Friday, June 28, 2024

07.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](1)

Aequī, quī in parte Latiī habitābant, bellum contrā populum Rōmānum gerēbant. Aequī Minucium, cōnsulem Rōmānum in valle angustā obsīdēbant; itaque perīculum [1] Rōmānīs erat magnum. Inde Rōmānī nūntiōs ad Cincinnātum mīsērunt. Ubi nūntiī pervēnērunt, Cincinnātus in fundō parvō arābat. Rōmānī Cincinnātum, quī ad oppidum statim vēnit, [2] dictātōrem creāvērunt.

[1] Rōmānīs (dative plural): for the Romans.

[2] dictātor, dictātōris [3/m]: dictator (from dictō, -āre, -āvī [1]: to say often / repeat / assert); the noun did not have the negative meaning that it does now. A dictator was originally an emergency legal appointment in the Roman Republic, the position given to a Roman magistrate for a limited duration.

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The Aequi, who lived in a part of Latium waged war against the Roman people. They were besieging / blockading Minucius, a Roman consul, in a narrow valley; therefore, the danger for the Romans was great. From there the Romans sent messengers to Cincinnatus. When the messengers arrived, Cincinnatus was ploughing on a small farm. The Romans made Cincinnatus, who immediately came to the town, dictator [can be reworked: they made Cincinnatus dictator and he immediately came to the town].

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequi


By Sémhur (talk) - Own work. Source :File:Italy_topographic_map-blank.svg by Sting under licence GFDL or CC-BY-SA 3.0File:Central_Italian_Ancient_Peoples.jpg by Ursus under licence Public Domain, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14382517



Statue of Cincinnatus holding the fasces at his plough in Cincinnati, Ohio

fasces: a bound bundle of wooden rods often containing a protruding axe and symbolising judicial power



07.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [2]; participles from outer space; declension [1]

Image #1: There are those who claim that, in ancient times, aliens visited our planet. If they did, the Romans never mentioned flying saucers, but that hasn’t prevented Neo Latin from making a word up!

orbis, -is [3/m] circle; disc / disc-shaped object

volō, -āre [1]: fly > volāns, volantis: flying

Ecce orbis volāns! Behold! A flying saucer!


All present active participles have a nominative in -ns:

Image #2: Participles formed from 1st 2nd and 3rd  conjugation verbs

The -re of the infinitive is removed to form the stem, and -ns is added. Note the shortening of the vowel in the stem change -nt-

Image #3: For 3rd-iō and 4th conjugation verbs, remove -re and change the stem vowel to - (ie).

The stem vowels used are the same as for the imperfect tense i.e.

amā¦ bam > amāns, amantis

docē¦ bam > docēns, docentis

dūcē¦ bam > dūcēns, ducentis

cap¦bam > capns, capientis

aud¦bam > audns, audientis

Image #4: All the participles have a genitive singular in -nt¦is; it is the -nt- that provides the stem for all the case endings.



06.08.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima [6](5)

“Multa sunt monumenta antīqua in Britanniā, multa vestīgia Rōmānōrum.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolanda

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre

https://historicengland.org.uk/whats-new/research/back-issues/roman-richborough/

“Rusticīs nummī saepe sunt causa lucrī.”

The coin was found by a metal detectorist in a field in Kent (where Ora Maritima is set). It certainly was a source of profit:

“A stunning gold coin emblazoned with the face of Roman Emperor Allectus - the first Brexiteer who took Britain out of the Roman Empire - has sold for a staggering £550,000.”






05.08.24: Level 1: dialogue; Galba and Marcus

G. Quis, Mārce, est lēgātus gerēns (bearing) pīllum et tubam?

M. Lēgātus, Galba, est Sextus.

G. Ubi Sextus habitat?

M. In oppidō Sextus cum fīliābus habitat.

G. Amantne oppidānī Sextum?

M. Amant oppidānī Sextum et laudant, quod magnā cum cōnstantiā pugnat.

G. Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? Cūr nōn cēnam parat?

M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equō lēgātī aquam et frūmentum dat.

G. Cūr nōn servus Sextī equum dominī cūrat?

M. Sextus et servus ad mūrum oppidī properant. Oppidānī bellum parant.

Vocabulary

[i] Nouns

  • bellum, -ī, n., war (re-bel)
  • cōnstantia, -ae, f., firmness, constancy, steadiness
  • dominus, -ī, m., master, lord (dominate)
  • equus, -ī, m., horse (equine)
  • frūmentum, -ī, n., grain
  • lēgātus, -ī, m., lieutenant, ambassador (legate)
  • Mārcus, -ī, m., Marcus, Mark
  • mūrus, -ī, m., wall (mural)
  • oppidānus, -ī, m., townsman
  • oppidum, -ī, n., town
  • pīlum, -ī, n., spear (pile driver)
  • servus, -ī, m., slave, servant
  • Sextus, -ī, m., Sextus

[ii] Verbs

  • cūrat, he (she, it) cares for, with acc.
  • properat, he (she, it) hastens

Grammar

[i] https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Latin_for_beginners_(1911)/Part_II/Lesson_IX

[ii] image: 2nd declension nouns in -us and -um

[ii] Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? This is an example of the vocative case which is used when addressing people (or things) directly i.e. the equivalent of “Tell me, John” or “Hello, Sarah” The only time this ending appears in nouns is with 2nd declension singular nouns ending in –(i)us: Mārcus > Mārce. For all other nouns – both singular and plural – the vocative is the same as the nominative.

Proper names ending in -ius form a vocative in -ī: Iūlī

Note also: fīlius (son) > mī fīlī (my son)

Questions

[A] Find the Latin:

  1. Where does Sextus live?
  2. Who is the ambassador?
  3. Where, Marcus, is your maidservant?
  4. My maidservant is giving grain to the horse of the ambassador. [= the ambassador’s horse]
  5. Sextus and the slave are hurrying towards the wall of the town.
  6. My maidservant is giving grain to the horse.
  7. Do the people in the town love Sextus?
  8. Sextus and the slave are hurrying towards the wall.
  9. Who is the ambassador bearing a spear?
  10. The people in the town are preparing (for) war.
  11. My maidservant is giving grain
  12. Sextus lives in a town.
  13. Do the people in the town love Sextus?
  14. 4 cases in one sentence:

  • Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after / caring for the master’s horse?
  • Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after the master’s horse?
  • Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after the master’s horse?
  • Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after the master’s horse?

[B] Questions

Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.

1. Ubi fīliae Sextī habitant?

2. Quem oppidānī amant et laudant?

3. Quid ancilla equō lēgātī dat?

4. Cuius equum ancilla cūrat?

5. Quis ad mūrum cum Sextō properat?

6. Quid oppidānī parant?