05.09.24: Level 2; declension of numbers (1) 1,2,3; 200-900

[1] declension of ūnus, duo and trēs

Image #1: ūnus, -a -um has the same endings as a 1^st / 2^nd declension adjective except in the genitive singular [-īus for all genders] and dative singular [-ī for all genders]:

Image #2: duo, duae, duo

Image #3: In the declension of trēs, all the endings are the same for all genders apart from the neuter nominative and accusative:

[2] After trēs none of the numbers decline until you reach the multiples of 100, and the number mīlle (1000):

quattuor	4
quīnque	5
sex	6
septem	7
octō	8
novem	9
decem	10

ūndecim	11
duodecim	12
tredecim	13
quattuordecim	14
quīndecim	15
sēdecim	16
septendecim	17
duodēvīgintī	18
ūndēvīgintī	19

vīgintī	20
trīgintā	30
quadrāgintā	40
quīnquāgintā	50
sexāgintā	60
septuāgintā	70
octōgintā	80
nōnāgintā	90
centum	100

[3] 200 - 900

Take a look at these numbers in Spanish:

200: doscientos

300: trescientos

400: cuatrocientos

There are three points to note:

[i] cientos is plural

[ii] these numbers have masculine and feminine forms i.e. doscientos and doscientas agreeing with the noun and so they are acting like adjectives

[iii] Those endings -os and -as are derived from Latin -ōs, -ās, but the Latin accusative plural, not the nominative.

The Latin numbers 200 – 900 decline like 1st / 2nd declension adjectives.

Compare:

1st / 2nd declension adjective in the plural

masculine: magnī

feminine: magnae

neuter: magna

Those endings are used with the numbers:

200: ducentī, -ae, -a; CC

300: trecentī, -ae, -a; CCC

400: quadringentī, -ae, -a; CD [100 less than 500]

500: quīngentī, -ae, -a; D

600: sescentī, -ae, -a; DC

700: septingentī, -ae, -a; DCC

800: octingentī, -ae, -a; DCCC

900: nōngentī, -ae, -a; DCCCC / CM [100 less than 1000]

Image #4: 1st / 2nd declension adjective in the plural alongside the declension of ducentī showing that the endings are the same; take a look at the accusatives and there you see where the Spanish numbers come from.

Additional information on all numbers can be found here:

Additional information on the formation of Roman numerals can be found here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals

04.09.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [18]

Rōmānī, postquam Poenōs vīcērunt, bellum contrā cīvitātēs multās gerēbant: in tribus bellīs contrā Macedonēs pugnāvērunt et tandem Macedoniam fēcērunt prōvinciam Rōmānam. In Āfricā Iugurtha, quī Numidiam regēbat, partēs multās vincēbat. Ubi Rōmānī cōpiās ad Āfricam mīsērunt, Iugurtha nōn pugnāvit, sed pecūniam multam imperātōribus Rōmānīs dedit, et pācem fēcit. Posteā, ubi Iugurtha et populus Rōmānus bellum iterum gerēbant, Iugurtha Aulum Albīnum, imperātōrem Rōmānum, superāvit; multōs necāvit aut vulnerāvit; cēterōs sub iugum mīsit. Inde Marius, quem Rōmānī imperātōrem creāvērunt, Iugurtham vīcit et captīvum Rōmam dūxit.

[1]

Macedō, Macedonis [3/m]: Macedonian

Macedonia, -ae [1/f]: Macedonia (see notes)

Numidia, -ae [1/f]: Numidia (see notes)

cēterōs sub iugum mīsit │ literally: he sent the rest under the yoke

iugum, -ī [2/n]: yoke (for oxen or cattle); collar (for a horse)

“A yoke was made of two upright spears with a third fixed across the top at such a height that a man passing underneath had to bow his head. The victors in a battle used to make their captives march, one by one, under the yoke as a sign that they had been defeated.” (Vincent)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Send_under_the_yoke

[2] sentence structure

[i] subordinate clauses of time / temporal clauses

Rōmānī, ¦ postquam Poenōs vīcērunt, ¦ bellum contrā cīvitātēs multās gerēbant

Ubi Rōmānī cōpiās ad Āfricam mīsērunt, ¦ Iugurtha nōn pugnāvit,…

Posteā, ¦ ubi Iugurtha et populus Rōmānus bellum iterum gerēbant, ¦ Iugurtha Aulum Albīnum, imperātōrem Rōmānum, superāvit; …

[ii] relative / adjectival clauses

In Āfricā Iugurtha, ¦ quī Numidiam regēbat, ¦ partēs multās vincēbat.

Inde Marius, ¦ quem Rōmānī imperātōrem creāvērunt, ¦ Iugurtham vīcit …

[3] apposition

… Iugurtha [Aulum Albīnum, ¦ imperātōrem Rōmānum], superāvit; …

[4] in tribus bellīs: see next post

____________________

The Romans, after they defeated the Carthaginians, waged war against many states: in three wars they fought against the Macedonians, and finally made Macedonia a Roman province. In Africa Jugurtha, who ruled Numidia, conquered many parts. When the Romans sent troops to Africa, Jugurtha did not fight, but gave a great deal of money to the Roman commanders, and made peace. Afterwards, when Jugurtha and the Roman people were at war again, Jugurtha overcame Aulus Albinus, the Roman commander; he killed or wounded many; he put the rest under the yoke. Then Marius, whom the Romans made commander, defeated Jugurtha and took the captive / him as a captive to Rome.

____________________

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugurtha

Africa, Numidia, Macedonia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia

By Cattette - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102614031

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)