur nōn" inquit "ad nāvēs in scaphā nāvigāmus?" Mihi et Marcō prōpositum pergrātum erat; et nauta ad nāvigandum parātus erat. Itaque patruus meus "Sērō domum adventābimus" inquit; "sed sī vōs puerī cupidī estis nāvem longam spectandī, ego nōn dēnegābō." Tum nauta "Exspectāte" inquit "dum omnia parō"; et vēla rēmōsque in scapham portāvit. Quam dulce erat in marī tranquillō nāvigāre! Ventus lēnis flābat, et brevī tempore ad Rēgālem appropinquāvimus. Tum classiāriī nōbīs nāvem ingentem mōnstrāvērunt cum māchinīs, tormentīs, rostrīs, cēterīs.

*tegimen, tegiminis [3/n]: cover(ing); protection

[i] Vocabulary review: match the Latin and English

affirmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

arrogāns, arrogantis

classiārius, -ī [2/m]

dēligō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

dēnegō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

dulcis, -e

fabricō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

ferōx, ferōcis

ingēns, ingentis

interrogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

lēnis, -e

mīlitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

praefectus, -ī [2/m]

prōpositum, -ī [2/n]

sērō

tonō, -āre, -uī, tonitus [1]

arrogant; ask / enquire; fasten; furious; gentle; huge; late; manufacture; proposal / suggestion; commander; say no / deny; seaman / man of the fleet; serve in the military; thunder; sweet / pleasant; state / affirm

[ii] Find the Latin:

1. admiral
2. coastguard
3. he was free / retired from the military
4. they all had a covering
5. they all had a covering ¦ made from iron plates
6. they had all been anchored [literally: … fastened / tied at anchor]
7. Marcus and I really liked the suggestion [literally: the suggestion / proposal was very pleasing to me and (to) Marcus]
8. the sailor was ready to sail
9. but if you are eager to look at the battle ship [literally: … desirous of looking at …]
10. wait while I get everything ready
11. how pleasant it was to sail …
12. within a short time

06.07.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Rōbur et Aes Triplex [1](ii); listening

[1]

[Tum Marcus "ō gentem fortem et admīrābilem Britannōrum!" inquit. "Nam insigne erat facinus quod contrā Rōmānōs, victōrēs orbis terrārum, tam fortiter et nōnnumquam prosperē pugnāvērunt. Nōn mīrum est, sī Rōmānī victōriam reportāvērunt." Nōs sententiam Marcī comprobāvimus.]

[i] To which people – the Romans or the Britons – do the following statements refer?

admirable

victorious

distinguished deed

sometimes successful

world conquerers

[ii] What do the others think of Mark’s opinion?

[2]

[Sed iam nōna hōra erat, cum Alexander, digitō ad orientem monstrāns, "Nōnne nāvēs procul ā lītore spectātis?" inquit. Et patruus meus "Ita est" inquit; "nam illīc est statiō tūta nāvibus. Sed illae nāvēs, ut putō, nāvēs longae sunt ex classe Britannicā; nam pars classis nostrae nunc in fretō Gallicō est."]

[i] In what direction does Alexander point? (1)

[ii] Where are the ships and why are they there? (3)

[iii] What kind of ships does the writer’s uncle think they are? (2)

[iv] Why does he think that? (2)

[3]

[Tum ego "eugē, optimē!" inquam; "nāvem longam adhūc nōn spectāvī. Sed nōn tam grandēs sunt quam putāvī." "Pergrandēs sunt," inquit patruus meus "sed procul ā lītore sunt; omnēs lāminīs ferreīs, nōnnullae arietibus vel turribus armātae sunt."]

[i] Why is the writer happy? (1)

[ii] What does he say about the size of the ships? (2)

[iii] What explanation does the uncle give for that? (2)

[iv] How does the uncle describe the ships? (3)

06.07.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Rōbur et Aes Triplex* [1](i); text and exercises

Tum Marcus "ō gentem fortem et admīrābilem Britannōrum!" inquit. "Nam insigne erat facinus quod contrā Rōmānōs, victōrēs orbis terrārum, tam fortiter et nōnnumquam prosperē pugnāvērunt. Nōn mīrum est, sī Rōmānī victōriam reportāvērunt." Nōs sententiam Marcī comprobāvimus. Sed iam nōna hōra erat, cum Alexander, digitō ad orientem monstrāns, "Nōnne nāvēs procul ā lītore spectātis?" inquit. Et patruus meus "Ita est" inquit; "nam illīc est statiō** tūta nāvibus. Sed illae nāvēs, ut putō, nāvēs longae sunt ex classe Britannicā; nam pars classis nostrae nunc in fretō Gallicō est." Tum ego "eugē, optimē!" inquam; "nāvem longam adhūc nōn spectāvī. Sed nōn tam grandēs sunt quam putāvī." "Pergrandēs sunt," inquit patruus meus "sed procul a lītore sunt; omnēs lāminīs ferreīs, nōnnullae arietibus vel turribus armātae sunt."

* The title of the text - rōbur et aes triplex – is a quotation from the Roman poet Horace which symbolises great strength and courage and used here to refer both to the Ancient Britons in their battles with the Romans and to the modern British war-ships.

illī rōbur et aes triplex / circā pectus erat (Horace: Odes 1.3) │ Oak and brass of triple fold / Encompass'd sure that heart, … [He had a heart encased in oak and triple bronze, …]

rōbur, rōboris [3/n]: oak tree; strength

aes, aeris [3/n]: brass

triplex, triplicis: triple; three-fold

** statiō, satiōnis [3/f]: (here) roadstead, a partly sheltered area near the shore where ships can anchor

[i] Vocabulary review: match the Latin and English

adhūc

ariēs, arietis [3/m]

comprobō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

eugē

facinus, facinoris [3/n]

grandis, -e

illīc

insignis, -e

mīrus, -a, -um

nōnnumquam

orbis, -is [3/m] terrārum

pergrandis, -e

prosperus, -a, -um

sententia, -ae [1/f]

turris, -is [3/f]

tūtus, -a, -um

approve; big; deed / action; distinguished; favourable / successful; globe; hurray / bravo!; opinion; over there; ram; safe; sometimes; still / thus far; tower / turret; very big; wonderful / surprising

[ii] Find the Latin:

1. pointing ¦ with (his) finger ¦ to the east
2. over there is a safe roadstead for the ships
3. as I think i.e. in my opinion
4. they’re not as big as I thought
5. some are armed with towers

03.07.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Britannia Pācāta [4](ii): listening

[1]

["Sed in Cantiō, ubi quattuor rēgēs Britannīs praeerant, nōndum fīnis erat pugnandī. Britannī castra Rōmāna ad mare sita fortiter oppugnant; sed frustrā. Rōmānī victōrēs. "]

In which order are the following mentioned?*

failed attempt

location of the Roman camp

fighting unfinished

victory

the rulers of Kent

[2]

["Intereā multae ex cīvitātibus Britannicīs pācem ōrant. Trinobantibus Caesar novum rēgem dat, et pācem confirmat. Itaque propter tot clādēs, propter fīnēs suōs bellō vastātōs, maximē autem propter dēfectiōnem tot cīvitātum, Cassivellaunus de condiciōnibus pācis dēlīberat. "]

[i] What did many tribes do during this time? (1)

[ii] How did Caesar establish peace (2)

[iii] For which three reasons did Cassivellaunus consider peace terms? Which of these was the main reason? (4)

[3]

["Caesar pācem dat; Cassivellaunum vetat Trinobantēs bellō vexāre, et tribūtum Britannīs imperat. Tum cōpiās suās cum magnō numerō obsidum et captīvōrum in Galliam reportat. Britannī fortiter sed frustrā prō ārīs et focīs suīs pugnāverant."]

Complete each statement with a short phrase:

[i] Caesar forbade Cassivellaunus from __________.

[ii] Caesar imposed  __________.

[iii] Caesar returned to Gaul with __________.

[iv] The Britons had fought bravely for  __________.

____________________

*[1] 

failed attempt [4]

location of the Roman camp [3]

fighting unfinished [2]

victory [5]

the rulers of Kent [1]

Sed [1] in Cantiō, ubi quattuor rēgēs Britannīs praeerant, [2] nōndum fīnis erat pugnandī. Britannī [3] castra Rōmāna ad mare sita fortiter oppugnant; [4] sed frustrā. [5] Rōmānī victōrēs.

03.07.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Britannia Pācāta [4](i): text, exercise

"Sed in Cantiō, ubi quattuor rēgēs Britannīs praeerant, nōndum fīnis erat pugnandī. Britannī castra Rōmāna ad mare sita fortiter oppugnant; sed frustrā. Rōmānī victōrēs. Intereā multae ex cīvitātibus Britannicīs pācem ōrant. Trinobantibus Caesar novum rēgem dat, et pācem confirmat. Itaque propter tot clādēs, propter fīnēs suōs bellō vastātōs, maximē autem propter dēfectiōnem tot cīvitātum, Cassivellaunus de condiciōnibus pācis dēlīberat. Caesar pācem dat; Cassivellaunum vetat Trinobantēs bellō vexāre, et tribūtum Britannīs imperat. Tum cōpiās suās cum magnō numerō obsidum et captīvōrum in Galliam reportat. Britannī fortiter sed frustrā prō ārīs et focīs suīs pugnāverant."

Note: prō ārīs et focīs suīs

Literally: they fought for their alters and hearths (fireplaces) but the expression was used to refer to everything that people held dear to them

[i] Vocabulary review: match the Latin and English

āra, -ae [1/f]

cīvitās, cīvitātis [3/f]

clādēs, -is [3/f]

dēlīberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus

focus, -ī [2/m]

frustrā

imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: (here) impose

intereā

maximē

obses, obsidis [3 m/f]

ōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus

pāx, pācis [3/f]

praesum, praeesse

tot

vetō, -āre, -uī, vetitus [1]

vexō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

disaster; deliberate / consider / ponder; be in command; altar; (here) impose; especially; forbid; hearth / fire-place; hostage; in vain; meanwhile; trouble / harrass; tribe / city (-state) / kingdom; peace; pray / beg for; so many

[ii] Find the Latin

[1] there was not yet an end to the fighting

[2] the camp … situated by the sea …

[3] many of the tribes

[4] … territory… laid waste …

[5] Caesar imposes a tribute on the Britons

[6] with a large number

30.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Britannia Pācāta [3](ii): listening

[1]

["In parte flūminis Tamesae ubi fīnēs Cassivellaunī erant ūnum tantum vadum erat. Quō cum Caesar adventāvit, cōpiās hostium ad alteram rīpam flūminis collocātās spectāvit. "]

The following statements are false. Correct them.

[i] None of the territory of the Cassivellauni was by the river.

[ii] The river had several shallow parts.

[iii] Caesar observed the enemy on the same side.

[2]

["Rīpa autem sudibus acūtīs firmāta erat; et Britannī multās sudēs sub aquā quoque occultāverant. Sed Caesar hostibus instāre nōn dubitāvit. Aqua flūminis profunda erat, et mīlitēs capite solum ex aquā exstābant; "]

Complete each statement with a single word or short phrase:

[i] The river was defended by __________ which were __________ under the water.

[ii] Caesar did not hesitate to __________.

[iii] Because the water was __________ only the __________ of the Romans were visible.

[3]

["sed Rōmānī sē aquae fortiter mandāvērunt, et Britannōs in fugam dedērunt. "]

[i] How did the Romans deal with the depth of the water? (2)

[ii] What happened to the Britons? (1)

[4]

["'Oppidum' Cassivellaunī nōn longē aberat, inter silvās palūdēsque situm, quō Britannī magnum numerum hominum, equōrum, ovium, boum, congregāverant. Locum ēgregiē et natūrā et opere firmātum Caesar ex duābus partibus oppugnāre properāvit: oppidum expugnāvit et dēfensōrēs fugāvit."]

[i] Where was the town of the Cassivellauni? (3)

[ii] What had the Britons gathered there? (5)

[iii] Why was the place very well defended? (2)

[iv] Describe Caesar’s attack and the outcome. (3)

30.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Britannia Pācāta [3](i): text, exercises

"In parte flūminis Tamesae ubi fīnēs Cassivellaunī erant ūnum tantum vadum erat. Quō cum Caesar adventāvit, cōpiās hostium ad alteram rīpam flūminis collocātās spectāvit. Rīpa autem sudibus acūtīs firmāta erat; et Britannī multās sudēs sub aquā quoque occultāverant. Sed Caesar hostibus instāre nōn dubitāvit. Aqua flūminis profunda erat, et mīlitēs capite solum ex aquā exstābant; sed Rōmānī sē aquae fortiter mandāvērunt, et Britannōs in fugam dedērunt. 'Oppidum' Cassivellaunī nōn longē aberat, inter silvās palūdēsque situm, quō Britannī magnum numerum hominum, equōrum, ovium, boum, congregāverant. Locum ēgregiē et natūrā et opere firmātum Caesar ex duābus partibus oppugnāre properāvit: oppidum expugnāvit et dēfensōrēs fugāvit."

Vocabulary

sudis, -is [3/f]: stake; log

īnstō, -āre, īnstitī [1]: pursue

palūs, palūdis [3/f]: marsh; swamp

Note

Quō: can be a question word or a conjunction meaning ‘to / in which place’:

…, inter silvās palūdēsque situm, quō Britannī magnum numerum hominum … congregāverant │ … situated between the forest and marshes, in which place (where) the Britons had gathered together a large number of men …

However, it can also refer to the previous sentence:

Quō cum Caesar adventāvit …│ And when Caesar arrived at that place / there …

[i] Vocabulary review: match the Latin and English

acūtus, -a, -um

alter, -a, -um

bōs, bovis [3 m/f]

collocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

congregō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

ēgregiē

expugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

exstō, -āre [1]

firmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

mandō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

profundus, -a, -um

rīpa, -ae [1/f]

situs, -a, -um

tantum

vadum, -ī [2/n]

bank (of a river); commit; deep; excellently; gather; head of cattle (e.g. cow, bull, ox); hesitate / doubt; only; place; shallow water; sharp; situated / positioned; stand out; strengthen; fortified; take by storm; the other (of two)

[ii] Find the Latin

[1] he observed the troops positioned on the other side

[2] the bank had been fortified ¦ by sharp stakes

[3] the Romans had committed themselves to the water

[4] a large number … of cattle

[5] the place, … naturally  … defended …

[6] from two sides (directions)

27.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Britannia Pācāta [2](ii): listening

[1]

["Itaque Rōmānī ordinēs suōs contrā equitēs Britannōrum in prīmō certāmine nōn servāverant. Sed postrīdiē Rōmānī victōriam reportāvērunt; Britannī in collibus procul ā castrīs Rōmānīs stābant. Caesar magnum numerum cohortium et ūniversōs equitēs lēgātō suō Trebōniō mandāverat.”]

[i] What had the Romans failed to do during the first battle? (1)

[ii] When did the Romans achieve a victory? (1)

[iii] Where were the Britons standing? (2)

[iv] Why is Trebonius mentioned? (3)

[2]

["Hostēs subitō prōvolāvērunt, et ordinēs Rōmānōs impugnāvērunt. Sed Rōmānī superiōrēs fuērunt. Cōpiās Britannicās prōpulsāvērunt, et in fugam dedērunt. Magnum numerum hostium trucīdāvērunt. "]

In what order are the following mentioned?

attack on the Roman ranks

enemy driven back

number of enemy killed

enemy put to flight

sudden attack

superiority of the Romans

[3]

["Tum dux continuīs itineribus ad flūmen Tamesam et in fīnēs Cassivellaunī properāvit. Cassivellaunus autem cum quattuor mīlibus essedāriōrum itinera Rōmānōrum servābat, et paulum de viā dēclīnābat sēque in silvīs occultābat. Interdum ex silvīs prōvolābat et cum mīlitibus Rōmānīs pugnābat; Rōmānī autem agrōs Britannōrum vastābant."]

Which of the following statements are true? (8)

1. The troops marched using several routes.
2. The troops marched continuously.
3. They first went to the river and then into the territory of the Cassivellauni.
4. The Cassivellauni territory was on the River Thames.
5. They entered the territory of the Cassivellauni and then headed to the River Thames.
6. Cassivellaunus had 4,000 infantry.
7. Cassivellaunus had 4,000 charioteers.
8. Cassivellaunus had 4,000 cavalry.
9. Cassivelaunus was at the roadside.
10. Cassivellaunus had moved away from the roadside.
11. Cassivellaunus was hiding in forests.
12. Cassivellaunus was observing the Romans.
13. Cassivellaunus made a single attack.
14. The Romans fought with Cassivellaunus in the forests.
15. Cassivelllaunus  sometimes came out of the forests to attack.
16. The Romans destroyed the Britons’ fields.
17. The Romans destroyed all the fields at the same time.

____________________

attack on the Roman ranks [2]

enemy driven back [4]

number of enemy killed [6]

enemy put to flight [5]

sudden attack [1]

superiority of the Romans [3]

Hostēs [1] subitō prōvolāvērunt, et [2] ordinēs Rōmānōs impugnāvērunt. Sed Rōmānī [3] superiōrēs fuērunt. Cōpiās Britannicās [4] prōpulsāvērunt, et [5] in fugam dedērunt. [6] Magnum numerum hostium trucīdāvērunt.

27.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Britannia Pācāta [2](i): text, exercises

"Itaque Rōmānī ordinēs suōs contrā equitēs Britannōrum in prīmō certāmine nōn servāverant. Sed postrīdiē Rōmānī victōriam reportāvērunt; Britannī in collibus procul ā castrīs Rōmānīs stābant. Caesar magnum numerum cohortium et ūniversōs equitēs lēgātō suō Trebōniō mandāverat. Hostēs subitō prōvolāvērunt, et ordinēs Rōmānōs impugnāvērunt. Sed Rōmānī superiōrēs fuērunt. Cōpiās Britannicās prōpulsāvērunt, et in fugam dedērunt. Magnum numerum hostium trucīdāvērunt. Tum dux continuīs itineribus ad flūmen Tamesam et in fīnēs Cassivellaunī properāvit. Cassivellaunus autem cum quattuor mīlibus essedāriōrum itinera Rōmānōrum servābat, et paulum de viā dēclīnābat sēque in silvīs occultābat. Interdum ex silvīs prōvolābat et cum mīlitibus Rōmānīs pugnābat; Rōmānī autem agrōs Britannōrum vastābant."

[i] Vocabulary review: match the Latin and English

autem

collis, -is [3/m]

continuus, -a, -um

dēclīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

interdum

itaque

mandō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

occultō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

paulum

postrīdiē

prōpulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

reportō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

subitō

tum

ūniversus, -a, -um

(here) watch (over); a little; bring back; continual / uninterrupted; deviate / turn aside; drive back / repulse; however; hill; hide; entrust; sometimes; suddenly; whole / entire; then; therefore; the following day

[ii] Find the Latin

[1] (he) entrusted … the cavalry … to Trebonius

[2] (he) turned aside / deviated from the road

[3] and was hiding himself in the forests

[4] far from the camp

[5] they put the troops to flight [i.e. they made them flee]

[6] with / by means of uninterrupted / continual marches

24.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Britannia Pācāta [1](ii): listening

[1]

["Inter Tamesam et mare Britannicum prīma concursiō erat Rōmānōrum cum cōpiīs Cassivellaunī. Britannī duās cohortēs Rōmānās in itinere fortiter impugnāvērunt. Ex silvīs suīs prōvolāvērunt; Rōmānōs in fugam dedērunt; multōs Rōmānōrum trucīdāvērunt. "]

[i] Where did the first engagement take place between the Romans and the Cassevellauni? (2)

[ii] What Roman military divisions were attacked? (1)

[iii] From where had the Britons made the attack? (1)

[iv] What was the outcome of the attack? (2)

[2]

["Tum suōs ā pugnā revocāvērunt. Novum genus pugnae Rōmānōs perturbāverat. Nam Britannīs nōn mōs erat iustō proeliō pugnāre; sed equitibus essedīsque suīs per omnēs partēs equitābant, et ōrdinēs hostium perturbābant; tum consultō cōpias suās revocābant. "]

[i] What did Britons do immediately after the fight? (1)

[ii] Complete each sentence with a single word or short phrase

[a] The Romans were thrown into confusion by __________.

[b] The Britons were not accustomed to __________.

[c] The chariots and charioteers were __________.

[d] They threw __________ into confusion.

[e] They would call back their men __________.

[3]

["Essedāriī interdum pedibus pugnābant. Ita mōbilitatem equitum, stabilitātem peditum in proeliīs praestābant. Peditēs Rōmānī propter pondus armōrum nōn aptī erant ad hūiusmodī hostem. Et equitibus Rōmānīs perīculōsum erat sē longō intervallō ā peditibus sēparāre: neque pedibus pugnāre poterant."]

[i] How did the charioteers sometimes fight? (1)

[ii] What two advantages did the Britons have in the battles? (2)

[iii] Why were the Roman infantry at a disadvantage? (2)

[iv] What two disadvantages did the Roman cavalry have? (3)

24.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Britannia Pācāta [1](i): text, exercises

"Inter Tamesam et mare Britannicum prīma concursiō erat Rōmānōrum cum cōpiīs Cassivellaunī. Britannī duās cohortēs Rōmānās in itinere fortiter impugnāvērunt. Ex silvīs suīs prōvolāvērunt; Rōmānōs in fugam dedērunt; multōs Rōmānōrum trucīdāvērunt. Tum suōs ā pugnā revocāvērunt. Novum genus pugnae Rōmānōs perturbāverat. Nam Britannīs nōn mōs erat iustō proeliō pugnāre; sed equitibus essedīsque suīs per omnēs partēs equitābant, et ōrdinēs hostium perturbābant; tum consultō cōpias suās revocābant. Essedāriī interdum pedibus pugnābant. Ita mōbilitatem equitum, stabilitātem peditum in proeliīs praestābant. Peditēs Rōmānī propter pondus armōrum nōn aptī erant ad hūiusmodī hostem. Et equitibus Rōmānīs perīculōsum erat sē longō intervallō ā peditibus sēparāre: neque pedibus pugnāre poterant."

[i] Vocabulary review: match the Latin and English

cohors, cohortis [3/f]

concursiō, concursiōnis [3/f]

consultō

essedārius, -ī [2/m]

hūiusmodī

impugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

intervallum, -ī [2/n]

iter, itineris [3/n]

mōs, mōris [3/f]

ōrdō, ōrdinis [3/m]

pācō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

perturbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

pondus, ponderis [3/n]

praestō, -āre, -stitī, -stitus [1]

prōvolō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

attack; Britannic charioteer; habit / custom; interval / distance; journey / march; military unit of 500 men; of this kind; on purpose; running together / (mil.) engagement; show / exhibit; rush forward; rank; pacify; slaughter; throw into confusion; weight

[ii] Find the Latin:

[1] because of / on account of the weight ¦ of the armour

[2] (they) were not suited ¦ to an enemy ¦ of this kind

[3] they slaughtered ¦ many ¦ of the Romans

[4] it was dangerous for the cavalry

[5] it was not customary (the custom) for the Britons

[6] they called their men back from the battle

[7] to separate themselves ¦ from the infantry

[8] to separate themselves by a long distance

[9] (they) were … fighting on foot

[10] on the journey / during the march

21.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Maria Britannica [2]: listening

[“Lateris prīmī longitūdinem circiter quingenta mīlia esse iūdicat, secundī septingenta, tertiī octingenta. Itaque dē magnitūdine insulae nōn multum errabat. Flūmen Tamesam ā marī circiter octōgintā mīlia distāre iūdicat."]

[1] Choose [A], [B] or [C]

[a] Length of:

[i] the first side: [A] 50 [B] 500 [C] 5000 miles

[ii] the second side: [A] 700 [B] 7000 [C] 70 miles

[iii] the third side: [A] 8000 [B] 80 [C] 800 miles

[b] Distance of the Thames to the sea: [A] approximately 18 [B] 80 [C] about 80 miles

[Hīc nōs puerī "Errābat igitur" inquimus; "nam inter Londinium et mare nōn sunt octōgintā mīlia." Sed patruus meus "Rectē iudicābat" inquit; "nam pars maris ubi Caesaris castra erant circiter octōgintā mīlia Rōmāna ā Londiniō distat."]

[2] Why do the boys think Caesar made a mistake? (2)

[3] Why does the uncle state that Caesar was correct? (4); [nam [i] pars maris ¦ ubi [ii] Caesaris castra erant ¦ [iii] circiter octōgintā mīlia Rōmāna ¦ [iv] ā Londiniō distat]

[Tria maria insulam nostram circumdant; inter Britanniam et Galliam est mare Britannicum vel fretum Gallicum; ab occidente mare Hibernicum; ab oriente mare Germānicum. Nōmina marium temporibus antīquīs nōn ūsitāta erant; sed iam Graecī Britanniam esse insulam iūdicābant."]

[4] Which body of water is:

[i] between Britain and France? (1)

[ii] to the west? (1)

[iii] to the east? (1)

[5] What were not used at that time? (1)

[6] What had the Greeks determined? (1)

21.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein: Maria Britannica [1]: text, exercise, notes

“Lateris prīmī longitūdinem circiter quingenta mīlia esse iūdicat, secundī septingenta, tertiī octingenta. Itaque dē magnitūdine insulae nōn multum errabat. Flūmen Tamesam ā marī circiter octōgintā mīlia distāre iūdicat." Hīc nōs puerī "Errābat igitur" inquimus; "nam inter Londinium et mare nōn sunt octōgintā mīlia." Sed patruus meus "Rectē iudicābat" inquit; "nam pars maris ubi Caesaris castra erant circiter octōgintā mīlia Rōmāna ā Londiniō distat. Tria maria insulam nostram circumdant; inter Britanniam et Galliam est mare Britannicum vel fretum Gallicum; ab occidente mare Hibernicum; ab oriente mare Germānicum. Nōmina marium temporibus antīquīs nōn ūsitāta erant; sed iam Graecī Britanniam esse insulam iūdicābant."

Vocabulary review: match the Latin and English

circiter

circumdō, -dare, -dedī, -dātus [1]

distō, -āre, distitī [1]

errō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

flūmen, flūminis [3/n]

fretum, -ī [2/n]

Hibernicus, -a, -um

itaque

iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]

latus, lateris [3/n]

longitūdō, longitūdinis [3/f]

magnitūdō, magnitūdinis [3/f]

occidēns, occidentis [3/m]

oriēns, orientis [3/m]

rēctē

ūsitātus, -a, -um

judge / determine; Irish; east; correctly; channel / estuary; approximately; length; make a mistake; river; stand apart / be distant; size; side; surround; therefore; used / usual / common; west

Note: to review i-stem nouns like mare, -is [3/n]:

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [3]; Cunobelīnus [4]; review: i-stem nouns (3)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/140625-level-3-sonnenschein-cunobelinus.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/817036527574284/

19.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein; Gentium Britannicārum Societās [4]: listening (2)

Listen to the recording without looking at the transcript.

[1] Choose the correct answer [A], [B] or [C].

[Caesar formam et incolās Britanniae in capite duodecimō et tertiō decimō librī quintī commemorat. Incolae partis interiōris Celtae et barbarī erant; incolae maritimae partis ex Belgiō praedae causā immigrāverant, sīcut priōre aetāte trans flūmen Rhenum in Belgium migrāverant.]

[i] Caesar describes Britannia in the [A] 2^nd and 3^rd  [B] 22^nd and 23^rd [C] 12^th and 13^th chapters of his [A] 15^th [B] 5^th [C] 25^th book.

[ii] The Celts lived [A] by the sea [B] inland [C] on a small island.

[iii] The migrants lived [A] by the sea [B] inland [C] on a small island.

[iv] They had migrated [A] to start a war [B] because of better weather [C] to plunder.

[v] They crossed the Rhine [A] in winter [B] the previous summer [C] a year before.

[2] Fill in the blanks with a single word or short phrase.

[Et nōnnulla nōmina gentium maritimārum, unde nōmina urbium hodiernārum dērivāta sunt, Belgica vel Gallica sunt. Belgae autem ā Germānīs oriundī erant, ut Caesar in capite quartō librī secundī dēmonstrat. Itaque pars Britannōrum antīquōrum Germānicā orīgine erant.]

[i] Belgian and Gaulish influence is seen in today’s __________.

[ii] The Belgae were originally from __________.

[iii] Caesar refers to this in the __________ chapter of his __________ book.

[iv] Some of the __________ were of Germanic origin.

[3]

[Formam insulae esse triquetram dēclārat. Sed ūnum latus ad Galliam spectāre existimat, alterum ad Hispāniam atque occidentem, tertium ad septentriōnēs. Itaque dē lateribus et angulīs laterum errābat. Hiberniam ab occidente parte Britanniae esse rectē iūdicat, insulam Mōnam inter Britanniam et Hiberniam esse.]

Which of the three maps gives the closest representation of Caesar’s description of Britannia?

And take a second look: which of the three maps thinks that Brazil is an island off the west coast of Ireland?

Map A

Map B

Map C

____________________

[3] Map [C]

Formam insulae esse triquetram dēclārat:  shaped like a triangle

ūnum latus ad Galliam: one side facing Gaul

alterum ad Hispāniam: a second side facing Spain

insulam Mōnam inter Britanniam et Hiberniam: the island of Anglesey between Britain and Ireland

19.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein; Gentium Britannicārum Societās [3]: listening (1)

[A] Listen to the text and fill in the blanks with the missing words

Gentium Britannicārum __________

Tum patruus meus reliqua de __________ Caesaris narrāvit. "Dum __________ nautaeque Rōmānī __________ novīs armīs ornant, Caesar ad reliquās copiās properat. Intereā __________ summum imperium Cassivellaunō mandāverant. Cassivellaunus nōn erat __________ ūniversārum __________ Britannicārum, sed __________ vel __________ __________ Cassōrum.

classem; dux; expedītiōne; gentis; gentium; hostēs; mīlitēs; princēps; rēx; societās

[B] Listen to the text and choose the correct form of the noun

Annō tamen quartō et quinquāgēsimō ante Christum nātum …

1. magna [a] partis [b] pars [c] partēs …
2. [a] gentium [b] gentis [c] gentibus Britanniae merīdiānae sē sub Cassivellaunō contrā Rōmānōs consociāverant.
3. [a] Flūminis [b] Flūmine [c] Flūmen  Tamesa …
4. [a] fīnīs [b] fīnēs [c] fīnis Cassivellaunī …
5. ā [a] fīnēs [b] fīnīs [c] fīnibus …
6. [a] gēns [b] gentium [c] gentēs maritimārum sēparābat;
7. ab [a] oriente [b] orientī [c] orientis erant …
8. [a] fīnēs [b] fīnīs [c] fīnibus …
9. [a] Trinobantēs [b] Trinobantīs [c] Trinobantium;
10. ab [a] occidentī [b] occidente [c] occidentis Britannī mediterrāneī.

[C] Fill in the blanks with the missing nouns:

Superiōre __________ bella continua fuerant inter Cassivellaunum et reliquās __________; atque __________ auxilium Rōmānōrum contrā Cassivellaunum implōrāverant, quia __________ suum trucīdāverat. Numerus __________ magnus erat; nam, ut Caesar affirmat, infīnīta __________ __________ erat in __________ merīdiānā Britanniae.

____________________

[A]

Gentium Britannicārum Societās [1]

Tum patruus meus reliqua de expedītiōne Caesaris narrāvit. "Dum mīlitēs nautaeque Rōmānī classem novīs armīs ornant, Caesar ad reliquās copiās properat. Intereā hostēs summum imperium Cassivellaunō mandāverant. Cassivellaunus nōn erat rēx ūniversārum gentium Britannicārum, sed dux vel princēps gentis Cassōrum.

[B]

Annō tamen quartō et quinquāgēsimō ante Christum nātum magna pars gentium Britanniae merīdiānae sē sub Cassivellaunō contrā Rōmānōs consociāverant. Flūmen Tamesa fīnēs Cassivellaunī ā fīnibus gentium maritimārum sēparābat; ab oriente erant fīnēs Trinobantium; ab occidente Britannī mediterrāneī.

[C]

Superiōre tempore bella continua fuerant inter Cassivellaunum et reliquās gentēs; atque Trinobantēs auxilium Rōmānōrum contrā Cassivellaunum implōrāverant, quia rēgem suum trucīdāverat. Numerus hostium magnus erat; nam, ut Caesar affirmat, infīnīta multitūdō hominum erat in parte merīdiānā Britanniae.”

16.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein; Gentium Britannicārum Societās [2]: reading

“Tum patruus meus reliqua de expedītiōne Caesaris narrāvit. "Dum mīlitēs nautaeque Rōmānī classem novīs armīs ornant, Caesar ad reliquās copiās properat. Intereā hostēs summum imperium Cassivellaunō mandāverant. Cassivellaunus nōn erat rēx ūniversārum gentium Britannicārum, sed dux vel princēps gentis Cassōrum. Annō tamen quartō et quinquāgēsimō ante Christum nātum magna pars gentium Britanniae merīdiānae sē sub Cassivellaunō contrā Rōmānōs consociāverant. Flūmen Tamesa fīnēs Cassivellaunī ā fīnibus gentium maritimārum sēparābat; ab oriente erant fīnēs Trinobantium; ab occidente Britannī mediterrāneī. Superiōre tempore bella continua fuerant inter Cassivellaunum et reliquās gentēs; atque Trinobantēs auxilium Rōmānōrum contrā Cassivellaunum implōrāverant, quia rēgem suum trucīdāverat. Numerus hostium magnus erat; nam, ut Caesar affirmat, infīnīta multitūdō hominum erat in parte merīdiānā Britanniae."

[i] What were the soldiers and sailors doing when Caesar hurried to his forces? (2)

[ii] How do we know that the Romans’ enemies confided in Casivellaunus? (1)

[iii] Who was Casivellaunus? (2)

[iv] What happened in 54BC? (4) [(i) magna pars ¦ (ii) gentium Britanniae merīdiānae ¦ sē (iii) sub Cassivellaunō ¦ (iv) contrā Rōmānōs (i) consociāverant.

[v] Give an accurate description of the location of the territory of Casivellaunus (5) [(i) Flūmen Tamesa ¦ (ii) fīnēs Cassivellaunī ¦ (iii) ā fīnibus gentium maritimārum (i) sēparābat; (iv) ab oriente erant fīnēs Trinobantium; (v) ab occidente Britannī mediterrāneī.]

[vi] What had been the previous situation between Cassivellaunus and other tribes? (2)

[vii] Why did the Trinobantes seek help from the Romans? (1)

[viii] Why was the enemy large? (2)

16.06.25: Level 2; Sonnenschein; Gentium Britannicārum Societās [1]: text, exercise, notes

“Tum patruus meus reliqua de expedītiōne Caesaris narrāvit. "Dum mīlitēs nautaeque Rōmānī classem novīs armīs ornant, Caesar ad reliquās copiās properat. Intereā hostēs summum imperium Cassivellaunō mandāverant. Cassivellaunus nōn erat rēx ūniversārum gentium Britannicārum, sed dux vel princēps gentis Cassōrum. Annō tamen quartō et quinquāgēsimō ante Christum nātum magna pars gentium Britanniae merīdiānae sē sub Cassivellaunō contrā Rōmānōs consociāverant.

Flūmen Tamesa fīnēs Cassivellaunī ā fīnibus gentium maritimārum sēparābat; ab oriente erant fīnēs Trinobantium; ab occidente Britannī mediterrāneī. Superiōre tempore bella continua fuerant inter Cassivellaunum et reliquās gentēs; atque Trinobantēs auxilium Rōmānōrum contrā Cassivellaunum implōrāverant, quia rēgem suum trucīdāverat. Numerus hostium magnus erat; nam, ut Caesar affirmat, infīnīta multitūdō hominum erat in parte merīdiānā Britanniae."

"Caesar formam et incolās Britanniae in capite duodecimō et tertiō decimō librī quintī commemorat. Incolae partis interiōris Celtae et barbarī erant; incolae maritimae partis ex Belgiō praedae causā immigrāverant, sīcut priōre aetāte trans flūmen Rhenum in Belgium migrāverant. Et nōnnulla nōmina gentium maritimārum, unde nōmina urbium hodiernārum dērivāta sunt, Belgica vel Gallica sunt. Belgae autem ā Germānīs oriundī erant, ut Caesar in capite quartō librī secundī dēmonstrat.

Itaque pars Britannōrum antīquōrum Germānicā orīgine erant. Formam insulae esse triquetram dēclārat. Sed ūnum latus ad Galliam spectāre existimat, alterum ad Hispāniam atque occidentem, tertium ad septentriōnēs. Itaque dē lateribus et angulīs laterum errābat. Hiberniam ab occidente parte Britanniae esse rectē iūdicat, insulam Mōnam inter Britanniam et Hiberniam esse."

[1] Vocabulary review: match the Latin and English

aetās, aetātis [3/f]

fīnis, -is [3 m/f]

gens, gentis [3/f]

latus, lateris [3/n]

mediterrāneus, -a, -um

merīdiānus, -a, -um

societās, societātis [3/f]

occidēns, occidentis [3/m]

oriēns, orientis [3/m]

oriundus, -a, -um

praeda, -ae [1/f]

princēps, principis [3/m]

reliquus, -a, -um

septentriō, septentriōnis [3/m]

superior, -ius

triquetrus, -a, -um

alliance; border / territory; chief; descended from; east; inland; north; plunder; previous; remaining; side; southern; summer; triangular; tribe / nation; west

[2] Notes:

i-stem nouns

classis, -is [3/f]: fleet > genitive plural: classium

gēns, gentis [3/f]: tribe; nation > genitive plural: gentium

hostis, -s [3/m]: enemy > genitive plural: hostium

fīnis, -is [3 m/f]: border; territory > genitive plural: fīnium

Trinobantēs [3 m/pl]: name of a Celtic tribe > genitive plural: Trinobantium

pars, partis [3/f]: part > genitive plural: partium

urbs, urbis [3/f]: city > genitive plural: urbium

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/030324-review-of-3rd-declensions-nouns.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/418207734123834/

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [3]; Cunobelīnus [2]; review: i-stem nouns (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/140625-level-3-sonnenschein-pro-patria_11.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/817032217574715/

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [3]; Cunobelīnus [3]; review: i-stem nouns (2);  practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/140625-level-3-sonnenschein-pro-patria_31.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/817035420907728/

Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [3]; Cunobelīnus [4]; review: i-stem nouns (3)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/140625-level-3-sonnenschein-cunobelinus.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/817036527574284/