14.06.27: Level 4 (review); eō, īre – and its compounds [3] compound verbs; exercises (1)

[1] Label the images:

praeterīre; circumīre; redīre; exīre; abīre; trānsīre; inīre; perīre; adīre

[2] Translate:

[i] he goes around

[ii] I cross

[iii] she goes past

[iv] they perish

[v] they return

[vi] we go out

[vii] you (pl.) go in

[viii] you (sg.) approach

[ix] you (sg.) go away

[3] Translate:

[i] abierimus

[ii] abiī

[iii] adieritis

[iv] adīstī

[v] circumiit

[vi] exītis

[vii] iniimus

[viii] perierint

[ix] periērunt

[x] praeterieram

[xi] redierās

[xii] trānsierat

____________________

[i]

[2]

[i] circumit

[ii] trānseō

[iii] praeterit

[iv] pereunt

[v] redeunt

[vi] exīmus

[vii] inītis

[viii] adīs

[ix] abīs

[3]

[i] abierimus: we will have gone away

[ii] abiī: I went away

[iii] adieritis: you (plural) will have approached

[iv] adīstī: you approached

[v] circumiit: (s)he / it went around

[vi] exītis: you (plural) went out

[vii] iniimus: we went in

[viii] perierint: they will have perished

[ix] periērunt: they perished

[x] praeterieram: I had gone past

[xi] redierās: you had returned

[xii] trānsierat: (s)he / it had crossed

13.06.27: topic; transport; Neo-Latin; Traupman [2] listening part [A]; transcript and translation; vocabulary

statiō ferriviāria | the train station

[A]

Diāna
Salvē! Velim comparāre tesseram itinerāriam prīmae classis. | Hello! I’d like to buy a first-class ticket.

Tesserārius | ticket agent / seller
Quō, quaesō? | Where to, please?

Diāna
In Californiam. | To California.

Tesserārius
Vīsne tesseram unīus cursūs an tesseram itūs reditūsque? | Do you want a one-way ticket or a round-trip ticket?

Diāna
Tesseram itūs reditūsque. Quotā hōrā trāmen meum abscēdit? | A round-trip ticket. At what time does the train depart?

Tesserārius
Hōrā ūndecimā. | At eleven o’clock.

Diāna
Ā quotā crepīdine trāmen abscēdit? | From which platform does the train depart?

Tesserārius
Ā crepīdine quārtā, in orbitā decimā. | From platform 4, on track 10.

Diāna
Estne trāmen dīrēctum? | Is it a through train?

Tesserārius
Minimē. Mūtābis trāmina in statiōne Chicāgiēnsī. | No. You will change trains at the Chicago station.

____________________

[1] tessera, -ae [1/f]: (NL) ticket;  (CL) [i] square, cube; [ii] die (also six-sided and numbered for a dice game); [iii] ticket, voucher

Apart from the noun being used in playing games / gambling, two terms, both attested in CL, refer to the noun specifically as either a ticket or some form of voucher:

• tessera frūmentāria / nummāria: “a voucher or ticket given upon certain occasions by the magistrates to the poor, in exchange for which they received the quantities of bread, corn, wine, and oil, or sums of money inscribed upon it” (Thurston Peck)
• tessera theātrālis: “A ticket of admission to the theatre, or other place of public amusement …  entitling the holder to a place at the representation. On it were inscribed the number of the seat, the division and row in which it was situated, and in some cases the title of the play performed.” (Thurston Peck)

[2] tessera itinerāria < itinerārius, -a, -um: relating to a journey; the adjective makes it clear that a travel ticket is being referred to

• itinerārium, -ī [2/n]: journey (rare: far more common is iter, itineris [3/n])

[3] tessera unīus cursūs: (NL) one way ticket;  (CL) cursus, -ūs [4/m]: [i] running; [ii] (here) way; journey; voyage

[4] tessera itūs reditūsque: (NL) return ticket, but reflects how some other languages express a similar idea e.g. Fr. aller-retour; Gmn. hin und zurück; Russ. tuda i obratno (туда и обратно), all of which convey going there and coming back

• itus, -ūs [4/m]: going; departure
• reditus, -ūs [4/m]: return

[5] tessera prīmae / secundae classis: (NL) first / second class ticket; (CL) classis, -is [3/f]: [i] group, rank, class; [ii] fleet (of ships)

[6] tesserārius, -ī [2/m]: (NL) ticket seller; (CL) [i] dice-player; [ii] the person who receives the “watchword” from the commander

• tessera mīlitāris: A note / written order, with the ‘password’ which was often inscribed on a wooden tablet and given out by the officers to their soldiers, in order to distinguish friends from foes. It was also used to issue the the commander’s orders to different divisions of an army.

[7] statiō, -ōnis [3/f] ferriviāria [or: statiō ferrātae viae]: (NL) railway station

The adjective ferriviārius, -a, -um is a Neo-Latin coinage from ferrum, -ī [2/n]: iron + via, -ae [1/f]: way; road, specifically referring to railways. The word is aligned with certain other European languages that combine the terms ‘iron’ + ‘way’ e.g. Fr. chemin de fer; Gmn; Eisenbahn; Russ. zheleznaya doroga (железная дорога), all three italicised words meaning ‘iron’ and all three expressions literally meaning iron way or track. See also: via ferrāta (below).

• tessera ferriviāria: (NL) railway ticket

[8] trāmen, trāminis [3/n]: (NL) train < trahō, -ere [drag] + -men, the suffix used to describe the means by which the action is performed; Engl. and Fr. train < Fr. traîner [drag]

trāmen directum: (NL) a direct train

trāmen ferriviārium: (NL) railway train

• also: hamaxostichus, -ī [2/m]: (NL) train; < Anc. Gk. ἅμαξα [hámaxa, “wagon”] + στίχος [stíkhos, “a row or file (of soldiers)” or “a line (of poetry)”]

Three nice examples of hamaxostichus in texts using Neo-Latin:

(1) hamaxostichus, benzīnī exceptōria vehēns, exorbitāvit, quod via ferrāta, magnīs pluviīs mollīta, cōnsēderat | a train carrying tankers of gasoline derailed because the iron track, softened by heavy rains, had subsided.

(2) nōnne hamaxostichus Birminghamiēnsis advēnit? | Surely the Birmingham train has arrived?

(3) dum loquitur ululātū māchinae vectōriae iuxtā crepīdinem īnstrūctae sublātō hamaxostichus movēbātur | As she spoke, an engine standing at a platform gave a loud wail, and the train began to move.

• via ferrāta: literally, a road covered with iron = railway

https://neolatinlexicon.org/latin/railroad_railway/

• exorbitō, -āre [1/f]: go off track; deviate
• māchina, -ae [1/f] vectōria: (NL) locomotive; (train) engine
• vectōrius, -a, -um: related to transport / carrying; tessera vectōria: an alternative Neo-Latin term for any form of travel ticket

https://neolatinlexicon.org/latin/locomotive/

[9] orbita, -ae [1/f]: (CL) a track or rut made in the ground by a wheel; (NL) railway track

https://neolatinlexicon.org/latin/platform_track_in_train_station/

[10] crepīdō, -inis [3/f]: (NL) platform (in a train station); (CL) [i] raised causeway, sidewalk; [ii] edge, embankment

Grammar Note

Quotā hōrā … / Ā quotā crepīdine …  trāmen meum abscedit? | At what time / from which platform does my train leave?

quot? (indeclinable): how many?; the question invites a cardinal number and expects a plural answer:

Quot librōs habēs?  | How many books do you have?

quotus, -a, -um? is used when a number as part of a sequence is expected as the answer; English has no specific equivalent. The closest English can come is in constructions such as: “What place did you come in the race?”

The question quotā hōrā? is referring to the Roman system of telling the time where the answers were given as ordinal numbers:

Hōrā ūndecimā. | At eleven o’clock [literally: at the eleventh hour]

Similarly, both questions below expect an answer in the form of an ordinal number:

Quotus imperātor Nerō fuit? | Which emperor was Nero? [i.e. was he the first, second etc?]

Quīntus. | the fifth

Ā quotā crepīdine …? | From which platform [i.e. from the first, second etc?] 

Ā crepīdine quartā | from platform four [literally: from the fourth platform]

12.06.27: Level 3+ (review); a Second Latin Reader (Vincent) [26] Preparations against the Veneti

Itaque Caesar, qui cognōvit omnēs ferē Gallōs novīs rēbus studēre et ad bellum celeriter excitārī, nē plūrēs cīvitātēs coniūrātiōnem facerent, exercitum latius distribuere constituit.

T. Labienum in Trēverōs cum equitātū mittit; huic imperat ut Rēmōs reliquōsque Belgās adeat et in officiō contineat atque Germānōs per vim nāvibus flūmen trānsgredī prohibeat.

P. Crassum cum duodecim cohortibus in Aquitāniam proficīscī iubet, nē ex hīs gentibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur. D. Brūtum classī Gallicīsque nāvibus praeficī et quam celerrimē in Venetōs proficīscī iubet.

Note: D. Brūtum [accusative] classī [dative] Gallicīsque nāvibus [dative] praeficī …iubet

praeficiō, -ere [3-iō]: to put (somebody) in command of / in charge of (something)

The person who is put in command is in the accusative case, and what the person is in charge of is in the dative case.

[1] Translate and explain the use of the infinitives in bold:

(a) Itaque Caesar, qui cognōvit omnēs ferē Gallōs novīs rēbus studēre et ad bellum celeriter excitārī, …

(b) huic imperat ut … Germānōs … nāvibus flūmen trānsgredī prohibeat.

(c) P. Crassum … in Aquitāniam proficīscī iubet

(d) D. Brūtum classī Gallicīsque nāvibus praeficī … iubet

[2] Translate and explain the uses of the subjunctive in bold:

(a) nē plūrēs cīvitātēs coniūrātiōnem facerent …

(b) nē … auxilia in Galliam mittantur

(c) huic imperat ut Rēmōs reliquōsque Belgās adeat

____________________

[1]

(a) Caesar, therefore, who learned that almost all the Gauls were eager for revolution and were quickly roused to war

studēre: present active infinitive; excitārī: present passive infinitive

Both used in an indirect statement introduced by cognōvit.

(b) He orders him to prevent the Germans from crossing the river in ships.

trānsgredī: deponent infinitive; active in meaning

(c) He orders Publius Crassus to set out for Aquitania.

proficīscī: deponent infinitive; active in meaning

(d) He orders Decimus Brutus to be placed in command of the fleet and the Gallic ships.

praeficī: passive infinitive

[2] subjunctive usage

(a) so that more states might not / would not form a conspiracy; negative purpose clause introduced by nē

(b) so that reinforcements may not be sent into Gaul; negative purpose clause introduced by nē

(c) he orders him to approach the Remi and the other Belgians; indirect command introduced by ut

Therefore Caesar, who learned that almost all the Gauls were eager for revolution and were quickly being roused to war, decided to distribute his army more widely, so that more states might not form a conspiracy.

He sends Titus Labienus to the Treveri with cavalry; he orders him to approach the Remi and the other Belgians and keep them loyal, and to prevent the Germans from crossing the river by force in ships.

He orders Publius Crassus to set out for Aquitania with twelve cohorts, so that reinforcements might not be sent from these peoples into Gaul. He orders Decimus Brutus to be placed in command of the fleet and the Gallic ships and to set out against the Veneti as quickly as possible.

11.06.27: Level 1-2 (review); Julia (a Latin Reader) [16] (1)

HECTOR ET ANDROMACHĒ

Inter Troiānōs quī tot annōs urbem suam contrā Graecōs dēfendēbant, erat Hector, omnium rēgis fīliōrum fortissimus, et Priamō patrī cārissimus. Hic ā cīvibus suīs maximē amābātur et in summō honōre habēbātur.

Vehementer ā Graecīs timēbātur, ubi ex urbīs portīs ad proelium ruēbat, aut ignibus īnfēstīs hostium nāvēs vastābat. Cottīdiē Troiānī ad arma ab Hectore incitābantur; cottīdiē cīvium animī ad fortia facta firmābantur. Saepe cum Hectore ā proeliō victōrēs revertērunt.

Andromachē, Hectoris uxor, cum virō fīliolōque in rēgiā habitābat. Nūlla ex omnibus Troiānīs mulier magis virum suum amābat, aut virī amōre dignior erat. Ōlim Hector, ad proelium ōrnātus, ē viā in rēgiam vēnit. Andromachē vultū laetō virum salūtāvit et ancillam vocāvit, quae fīliolum in sinū tenēbat. Deinde Hector bracchia ad puerum porrēxit. Sed puer, ubi cristam rubram vīdit, quae ex patris galeā horrēbat, perterritus est, nec ad patrem venīre audēbat, sed multīs lacrimīs in ancillae sinū haerēbat.

Tum vērō Hector, vir maximus, fīliō rīsit, et galeam terribilem humī dēposuit, et bracchia iterum ad fīlium porrēxit. Hic nōn iam perterritus est, sed rīsit, et patris collō bracchia parvula dedit.

XLVI

ancilla, -ae [1/f]: handmaid

Andromachē, -ae [1/f]: Andromache, wife of Hector

audeō, -ēre, ausus sum [2]: dare

dēpōnō, -ere, dēposuī, dēpositus [3]: put down

dignus, -a, -um: worthy; … aut virī amōre [+ ablative] dignior erat | … or was more worthy of the love of a husband

fīliolus, -ī [2/m]: little son

haereō, -ēre, haesī, haesum [2]: stick, cling

Hector, -oris [3/m]: Hector, the bravest of the Trojans

infestus, -a, -um: hostile, dangerous

magis: more

Priamus, -ī [2/m]: Priam, king of Troy

quī, quae, quod: who, which

sinus, -ūs [4/m]: the fold of a dress, the bosom

____________________

Among the Trojans who for so many years were defending their city against the Greeks was Hector, the bravest of all the king’s sons, and dearest to his father Priam. He was greatly loved by his fellow citizens and held in the highest honour.

He was greatly feared by the Greeks whenever he rushed out from the city gates into battle, or ravaged the enemy ships with destructive fires. Every day the Trojans were urged to take up arms by Hector; every day the spirits of the citizens were strengthened for brave deeds. Often they returned victorious from battle with Hector.

Andromache, Hector’s wife, lived in the palace with her husband and little son. Of all the Trojan women, none loved her husband more, or was more worthy of her husband’s love.

One day Hector, armed for battle, came from the road into the palace. Andromache greeted her husband with a joyful expression and called a maidservant, who was holding the little boy in her bosom. Then Hector stretched out his arms towards the boy.

But when the boy saw the red crest, which was sticking out from his father’s helmet, he was terrified and did not dare to come to his father, but clung to the maidservant’s bosom with many tears.

Then indeed Hector, a great man, smiled at his son, and put down the terrifying helmet on the ground, and stretched out his arms towards his son again. The boy was no longer frightened, but smiled, and put his little arms around his father’s neck.

10.06.27: Level 1; First Latin Lessons (23); review [4]

arma, -ōrum [2/n/pl]: weapons

castra, -ōrum [2/n/pl]: camp

Note: the noun in Latin is plural, but it has a singular meaning; verbs and adjectives used with it are also in the plural

galea, -ae [1/f]: helmet

lātus, -a, -um: wide; broad

male: badly

nēmō: nobody; used with a singular verb

omnēs: everyone; used with a plural verb

vir, -ī [2/m]: man

[1] Complete the Latin texts with the endings and words listed below; many of these are used more than once.

I: Everybody loves and praises [= all (the people) love and praise] Publius because he is a good man. No one praises his son because he is not hardworking and works badly. Publius is unhappy because his son is not hardworking.

Omnēs amīc_____ Publi_____ amant et __________ quod __________ bon_____ est. Nēmō fīli_____ eius __________, quod impiger nōn est et male labōrat. Pūbli_____ est __________ quod fīli_____ nōn est impiger.

-ī; labōrat; laudant; laudat; -um; -us; vir; miser

II: In your house I see a helmet and a shield. I also see a sword. Your weapons are Roman. Now we see helmets and swords in war, but we do not see shields.

In tēct_____ tu_____ gale_____ et scūt_____ __________. Gladi_____ quoque __________. Tu_____ arm_____ sunt Rōmān_____. Nunc gale_____ et gladi_____ in bell_____ __________, sed scūt_____ nōn __________.

-a; -am; -ās; -ō; -ōs; -um; vidēmus; videō

III: Our town has wide streets. In the streets we see many boys and girls. The boys and girls are hurrying from school.

III: Oppid_____ nostr_____ vi_____ lāt_____ habet. In vi_____ mult_____ puer_____ et puell_____ vidēmus. Puer_____ et puell_____ ex schol_____ properant.

-ā; -ae; -ās; -ī; -īs; -ōs; -um

[2] Complete the Latin sentences by choosing the correct translation:

[i] Why are you carrying no books today?

Cūr __________ hodiē portās?

[A] nūllī librī; [B] nūllum librum; [C] nūllōs librōs

[ii] (1) My friend is carrying (2) my books today.

__________ hodiē __________ portat.

(1) [A] amīcus meus; [B] amīcī meī; [C] amīcum meum

(2) [A] librī meī; [B] librōs meōs; [C] librīs meīs

[iii] I often carry my friend’s books.

Saepe librōs __________ portō.

[A] amīcōrum meōrum; [B] amicō meō; [C] amīcī meī

[iv] From our town we see the camp.

[iv] Ex __________ castra vidēmus.

[A] oppidum nostrum; [B] oppida nostra; [C] oppidō nostrō

[3] Translate into Latin

[i] The camp is large. My friend is now in the camp. [Check vocabulary note]

[ii] The little boy reads many books.

[iii] Marcus is unhappy today.

[iv] The field is large but the garden is small.

[v] Your horse is beautiful but it is not strong.

[vi] There are many roses in my garden.

____________________

[1]

I: Omnēs amīcī Publium amant et laudant quod vir bonus est. Nēmō fīlium eius laudat, quod impiger nōn est et male labōrat. Pūblius est miser quod fīlius nōn est impiger.

II: In tēctō tuō galeam et scūtum videō. Gladium quoque videō. Tua arma sunt Rōmāna. Nunc galeās et gladiōs in bellō vidēmus, sed scūta nōn vidēmus.

III: Oppidum nostrum viās lātās habet. In viīs multōs puerōs et puellās vidēmus. Puerī et puellae ex scholā properant.

[2]

[i] Cūr nūllōs librōs hodiē portās?

[ii] Amīcus meus hodiē librōs meōs portat.

[iii] Saepe librōs amīcī meī portō.

[iv] Ex oppidō nostrō castra vidēmus.

[3]

[i] Castra magna sunt. Amīcus meus nunc in castrīs est.

[ii] Puer parvus multōs librōs legit.

[iii] Mārcus hodiē est miser.

[iv] Ager est magnus sed hortus parvus est.

[v] Equus tuus est pulcher sed nōn est validus.

[vi] In hortō meō sunt multae rosae.

09.06.27: Level 4 (review); eō, īre – and its compounds [2] indicative active; exercise

[a] Tick the tense of each verb.

[b] Translate:

[i] (s)he / it had gone

[ii] (s)he / it has gone

[iii] (s)he / it is going

[iv] (s)he / it will have gone

[v] I had gone

[vi] I shall have gone

[vii] they are going

[viii] they went

[ix] they were going

[x] we are going

[xi] we had gone

[xii] we were going

[xiii] you (pl.) were going

[xiv] you (sg.) went

[xv] you (sg.) will have gone

____________________

[a]

[b]

[i] (s)he / it had gone: ierat

[ii] (s)he / it has gone: iit

[iii] (s)he / it is going: it

[iv] (s)he / it will have gone: ierit

[v] I had gone: ieram

[vi] I shall have gone: ierō

[vii] they are going: eunt

[viii] they went: iērunt

[ix] they were going: ībant

[x] we are going: īmus

[xi] we had gone: ierāmus

[xii] we were going: ībāmus

[xiii] you (pl.) were going: ībātis

[xiv] you (sg.) went: īstī

[xv] you (sg.) will have gone: ieris

08.06.27: Level 4 (review); eō, īre – and its compounds [1] indicative active

The irregularity of the verb is in its stems which are most often a single vowel. Once you are familiar with the stems, the conjugation of the verb is straightforward.

Note: Active forms of the verb are very common and part of the core vocabulary of Latin. Passive forms of the verb are rare and very restricted in their usage. Therefore, all passive forms will be discussed separately.

[i] Present tense

eō [stem: e-  + personal ending: ō]

is [stem: i-  + personal ending: s]

it [stem: i-  + personal ending: t]

īmus [stem: ī-  + personal ending: mus]

ītis [stem: ī-  + personal ending: tis]

eunt [stem: eu-  + personal ending: nt]

[ii] Imperfect and future tenses

single stem vowel: ī- + 1^st / 2^nd imperfect tense and future tense endings:

• imperfect: ībam, ībās etc.
• future: ībō, ībis etc.

[iii] Perfect tense stems

[a] single vowel: i- + perfect tense endings

However, note the spelling changes marked with an asterisk:

(1) iī [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -ī]

* (2) īstī [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -istī, but the two vowels merge > īstī]

Note: iistī is sometimes attested, especially in the work of Plautus:

• Strēnuē mehercle iistī.
• Bis periistī?
• Iamne abiistī? 

(3) iit [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -it]

(4) iimus [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -imus]

* (5) īstis [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -istis, but the two vowels merge > īstis]

Note: iistis is sometimes attested, especially in the work of Plautus: 

• Iam vōs rediistis in concordiam?
• Ā mē magnam iniistis grātiam.

(6) iērunt [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -ērunt]

[b] perfect stem: īv- + the perfect tense endings

These forms do not occur as often with the verb eō, īre; in Classical literature, some do not exist at all, but are used in later Latin. However, they are used as perfect tense endings for 4^th conjugation verbs throughout the Classical period.

īvī | audīvī

īvistī | audīvīstī

īvit | audīvit

īvimus | audīvimus

īvistis | audīvistis

īvērunt | audīvērunt

[iv] Pluperfect and future perfect tenses

[a] perfect stem: i- + pluperfect / future perfect endings

[b] perfect stem: īv- + pluperfect / future perfect endings

pluperfect: ieram, ierās etc. | īveram, īverās etc.

future perfect: ierō, ieris etc. | īverō, īveris etc.

07.06.27: topic; transport; Neo-Latin; Traupman [1] listening

Listen to the recording (referring to the transcript if you need to) and answer the questions after each section:

statiō ferriviāria | the train station

[A]

Diāna
Salvē! Velim comparāre tesseram itinerāriam prīmae classis

Tesserārius
Quō, quaesō?

Diāna
In Californiam. | To California.

Tesserārius
Vīsne tesseram unīus cursūs an tesseram itūs reditūsque?

Diāna
Tesseram itūs reditūsque. Quotā hōrā trāmen meum abscēdit?

Tesserārius
Hōrā ūndecimā.

Diāna
Ā quotā crepīdine trāmen abscēdit?

Tesserārius
Ā crepīdine quārtā, in orbitā decimā.

Diāna
Estne trāmen dīrēctum?

Tesserārius
Minimē. Mūtābis trāmina in statiōne Chicāgiēnsī.

[A] Tick the answers:

[1] The traveller wants:

a first class ticket _______

a second class ticket _______

a single ticket _______

a return ticket _______

[2] The train leaves at:

10.00 _______

10.10 _______

11.00 _______

11.10 _______

[3] The train leaves from:

platform 10 _______

track four _______

platform 4 _______

track ten _______

[4] The train is:

direct _______

not direct _______

[B]

bulga, -ae [1/f]: (NL) handbag; (CL) wallet, satchel, purse

pēra, -ae [1/f]: bag; satchel (slung over the shoulder)

riscus, -ī [2/m]: (NL) suitcase; (CL) trunk

sarcīnae, -ārum [1/f/pl]: luggage

[B]

Tesserārius

Quās sarcīnās tēcum habēs?

Diāna
Ūnum riscum, ūnam bulgam, ūnam pēram.

Tesserārius
Cūrātiō sarcīnārum est illīc, iuxtā oecum praestōlātōrium.

Diāna
Suntne bāiulī in promptū?

Tesserārius
Ita. Illī illīc stant prope scālas mōbilēs.

[B] Tick the answers:

[1] The ticket seller asks:

if the traveller has any luggage _______

how many pieces of luggage she has _______

what luggage she has _______

where her luggage is _______

[2] The traveller has:

a suitcase, a briefcase, a purse _______

a rucksack, two handbags _______

a suitcase, a handbag, a shoulder bag _______

[3] The baggage check-in is:

next to the waiting room _______

opposite the waiting room _______

in front of the waiting room _______

behind the waiting room _______

[4] The porters are:

sitting by the escalator _______

standing near the escalator _______

[C]

Diāna
Suntne currus cēnātōrius et currus dormītōrius in hōc trāmine?

Tesserārius
Certē..

Diāna
Quam mox mihi licet trāmen ferriviārium īnscendere?

Tesserārius
Vīgintī aut summum trīgintā minūtīs. En, cape hōrārium trāminum.

Diāna
Grātiās. Quantī cōnstat tessera itinerāria?

Tesserārius
Centum octōgintā quīnque dollarīs.

Diāna
Ecce vectūram.

Tesserārius
Grātiās. Bene ambulā!

[C] Tick the answers:

[1] The traveller asks about:

a dining car _______

a luggage compartment _______

a sleeping car _______

a smoking compartment _______

[2] When is the latest she can board the train?

quarter of an hour  _______

2o minutes _______

half an hour _______

35 minutes _______

[3] The ticket seller:

shows the traveller the departure time _______

tells the traveller to look at the timetable _______

gives the traveller a train schedule _______

[4] How much is the ticket?

$18.50 _______

$108.50 _______

$180.50 _______

$185 _______

[5] The ticket seller tells the traveller:

to go for a walk _______

to say thanks _______

to have a good trip _______

to walk to the train _______

____________________

[A]

[1] first class ticket; return ticket

[2] 11.00

[3] track four; platform 10

[4] not direct

[B]

[1] what luggage she has

[2] a suitcase, a handbag, a shoulder bag

[3] next to the waiting room

[4] standing near the escalator

[C]

[1] a dining car; a sleeping car

[2] half an hour

[3] gives the traveller a train schedule

[4] $185

[5] to have a good trip

06.06.27: Level 3+ (review); a Second Latin Reader (Vincent) [25] The Bellovaci

Caesar, obsidibus acceptīs prīmīs civitātis atque ipsīus Galbae rēgis duōbus fīliīs et armīs omnibus ex oppidō trāditīs, in dēditiōnem Suessiōnēs accēpit exercitumque in Bellovacōs dūcit. Quī sē suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulerant; illō tempore Caesar ab eō oppidō cum exercitū mīlia passuum quīnque aberat. Paucī igitur erant quī sē Caesārī trādere nollent. Itaque omnēs maiōrēs nātū ex oppidō ēgressī manūs ad Caesarem tendere et petere coepērunt ut in potestātem populī Rōmānī venīrent. Inde, postquam ad oppidum vēnit castraque ibi posuit, puerī mulierēsque ex mūrō pācem ab Rōmānīs petiērunt.

[1] subjunctive usage

Relative clause of characteristic

Paucī igitur erant quī sē Caesārī trādere nollent. | There were few who were unwilling to surrender themselves to Caesar.

03.08.26: Level 3+; Subjunctive [79] dependent uses [9] relative clauses of characteristic (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2026/03/030826-level-4-subjunctive-79-dependent.html

03.08.26: Level 3+; Subjunctive [80] dependent uses [9] relative clauses of characteristic (2) practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2026/03/030826-level-4-subjunctive-80-dependent.html

[2] deponent verbs

ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum [3-iō/deponent]: come out

Deponent verbs are passive in form but active in meaning. Therefore, the participle translates as “having done …”:

omnēs maiōrēs nātū ex oppidō ēgressī … | all the elders, having come out of the town …

Examples from earlier passages:

hortor, -arī, hortātus sum [1/deponent]: encourage

Inde Caesar … suōs mīlitēs hortātus … | Then Caesar… having encouraged his soldiers …

proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum [3 / deponent]: set out

profectī igitur | therefore, having set out

ūtor, utī, ūsus sum [3/deponent]: use

Inde eae gentēs, eōdem consiliō ūsāe … | Then those peoples, having used the same plan …

[3] ablative of respect

omnēs maiōrēs nātū | all the elders [literally: all greater in respect of age / birth]

11.06.25; Level 3;  summary of the uses of the ablative case [14]: the ablative of respect / specification

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/110625-level-3-summary-of-of-uses-of_7.html

[4] Translate the full phrases and identify the constructions in bold.

[a]

obsidibus acceptīs prīmīs civitātis atque ipsīus Galbae rēgis duōbus fīliīs

armīs omnibus ex oppidō trāditīs

[b] petere coepērunt ut in potestātem populī Rōmānī venīrent

[c] Quī sē suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulerant

[d] illō tempore Caesar ab eō oppidō … aberat

____________________

[4]

[a]

After the leading men of the state and the two sons of Galba, the king himself, had been received as hostages; ablative absolute

After all the weapons from the town had been handed over; ablative absolute

[b] (they) began requesting to come [= that they might come] under the authority of the Roman people; subjunctive: indirect command

[c] (And) they had taken themselves and all their possessions into the town of Bratuspantium; connecting relative

[d] At that time Caesar was away from the town; ablative of time when

Once the leading men of the state and the two sons of Galba, the king himself, had been received, Caesar received the Suessiones in surrender and leads the army against the Bellovaci. And they had taken themselves and all their possessions into the town of Bratuspantium; at that time Caesar together with the army was five miles away from the town. Therefore, there were few who refused to surrender to Caesar. And so all the elders, having come out of the town, began extending their hands to Caesar and requesting to come under the authority of the Roman people. Then, after he came to the town and placed a camp there, from the wall the children and women sought peace from the Romans.

05.06.27: Level 1-2 (review); Julia (a Latin Reader) [15] (2)

Inter captīvōs Rēgulus ipse Carthāginem ductus est. Tum summō gaudiō Poenī, "Nunc," inquiunt, "Rōmānōs vīcimus; Rōmānī igitur pācem dēsīderābunt et bonās condiciōnēs ferent. Tē, Rēgule, Rōmam iam mittēmus. Tū lēgātī modō in Senātum intrā – sī verbīs tuīs animōs cīvium tuōrum ad pācem addūxeris, tū vinculīs līberāberis, et līber in līberā urbe tuā habitābis. Sed sī Rōmānī nōn ad pācem amīcitiamque adductī erunt, sed malās condiciōnēs ferent, et Poenōs odiō īrāque petent, tū nōn in urbe tuā manēbis, sed Carthāginem iterum veniēs, et vinculīs mortīque crūdēlī tē trādēs."

Rēgulus igitur Poenīs fidem dedit, et ad patriam celerrimē revertit. Sed ubi Senātum intrāvit, nōn ad pācem amīcitiamque cīvēs suōs addūxit. "Nunc," inquit, "superātī sunt Rōmānī; malās condiciōnēs ferent Poenī. Vōs autem meliōrēs fortiōrēsque estis hostibus; sī igitur bellum summīs vīribus gerētis, et virōs vōs praebēbitis, mox vōs victōrēs eritis et vestrās condiciōnēs hostibus ferētis. Ego Carthāginem nāvigābō nec fidem violābō. Vōs animōs ad bellum firmāte et hostēs sub pedibus prōsternite. Ego nec vincula nec mortem recūsō, sed vestrō amōre mē dignum praebēbō."

Deinde Rēgulus fidem nōn violāvit, sed vultū serēnō Rōmā discessit et Carthāginem revertit. Ibi vinculīs mortīque sē trādidit.

addūcō, -ere, addūxī, adductus [3]: influence

amīcitia, -ae [1/f]: friendship

bellum gerō: I carry on war

condiciō, -ōnis [3/f]: term, condition

fidēs, -eī [5/f]: faith, promise; fidem violō: I break my promise

ipse, -a, -um: one’s self

lēgātus, -ī [2/m]: ambassador

līber, -era, -erum: free

melior, -ius: better

revertō, -ere, revertī, reversus [3]: turn back; (perfect tense): return

senātus, -ūs [4/m]: Senate, a governing body

victor, -ōris [3/m]: victorious

violō, -āre [1]: violate

____________________

Among the captives, Regulus himself was led to Carthage. Then, with the greatest joy, the Carthaginians said, "Now we have conquered the Romans; therefore, the Romans will desire peace and bring good terms. We will send you to Rome now, Regulus. Enter into the Senate in the manner of an envoy—if by your words you lead the minds of your citizens to peace, you will be freed from chains, and you will live a free man in your free city. But if the Romans are not led to peace and friendship, but bring bad terms, and attack the Carthaginians with hatred and anger, you will not remain in your city, but you will come to Carthage again, and you will surrender yourself to chains and a cruel death."

Regulus therefore gave his pledge to the Carthaginians, and returned to his homeland very quickly. But when he entered the Senate, he did not lead his citizens to peace and friendship. He said, "Now the Romans are overcome; the Carthaginians will bring bad terms. You, however, are better and braver than the enemy; if therefore you wage war with your utmost strength, and show yourselves to be men, soon you will be victors and you will bring your own terms to the enemy. I will sail to Carthage and I will not break my pledge. Strengthen your minds for war and lay the enemy low under your feet. I refuse neither chains nor death, but I will show myself worthy of your love."

Then Regulus did not break his pledge, but with a calm countenance he departed from Rome and returned to Carthage. There he surrendered himself to chains and death.

04.06.27: Level 1; First Latin Lessons (22); review [3]

[1] Match the English with the Latin in the word cloud:

dangerous

dark

dear; beloved

famous; well-known

good

happy

kind

large; great

Latin

many; much

my

open

pleasing; welcome

small

your

apertus, -a, -um; benignus, -a, -um; bonus, -a, -um; cārus, -a, -um; clārus, -a, -um;

grātus, -a, -um; laetus, -a, -um; Latīnus, -a, -um; magnus, -a, -um; meus, -a, -um;

multus, -a, -um; obscūrus, -a, -um; parvus, -a, -um; perīculōsus, -a, -um; tuus, -a, -um

[2] Label the images:

miser, -a, -um

pulcher, -chra, -chrum

vester, -stra, -strum

aeger, -gra, -grum

noster, -tra, -trum

impiger, -gra, -grum

[3] Which of the images illustrates these sentences?

Casa parva est.

Iānua aperta est.

Multam pecūniam habeō.

Puella aegra est.

Puer miser est.

Vir dēfessus est.