12.08.25: Level 3; review; direct questions [4]; interrogative adverbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/180924-adverbs-71-interrogative-adverbs.html

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/180924-adverbs-72-interrogative-adverbs.html

We will begin with the interrogative adverbs since they are indeclinable because they do not refer to nouns or pronouns, but to actions:

Ubi habitās? │ Where do you live?

Quō iērunt mīlitēs nostrī? │To where did our soldiers go? [ = Where did our soldiers go to?]

Unde vēnistis? │From where have you come? [ = Where have you come from?]

Quandō adveniet pater tuus? │When will your uncle arrive?

Cūr hoc fēcistī? │ Why have you done this?

Quārē hoc dīxit? │ Why did he say this?

Hoc tū quam ob rem (or: quamobrem) nōn fēcistī? │For what reason / why have you not done this?

Quōmodo (or: quō modo) hoc accidere potest? │How can this happen?

Quamdiū? (quam diū?):  How long ago?; For how long?

Quamdiū id factum est? (Plautus) │ How long since did that happen?

Quamdiū manēbit hic mundus, quī in malignō positus est? │ For how long will this world remain, which has been placed in the power of evil?

Quī respondēns eīs, dīxit: Ō generātiō incrēdula, quamdiū apud vōs erō? quamdiū vōs patiar? (Vugate) │ And, replying to them, he said: “You unbelieving generation how long shall I stay with you? How long shall I put up with you?”

Quam diū prō Gereōnī, castellī Āpūliae inopis, tanquam prō Carthāginis moenibus sedet? (Livy) │  How long has he been sitting before the walls of Gereonium, a poor fortress in Apulia, as though they were the walls of Carthage? 

quotiēns?: How often?;  How many times? 

Quotiēns lucerna impiōrum extinguētur? (Vulgate) │ How often is the lamp of the wicked put out? 

Quotiēns tandem ēdīxī tibi, ut cavērēs? (Plautus) │How often, I wonder, have I told you to be cautious?

Ō quotiēns et quae nōbīs Galatēa locūta est! (Vergil) │ O how often and what things Galatea has said to me!

Note in the last example the exclamatory use of the adverb i.e. rather than as a question.

Translation practice:

1. Unde cucurrērunt tristēs puerī? Ubi nunc sunt?
2. Cūr dās praemium laudemque parentibus?
3. Quō amnis it?
4. Quam ob rem bibunt sanguinem ovis illīus?
5. Quandō claudentur portae ingentēs urbis?
6. Quō modō moenia nova is aedificābit?
7. Quam ob rem nōn potuī vulgō canere?
8. Quārē dēfessī estis? Quandō dormiētis?
9. Quotiēns dīcendum est tibi?
10. Quamdiū iste locuplēs erit?

12.08.25: Level 3; review; direct questions [3]; types of interrogative words

Interrogatives are words which ask content questions i.e. which require a specific piece of information. They can be subdivided into three categories:

[1] Interrogative adjectives modify a noun. They ask a question about people or things, but seek specification as to which of two or more are being referred to.

Which book are you reading? [i.e. books have already been mentioned and the speaker wants a book to be specified]

Whose bag is that?

What kind of music do you like?

Which players were chosen for the team?

[2] Interrogative pronouns are used to form questions about people or things which are generally unknown i.e. there is no antecedent.

Who are you going with?

Whose is that?

What are you doing?

[3] Interrogative adverbs ask a question about an action, not a person or thing.

Why did you do that?

Where did you go?

How can we get there?

12.08.25: Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [2]

Section 1; Part 2

Complete the Latin text with the words and phrases listed below. The full text is given at the end to check your answers.

[7] Then Lydia said “I’ll be so pleased [literally: How greatly I shall be pleased if I can [ = will be able to] finally see the ruins of Richborough Castle

Tum Lȳdia "(1) __________  (2) __________  (3) __________  ruīnās Castellī Rutupīnī (4) __________  spectāre (5) __________!"

[8] And the suggestion was very pleasing to my aunt. “But surely it will be better,” she said “to have dinner in the castle? For in that way it will not be necessary to hurry home?”

Et amitae meae prōpositum (6) __________  erat. "Sed (7) __________  (8) __________  erit" inquit "in castellō cēnāre? (9) __________  (10) __________  nōn necesse erit domum festīnāre."

[9] Then we boys exclaimed: “Hurray! Excellent! We will take our lunch with us; after lunch we will visit the ruins of the castle. Then we will dine in the castle. That’s the way it will be.”

Tum nōs puerī exclāmāvimus: "(11) __________  optimē! Prandium nōbīscum portābimus; (12) __________ prandium ruīnās castellī vīsitābimus. (13) __________  in castellō cēnābimus. Sīc erit!"

[10] And my aunt said “When will you set off?”

Et amita mea "(14) __________   in viam (15) __________  ?" inquit.

[11] And we said “Immediately, without delay.”

Et nōs "(16) __________   sine (17) __________  " inquimus.

aliquandō; deinde; dēlectabor; euge; grātissimum; melius; morā; nam; nōnne; post; poterō; quandō; quantopere; sī; sīc; statim; vōs dabitis

____________________

[7] Tum Lȳdia "Quantopere dēlectābor sī ruīnās Castellī Rutupīnī aliquandō spectāre poterō!"

[8] Et amitae meae prōpositum grātissimum erat. "Sed nōnne melius erit" inquit "in castellō cēnāre? Nam sīc nōn necesse erit domum festīnāre."

[9] Tum nōs puerī exclāmāvimus: "Euge optimē! Prandium nōbīscum portābimus; post prandium ruīnās castellī vīsitābimus. Deinde in castellō cēnābimus. Sīc erit!"

[10] Et amita mea "Quandō in viam vōs dabitis?" inquit.

[11] Et nōs "Statim sine morā" inquimus.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richborough_Castle

11.08.25: H & B; level 2; reading; The First Punic War (264-241 B.C.)

Tyriī ōlim in Āfricā haud procul ab Hispāniā colōniam collocāverant magnamque urbem, Carthāginem nōmine, aedificāverant: huius urbis incolae Poenī vocābantur. Hī per mercātūram magnās dīvitiās comparāvērunt fīnitimōsque populōs imperiō suō adiūnxērunt: urbem ingentibus mūrīs mūnīverant templīsque pulcherrimīs ōrnāverant. Multa in historiā dē illīus gentis crūdēlitāte nārrantur: ducēs, sī in bellō vīctī erant, sine misericordiā occīdēbant; īnfantēs suōs dīs immolābant. Omnium iam populōrum Rōmānī et Poenī potentissimī erant: inter aemulās gentēs causa bellī mox invenītur. In Siciliā Hierō, rēx Syrācūsārum, Māmertīnōs obsīdēbat: Rōmānī ad Māmertīnōs, Poenī ad Hierōnem auxilium mīsērunt. Tum Hierō pācem amīcitiamque cum Rōmānīs cōnfirmāvit, Poenī sōlī cum Rōmānīs bellum gerēbant ōramque Ītaliae nāvibus vastābant.

adiungō, -ere, adiunxī, adiunctus [3]: add, join [+ dative]: populōs imperiō suō adiūnxērunt

Mamertīnī: Mamertines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamertines

Tyrius, -a, -um: Tyrian; of Tyre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon

[1] Lines 1 – 4; translate into English (13)*

Tyriī ōlim in Āfricā haud procul ab Hispāniā colōniam collocāverant magnamque urbem, Carthāginem nōmine, aedificāverant: huius urbis incolae Poenī vocābantur. Hī per mercātūram magnās dīvitiās comparāvērunt fīnitimōsque populōs imperiō suō adiūnxērunt: urbem ingentibus mūrīs mūnīverant templīsque pulcherrimīs ōrnāverant.

[2] Lines 5 – 6 (ducēs … immolābant) How did the Carthaginians treat [i] conquered leaders, and [ii] the children? (4)

[3] Lines 6 – 7: Omnium iam populōrum Rōmānī et Poenī potentissimī erant.

Identify the case and number of the words in bold and explain why it is being used. (2)

[4] Lines 7 – end (inter aemulās … vastābant)

Which of the following statements are true?

Neighbouring nations were already at war.

Rivalry was the reason for war.

Hiero was the king of Syracuse.

Hiero was the king of the Mamertines.

The Mamertines beseiged the Romans.

Hiero besieged the Mamertines.

The Romans sent help to Hiero.

The Romans sent help to the Mamertines.

The Carthaginians sent help to Hiero.

Hiero and the Carthaginians made peace with the Romans.

Hiero made peace with the Romans.

Only the Carthaginians made peace with the Romans.

The Carthaginians waged war with the Romans.

The Carthaginian infantry attacked the Romans.

Roman cities were laid waste.

The Carthaginian fleet destroyed the Italian coast.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War

An aerial photograph of the remains of the naval base of the city of Carthage. The remains of the mercantile harbour are in the centre and those of the military harbour are bottom right. Before the war Carthage had the most powerful navy in the western Mediterranean. (The Oxford History of the Classical World, 1986)

____________________

*[i] At one time, [ii] the Tyrians had placed a colony in Africa [iii] far from Spain and [iv] had built a great city [v] by the name of Carthage, and [vi] the inhabitants of this city were called Carthaginians. [vii] They / these people obtained great wealth / riches [viii] through trade / commerce and [ix] joined the neighbouring nations to their own empire: [x] they fortified the city [xi] with huge walls and [xii] decorated (it) [xiii] with very beautiful temples.

10.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [26]; [i] In hortō Cornēliī; [ii] Discipulī

https://mega.nz/file/2F8VGRpY#P4mfrMSDiyGAfEXLR9mnK3Mmece0TXa10CONM3ZIKbI

[masculine nouns of the 2nd declension: genitive, dative and ablative]

In hortō Cornēlī

Cornēlius vīllam habet. In vīllā est hortus magnus et parva silva. Itaque Cornēlius dominus est hortī et silvae. Proximus hortō est ager. Dominus hortī et agrī saepe in hortō cum fīliō ambulat. Fīlius nāviculam habet; Cornēlius nāviculam fīliī libenter spectat.

Hortus est pulcher. Circum hortum est mūrus altus. Proxima mūrō est statua pulchra deī Mercurī. In hortō Cornēliī est magnus numerus statuārum deōrum et deārum.

Cornēlius multōs amīcōs habet. Cornēlius amīcīs est cārus quod est vir bonus. Cum amīcīs in hortō hodiē sedet. Fīliī fīliaeque Cornēliī in hortō sedent. Proximī Cornēliō et amīcīs sunt fīliī et fīliae. Amīcōrum fābulae fīliīs et fīliābus dominī sunt grātae.

Extrā mūrum sunt magnī agrī Cornēliī. In agrīs servī cotīdiē labōrant. Vespere servī dēfessī ex agrīs ad vīllam properant. Servī in hortīs nōn saepe sedent quod servī dīligenter labōrant.

Exercise

Respondē Latīnē:

1. Quid habet Cornēlius?
2. Cuius est Cornēlius dominus?
3. Ubi est ager?
4. Quid habet fīlius?
5. Ubi est statua deī?
6. Quid est in hortō Cornēliī?
7. Suntne multae statuae deōrum et deārum in hortō?
8. Habetne Cornēlius amīcōs?
9. Nõnne est Cornēlius amīcīs cārus?
10. Quālis vir est Cornēlius?
11. Ubī sunt fīliī et fīliae?
12. Quōrum fābulae fīliōs et fīliās Cornēliī dēlectant? [quōrum: whose (masculine plural)]
13. Ubi sunt agrī Cornēliī?
14. Ubī servī iaborant?
15. Unde servī dēfessī vespere properant?
16. Num servī in hortīs sedent?

Discipulī

Lūcius et Aulus sunt fīliī Tulliae et Cornēliī. Māne ad lūdum cum paedagōgō ambulant. Puerī librōs et tabellās et stilōs portant. In lūdō dīligenter student.

Orbilius est lūdī magister. Orbilius est sevērus et pigrī discipulī Orbiliō nōn sunt grātī. Sī lūdī magister īrātus est, discipulōs castīgat. Tum puerī clāmant et lacrimant.

Lūcius et Aulus sunt bonī discipulī; itaque ad lūdum libenter properant. Vespere fīliī Cornēliī ā lūdō ad vīllam properant. Tum librōs et tabellās in mēnsam conlocant et cum puellīs in hortō vīllae sedent. Posteā Cornēlius fīliīs et fīliābus fābulās nārrat.

Vocabulary

ager, agrī [2/m]: field

altus, alta: high, tall, deep

amīcus, amīcī [2/m]: friend

castīgō, castīgāre [1]: to punish

circum (+acc.): around

conlocō, conlocāre [1]: to place

deus, deī [2/m]: god

extrā (+acc): outside of, beyond

īrātus, īrāta: angry

​lacrimō, lacrimāre [1]: to weep

lūdus, lūdī [2/m]: school; game

magister, magistrī [2/m]: master, schoolmaster

Mercurius, Mercurī [2/m]: Mercury, messenger of the gods

mūrus, mūrī [2/m]: wall

numerus, numerī [2/m]: number

paedagōgus, paedagōgī [2/m]: attendant, tutor

piger, pigra: lazy

pulcher, pulchra: beautiful

sī: if

stilus, stilī [2/m]: style/stylus (a pointed instrument for writing on a wax tablet)

vespere: in the evening

Grammar

2^nd declension masculine nouns: genitive, dative, ablative cases

[1] Genitive singular

dominus hortī et agrī │ the master of the garden and (of) the field

Cornēlius nāviculam fīliī libenter spectat │ Cornelius likes looking at (his) son’s little boat [= at the little boat of (his) son

Note: the genitive singular of masculine nouns ending in -ius may be given without the stem i.e. fīlī, rather than fīliī; this occurs in older Latin, but it is still commonly found with people’s names e.g.

statua pulchra deī ¦ Mercurī │ a beautiful statue of the god ¦ Mercury (La: Mercurius)

[2] Dative singular

Proxima mūrō est statua pulchra │ a beautiful statue is next to the wall

pigrī discipulī Orbiliō nōn sunt grātī │ lazy pupils are not pleasing to Orbilius

[3] Ablative singular

Dominus … in hortō ¦ cum fīliō ambulat │ The master walks in the garden ¦ with (his) son

ā lūdō ad vīllam properant │ they hurry from school to the villa

[4] Genitive plural

Amīcōrum fābulae … sunt grātae. │ The friends’ stories [ = the stories of the friends] are pleasing

[5] Dative plural

Cornēlius fīliīs … fābulās nārrat. │ Cornelius tells stories to (his) sons

[6] Ablative plural

In agrīs servī … labōrant. │ The slaves work in the fields

Cum amīcīs … sedet. │ He is sitting with friends

The image shows the full declension of 2^nd declension masculine nouns; the link given at the beginning of the post discusses all aspects of the topic in full.