20.09.24: Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [22]

Caesar, ubi cōpiās et nāvēs ad portum Itium convocāverat, omnēs rēs ad bellum Britannicum parāvit. Inde Caesar legiōnēs in octōgintā nāvibus onerāriīs trānsportāvit : XVIII nāvēs onerāriās equitibus distribuit. Quīntus Titūrius Sabīnus et Lūcius Aurunculēius Cotta, lēgātī, exercitum reliquum dūxērunt contrā Morinōs et Menapiōs, quī erant gentēs Gallicae. Pūblius Sulpicius Rūfus cum praesidiō portum Itium tenēbat. Inde Caesar tertiā ferē vigiliā ubi tempestās erat idōnea, solvit. Equitēs etiam, quī ad portum ulteriōrem prōcesserant, nāvēs cōnscendērunt.

praesidium, -ī [2/n] has various meanings depending on context: [i] protection; defence [ii] assistance [iii] (here) garrison, but can also refer to a convoy or an escort

solvō, -ere, solvī [3]: [i] loosen; untie [ii] (here) set sail i.e. loosen the moorings (of a ship)

tempestās, tempestātis [3/f] can mean storm, but also a more general meaning of “weather”

ulterior, ulterius: further; more remote this is the comparative form of the adjective, the equivalent of English longer or more beautiful. This feature of the language will be discussed in detail in later posts.

____________________

Caesar, when he had summoned troops and ships to the port of Itius, prepared all things for the British war. Then Caesar transported the legions in eighty cargo ships: he distributed eighteen cargo ships to the cavalry. Quintus Titurius Sabinus and Lucius Aurunculius Cotta, as envoys, led the rest of the army against the Morini and Menapii, who were Gallic tribes. Publius Sulpicius Rufus held the port of Itius with a garrison. Then, at about the third watch, when the weather was suitable, Caesar set sail. The horsemen also, who had proceeded to the further port, boarded the ships.

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[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menapii

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itius_Portus

Campaign Map of 55 and 54 BC by Towle & Jenks

[3] “tertiā ferē vigiliā”: the night was divided into four “watches” (vigiliae) from sunset to sunrise

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/220324-ordinal-numbers-2-telling-time.html

https://dcc.dickinson.edu/caesar/book-4/chapter-4-24

[4] detailed information concerning the role of a legātus can be found here:

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=legatus-harpers

20.09.24: level 2; revise numbers [3](3); rapid reading (3)

Match the Latin numbers with both types of numerals

[A]

quīngentī quīndecim

quīnquāgintā quīnque

trecentī quīnquāgintā quattuor

trecentī quīnque et quadrāgintā

55; 345; 354; 515

CCCLIV; CCCXLV; DXV; LV

[B]

septingentī duodēquadrāgintā

septingentī sēdecim

septingentī sexāgintā ūnus

septuāgintā sex

sēscentī septendecim

sēscentī sexāgintā

sex et sexāgintā

66; 617; 660; 76; 716; 738; 761

DCCLXI; DCCXVI; DCCXXXVIII; DCLX; DCXVII; LXVI; LXXVI

[C]

nōngentī nōnāgintā

nōngentī ūndēcentum

nōngentī ūndēvīgintī

octingentī duodenonāgintā

octingentī quadrāgintā ūnus

octingentī quattuordecim

quadringentī octōgintā ūnus

481; 814; 841; 888; 919; 990; 999

CDLXXXI; CMXC; CMXCIX; CMXIX; DCCCLXXXVIII; DCCCXIV; DCCCXLI

20.09.24: adverbs [8]; -tim / -ātim

It is useful, although not essential, to see how adverbs are grouped as a way of remembering them. The adverbs listed here use the suffixes –tim and -ātim; these suffixes are not the same and are known as ‘adverbial markers’ i.e. they create adverbs from other words, the examples below showing the creation of adverbs from nouns, verbs and adjectives:

-tim

fūr (thief) + -tim: ‘like a thief’ > fūrtim: secretly

stō (to stand) +‎ -tim > statim: immediately

certō (contend, strive) +‎ -tim > certātim: earnestly; eagerly

-ātim

paulus (little) + -ātim: little by little; gradually

gradus (step) + -ātim > gradātim: step by step

verbum (word) +‎ -ātim > verbātim: word for word (late Latin)

The last example verbātim, first appearing in Late Latin, is still used in Modern English, with exactly the same meaning.

Complete the translations with the appropriate adverbs.

1. Mārcus fūrtim ascendit arborem. │ Marcus climbed the tree __________.
2. Paulātim ex castrīs discēdēbant. │ They were __________ departing from the camp.
3. Morbus plērumque gradātim accēdit. │ In general the disease happens __________.
4. Titus statim surrēxit, quod commōtus erat.  │ Titus got up __________ because he had been disturbed.
5. Mulierēs puerīque prō tēctīs aedificiōrum saxa … certātim mittēbant. │ Women and boys from the roofs of the buildings were __________ pelting (them) with stones.

19.09.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima 11[4]; notes

Magister noster vir doctus est, sed [1] lūdōrum perītus. [2] Nōbīs puerīs cārus est. Inter fēriās patruum meum interdum vīsitat. Dextra magistrī nostrī valida est, et puerī pigrī nec dextram nec magistrum amant.

 “Nōn amo tē, Sabidī, nec possum dīcere quārē.

Hōc tantum possum dīcere: nōn amo tē.”*

Magistrum nōn amant quia librōs Graecōs et Latīnōs nōn amant. Nam discipulī scholae nostrae linguīs antīquīs operam dant, atque scientiīs mathēmaticīs. [2] Magistrō nostrō magna cōpia est librōrum pulchrōrum. Schola nostra antīqua et clāra est: nōn solum librīs sed etiam lūdīs operam damus. Schola nostra nōn in Cantiō est. In vīcō nostrō est lūdus litterārius, [3] crēber puerīs et puellīs, līberīs agricolārum. Sed ego cum Marcō et Alexandrō, amīcīs meīs, ad Ventam Belgārum discipulus sum.

Vocabulary

dextra, -ae [1/f] right hand

doctus, -a, -um: educated; learned

lūdus litterārius: primary school

Venta Belgārum: town in Britannia (Winchester)

[1] perītus, -a, -um [+ genitive]: skilled [in]

lūdōrum perītus: skilled in games

[2] Dative usage:

[i] Nōbīs puerīs cārus est. │He is dear to us boys [= we boys like him a lot]

[ii] Magistrō nostrō ¦ magna cōpia [ii] est ¦ librōrum pulchrōrum.

Literally: [i] To our teacher ¦ [ii] there is a large quantity ¦ of beautiful books = Our teacher has a large number of beautiful books.

[3] crēber, crēbra, crēbrum [+ ablative case]: thick; dense; (here) crowded / packed [with]

lūdus … crēber puerīs et puellīs, līberīs agricolārum.  │ a school … packed with boys and girls, the children of farmers.

*The lines quoted in the text are from the Roman poet Martial: Epigram XXXII

“Nōn amo tē, Sabidī, nec possum dīcere quārē. │ I do not like you, Sabidius, nor can I say why.

Hōc tantum possum dīcere: nōn amo tē.” │ Only this I can say: I do not like you.

I don’t like you, Sabidius, and tell you why I cannot. / I can only tell you this: like you, no I do not.

There’s a story attached to this:

The English poet Tom Brown (1662 – 1704) had been expelled from an Oxford college, the Dean of which – John Fell – said that Brown could be reinstated if he could immediately translate this epigram. Brown replied:

I do not love thee, Dr Fell,

The reason why I cannot tell;

But this I know, and know full well,

I do not love thee, Dr Fell.

The story – unverified – is that Fell was impressed by the translation and Brown was allowed to continue at Oxford.

19.09.24: Level 1; Maxey [14](1); text + questions

Lines 1 - 6

Haec casa est domus fēminae benignae. Casa est casa alba. Post casam est hortus. Prope hortum est silva. In hortō sunt multī et pulchrī flōrēs. Sunt rosae rubrae et līlia purpurea quoque. Alta sunt līlia et pulchrae sunt rosae. Sunt aliī flōrēs quoque in hortō. Grātī fēminae benignae sunt flōrēs. Fēmina hortum nōn cūrat. Vir quī in aliā casā habitat [Line 5] hortum cūrat. Aestāte hortum cūrat; hieme nōn cūrat quod hieme sunt nūllī flōrēs in hortō. Bene vir labōrat. Cārus virō est hortus.

Complete the translation with the missing words:

This cottage is the house of a __________ woman. The cottage is a __________ cottage. __________  the cottage is a garden. __________ the garden is a forest. In the garden are __________ __________ flowers. There are __________ roses and also __________ lilies. The lilies are __________ and the roses are __________. There are also __________ flowers in the garden. The flowers are __________ to the __________ woman. The woman does not take care of the garden. A man __________ lives in __________ cottage looks after the garden. In __________ he looks after the garden; in __________ he doesn’t take care of the garden __________ in __________ there are __________ flowers in the garden. The man works __________. The garden is __________ to the man.

Lines 7 - 14

Hodiē vir nōn est in hortō. Herī hīc erat. Hodiē hīc nōn est. Est aestās et in hortō est quiēs. Fēmina quiētem amat. Mox fēmina puerum lacrimantem audit. Ad iānuam it. Nūllus puer est in viā. Mox puerum quī in hortō labōrat videt. Est fīlius virī quī hortum [Line 10] cūrat. Hodiē puer hortum cūrat et lacrimat. Puer nōn est in perīculō; nōn timet. Cūr lacrimat? Fēmina puerum ad sē vocat. Fēmina hoc dīcit: “Cūr lacrimās, puer?” Tum puer respondet: “Pater meus ad oppidum it et ego labōrō. Ego quoque ad oppidum īre cupiō. Duōs equōs habet et ego equōs amō. In stabulō frūmentum equīs dō. Aquam quoque dō. Ūnum equum semper cūrō. Ego quoque cum patre et equīs īre cupio.”

[i] Lines 7 – 9: In what order are the following first mentioned?

(peace and) quiet; a single word conveys this meaning

a boy working in a garden

going to a door

hearing a boy crying

liking the peace and quiet

seeing nobody in the street

summer

the man’s son

today

yesterday

[ii]  Lines 10 – 14: The following statements are false; correct them.

[1] The boy is in danger but he’s not afraid.

[2] The boy calls the woman to him.

[3] His father lives in town.

[4] The boy wants to stay in the garden.

[5] His father gives food to the horses in the field.

[6] The boy only gives the horses water.

[7] The boy takes care of both horses.

[8] His father wants to go with the horses.

Lines 15 - 19

[Line 15] Fēmina quae est fēmina benigna est maesta. Miserum puerum! Fēmina et puer cēnam edunt. Tum fēmina flōrēs ex hortō capit et ad oppidum it. Cum feminā it puer parvus quī nunc nōn lacrimat. Mox virum quī hortum cūrat fēmina videt et dē puerō parvō quī nōn est puer malus nārrat. Fēmina et vir et puer colloquium habent. Multās hōrās ibi manent. Vesperī domum eunt.

Make ten sentences using three parts to match the Latin in the text. Some words are used more than once.

____________________

• For many hours they stay there.
• In the evening they go home.
• Soon the woman sees the man.
• The little boy goes with the woman.
• The woman is sad.
• The woman talks about the boy.
• The woman takes flowers.
• The woman goes to town.
• The woman and the boy eat dinner.
• The woman and the man and the boy have a conversation.

19.09.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [7]; reading lectiō 32 / interrogātiō 33

§32

Rōmānī Crassō magnam prōvinciam dant. Rōmānī Crassō multōs equōs dant. Rōmānī Crassō magnam cōpiam frūmentī dant. Magnum numerum iūmentōrum Crassō dant. Multa pīla et multōs gladiōs Crassō dant. Magna tormenta Crassō dant. Nam Parthī bellum Rōmānīs parant. Magnum proelium Crassō parant. Parthī bonōs equōs habent. Parthī bonās sagittās sagittāriīs dant. Multās cōpiās habent Rōmānī. Multās habent Parthī. Sed Mārs victōriam Parthīs dat. Parthī Rōmānōs superant. Parthī Rōmānōs fugant. Multī Rōmānī sunt mortuī. Mortuus est Crassus. Dāvus Rōmānīs Parthōrum victōriam nūntiat.

Sentence building: Find the Latin, fill in the bracketed spaces by identifying the cases in bold – both singular and plural - being used.

[1] The Romans [nominative __________ ] give …

[2] The Romans give a large province [ __________ singular] …

[3] The Romans give a large province to Crassus [ __________ __________ ].

[4] The Romans give │ many horses [ __________ plural ] │ to Crassus.

[5] The Romans have │many troops [ __________ __________ ].

[6] Many Romans [ __________ __________ ] │ are dead.

[7] They give │large siege machines [ __________ __________ ] │to Crassus.

[8] The Romans give │a large amount │of grain [ __________ __________ ] │ to Crassus.

[9] They are preparing │a great battle [ __________ __________ ] │for Crassus.

[10] They give │a large number [ __________ __________ ] │ of beasts of burden [ __________ __________ ]  │ to Crassus.

[11] The Parthians [ __________ __________ ] │give good arrows [ __________ __________ ] │to the archers [ __________ __________ ].

[12] Davus [ __________ __________ ] │ announces the victory │of the Parthians [ __________ __________ ] │to the Romans [ __________ __________ ].

§33: interrogātiō

Cui? │ to / for whom (singular)

Quibus? │ to / for whom (plural)

1. Cui Rōmānī prōvinciam dant?
2. Cui equōs dant?
3. Cui frūmentum dant ?
4. Cui iūmenta dant?
5. Cui tēla dant?
6. Quibus Rōmānī bellum parant?
7. Cui proelium parant?
8. Quibus Parthī sagittās dant?
9. Quibus Mārs victōriam nūntiat?