[1] Nēmō sine
aquā diū vīvere potest. │ A) without water │ sine +
ablative case: without
Nobody can live a
long time without water.
[2] Magnum flūmen
per campōs Italiae celerrimē fluit. │ D) very swiftly │ superlative
adverb
celerrimus, -a, -um:
superlative adjective > celerrimē: superlative adverb; either ‘most
quickly’ or, commonly, very quickly
A large river
flows very quickly through the fields / plains of Italy.
[3] Difficile est
nāvigāre autumnō. B) in the Fall │ ablative of time when
It is difficult to
sail in the Fall / Autumn.
[4] Mox hic
senātor erit _____. A) cōnsul │ predicate nominative i.e. a noun or
adjective which follows the verb ‘to be’ and gives further information about
the subject of the sentence i.e. X = Y e.g. this man is a doctor; this man is
brave; the noun or adjective is in the nominative case agreeing in gender and
number
This senator will
soon be a consul.
[5] Vir humilis sē
numquam laudat. │C) himself │ reflexive pronoun referring
back to the subject
A humble man never
praises himself.
[6] Vīsne
omnēs populōs esse līberōs? │ D) Do you wish │ irregular verb: velle
Do you wish all
people to be free?
[7] Mīlitēs Rōmānī
fortiōrēs omnibus hostibus erant. │ A) than all their enemies │ ablative
of comparison = Engl. ‘than’
The Roman soldiers
were braver than all the enemies.
[8] Ancillae ā
dominā laudātae sunt. │ D) had been praised │ pluperfect
passive
The maidservants
had been praised by the mistress.
[9] Dā mihi vīnum,
_____! │B) Rūfe │ vocative case of 2nd
declension nouns in -us > -e
Give me wine,
Rufus!
[10] Liberīs
[dative] ¦ arma habēre ¦ nōn licet. │ D) Children are not
permitted to have weapons. │ licet: impersonal verb = it is allowed
/ permitted and is followed by the dative case i.e. it is not permitted for
children to have weapons
[11] Nōlī abīre;
tē mēcum manēre volō! │ B) Don’t go away │negative imperative: nōlī(te)
+ infinitive
Don’t go away; I
want you to stay with me!
[13] Medicus
amīcum vulnerātum ē proeliō portāvit. │ A) wounded │ perfect
passive participle used as an adjective
The doctor carried
(his) wounded friend [= his friend who had been wounded] out of the battle.
[13] Multa et mala
Troiānīs ā Iūnōne facta sunt. │ B) by Juno │ablative of agent
i.e. the person by whom an action is performed
Many evil things
were done to the Trojans by Juno.
[14] Equī huius
hominis quattuor diēbus vēndentur. │ C) of this man │ declension of hic,
haec, hoc
The horses of this
man / this man’s horses will be sold within four days.
[15] Quibus
dux auxilium dedit? │ C) To whom │ declension of quis? (who?);
here: dative plural implying that more than one person was given help.
To whom did the
commander give help? / Who did the commander give help to?
[16] Rēgēs, quōrum
potestās maxima est, multōs annōs regent. │ C) whose │ declension of quī, quae, quod
Kings, whose power
[= the power of whom] is very great, will reign for many years.
Notes: at this
level you should be familiar with the specific grammatical terms for different
features:
Image #1: question
[14] refers to the demonstrative pronoun / adjective hic, haec, hoc (those;
these)
Equī huius
hominis quattuor diēbus vēndentur. │ The horses of this man will be
sold within four days.
Grammar books may refer to hic, haec and hoc either as demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative adjectives, or both terms together. The reason for this is that they serve more than one function:
[i] If they describe a named noun e.g. hic liber (this book) we can say that they are acting as a demonstrative adjective as in the example above.
[ii] If they stand alone i.e. they are in place of a noun then they can be defined as demonstrative pronouns e.g. this (man), this (one) or he; this (woman), she; this (thing), it
In the plural, the same range of translations in [i] and [ii] apply e.g. these (books), these (ones / men / women / things), they
Context will determine the best translation.
Images #2 and #3:
questions [15] and [16]
Image #2: question
15 refers to quis / quid? (who / what?) i.e. an interrogative pronoun asking
a question
Quibus dux auxilium dedit? │ To whom did the
commander give help?
Image #3: question
16 refers to quī / quae / quod (who / which) i.e. a relative pronoun
that introduces a relative clause which gives more information about the
preceding noun in the main clause
Rēgēs, ¦ quōrum
potestās maxima est, ¦ multōs annōs regent. │ Kings, ¦ whose power is very
great / the greatest, ¦ will reign for many years.
There is almost no
difference in the declensions of both of these:
[i] the
interrogative pronoun (quis?) can be masculine or feminine
[ii] the
interrogative pronouns in the plural are identical to the relative pronouns
