25.10.24: Level 2; every number you could imagine [2]

Just focus on the number:

[1] Nonaginta annos natus est.
[2] Undeviginti annos nata est.
[3] Romulus cum septem et triginta regnavisset annos,
[4] et cunctus exercitus pugnatorum eius qui numerati sunt quinquaginta novem milia trecenti
[5] et omnis de stirpe eius summa pugnantium septuaginta quattuor milia sescentorum
[6] cunctus exercitus pugnatorum eius qui numerati sunt triginta duo milia ducenti
[7] universi qui in castris Iudae adnumerati sunt fuerunt centum octoginta sex milia quadringenti
[8] cunctus exercitus pugnatorum eius qui numerati sunt quadraginta milia quingenti
[9] pondo sedecim milia septingentos quinquaginta siclos a tribunis et centurionibus
[10] Tali modo cum septem et septuaginta annos complesset
[11] curriculum longum sescentos pedes
[12] personae sexaginta quattuor
[13] [i] ducenta et quinquaginta auri, [ii] octingenta pondo argenti in vestibulo curiae posuerunt.
[14] huius enim classis [i] mille et ducentarum navium longarum fuit, quam [ii] duo milia onerariarum sequebantur, terrestris autem exercitus [iii] septingenta peditum, equitum [iv] quadringenta milia fuerunt.

19; 37; 64; 77; 90; 250; 600; 700; 800; 1200; 2000; 16750; 

32200; 40500; 59300; 74600; 186400; 400000

25.10.24: Level 2; future perfect tense [3]; practice [1]

Match the English translations with the Latin in the word cloud:

I shall have walked

I shall have closed

I shall have been

you (sg.) will have loved

you (sg.) will have sat

he / she will have dined

he / she will have killed

he / she will have been able

we will have argued

we will have put

you (pl.) will have ordered

you (pl.) will have gone

they will have lived

they will have warned

25.10.24: Level 2; future perfect tense [2]; forms of the future perfect tense

The future perfect, rather like the pluperfect, does not require much explanation in terms of how it is formed because, apart from one new ending, everything you need has been covered before.

image #1: perfect tense stem:

labōrō, labōrāre, labōrāv¦ī

> labōrāv¦-

image #2: To this stem – no exceptions – the future tense of sum, esse is added apart from the 3^rd person plural; the verbs become quite unwieldy to pronounce and so take a look at the accent mark that is only there to show which syllable is stressed.

labōrā́v¦erō [la-bo-RA-ve-ro]: I shall have worked

labōrā́veris [la-bo-RA-ve-ris]: you (sg.) will have worked

labōrā́verit [la-bo-RA-ve-rit]: he / she will have worked

labōrāvérimus [la-bo-ra-VE-ri-mus]: we will have worked

labōrāvéritis [la-bo-ra-VE-ri-tis]: you (pl.) will have worked

labōrā́verint* [la-bo-RA-ve-rint]: they will have worked

Q: Why is it not erunt which is the 3^rd person future tense of the verb sum, esse?

A: erunt has already been used for the perfect tense:

labōrāvērunt: they (have) worked

labōrāverint: they will have worked

Image #3: All future perfect tenses are regularly formed - even those which in other tenses are classified as irregular - because they are all formed from the 3^rd principal part i.e. perfect tense stem.

Latin tutorial: future perfect tense

24.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the verbs [8]; 3rd conjugation

cōnscendere [3] │ to board (a ship)

cōnscendō │ I board

cōnscendis │ you (sg.) board

cōnscendit │ he / she / it boards

cōnscendimus │ we board

cōnscenditis │ you (pl.) board

cōnscendunt │ they board

____________________

attingō, -ere [3]: reach

cōnstituō, -ere [3]: (here) line up

dīmittō, -ere [3]: send away; dismiss

expōnō, -ere [3]: (here) land i.e. disembark (people); put (people) on the shore

mittō, -ere [3]: send; (here) hurl (e.g. weapons)

ostendō, -ere [3]: show; make known; explain

solvō, -ere [3] loosen; untie

tollō, -ere [3]: raise up; (here) weigh anchor

secundus, -a, um: careful! This adjective can mean ‘second’ but, when describing the wind, it means ‘favourable’

vigilia, -ae [1f]: watch referring to a military guard during the night; the night was divided into four equal vigiliae

[A] Complete the Latin with the appropriate verbs listed below.

1. Rōmānī nāvēs __________. │ The Romans are boarding the ships.
2. Tertiā circiter vigiliā Caesar nāvēs __________.  │ Around the third watch Caesar unties the ships.
3. Rōmānī hōrā quārtā Britanniam __________.  │ The Romans reach Britain at the fourth hour.
4. Barbarī ex altīs locīs tēla __________.  │ The barbarians hurl weapons from high positions.
5. Ibi mīlitēs ex nāvibus Caesar nōn __________.  │ Caesar doesn’t put the soldiers on the shore there.
6. Caesar lēgātīs cōnsilia __________.  │ Caesar explains the plans to the ambassadors.
7. Tum lēgātōs__________. │ Then he dismisses the ambassadors.
8. Rōmānī ventō secundō ancorās __________. │The Romans weigh anchor with a favourable wind.
9. Mox in altō nāvēs __________. │ Soon the ships are lined up in the sea.

attingunt; cōnscendunt; cōnstituunt; dīmittit; expōnit; mittunt; ostendit; solvit; tollunt

[B] Match the English with the Latin verbs in the word cloud

• Are they writing?
• Are you (pl.) saying?
• Are you (sg.) saying?
• he / she is writing
• he / she says
• I am writing
• I say
• Is he / she writing?
• they say
• they write
• to say
• to write
• we say
• we write
• you (pl.) are writing
• you (pl.) say
• you (sg.) say
• you (sg.) write

C] Complete the sentences with the appropriate verb listed below.

1. Rēx epistulam __________.
2. Quid _________, discipule? Epistulam __________.
3. Quid _________, discipulī? Fābulās __________.
4. Magister discipulō salūtem __________.
5. Ego magistrō salūtem ________.
6. Discipulī magistrō salūtem __________.
7. Nōs puerī magistrō salūtem __________.
8. Puerī in scholā fābulās __________.
9. Quid __________? Nihil; taceō.

dīcimus; dīcis; dīcit; dīcō; dīcunt; scrībimus; scrībis; scrībit; scrībitis; scrībō; scrībunt