26.11.26: Level 4; subjunctive (review) [4] Road to Latin (Chesnutt) 49

Caesarī __________ cōnsilia Helvētiōrum __________, Rōmā celeriter profectus est. Magnīs itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit et ad Genavam pervēnit. Mīlitum quam maximum numerum coēgit atque pontem quī erat ad Genavam dēlērī iussit. __________ Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā __________, Helvētiī lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Lēgātī __________  __________ eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere __________.

Caesar __________ __________ Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse, eīs iter dare dubitāvit. __________ autem __________ __________ Helvētiī, neque hominēs bellicōsōs sine inīuriā iter per prōvinciam factūrōs esse exīstimābat. __________ satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā __________, eō tempore contrā Helvētiōs bellum gerere nōluit. Itaque lēgātōs post aliquot diēs revertī iussit.

Interim Caesar et legiō decima rīpam Rhodanī multa mīlia passuum mūrō fossāque mūnīre coepērunt. Mīlitēs, superiōribus proeliīs exercitī, brevissimō tempore rem perfēcērunt. Ubi lēgātī Helvētiī diē cōnstitūtā ad Caesarem revertērunt, sē Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam dare posse negāvit.

__________ Caesar eīs iter __________, __________ Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt. Aliī navibus, aliī vadīs flumen trānsīre ausī sunt. Magnus fuit labor Helvētiōrum at frūstrā ausī sunt. Helvētiī __________ diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere __________, id __________ perficere nōn potuērunt. Tandem, mūnītiōne et mīlitum tēlīs repulsī, cessērunt.

Complete the Latin with the words and phrases listed below; some words are used more than once

[1] When the plans of the Helvetii had been reported to Caesar …

Caesarī __________ cōnsilia Helvētiōrum __________, …

[2] When Caesar was assembling soldiers from the province, …

__________ Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā __________, …

[3] The envoys asked that, with his consent, it be allowed for the Helvetii to make a journey.

Lēgātī __________  __________ eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere __________.

[4] Caesar, since he remembered that the Helvetii had once sent a Roman army under the yoke…

Caesar __________  __________ Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse …

[5] He realized, however, what kind of people the Helvetii were, …

__________ autem __________ __________ Helvētiī, …

[6] Since he did not have a sufficiently large number of soldiers in Gaul …

__________ satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā __________ …

​[7] Although Caesar had not given them a passage, the Helvetii nevertheless began to cross the river by force.

__________ Caesar eīs iter __________, __________ Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt.

[8] Although the Helvetii tried day and night to break through the fortifications, they nevertheless were not able to accomplish it.

Helvētiī __________ diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere __________, id __________ perficere nōn potuērunt.

cōgeret

cōnārentur

cum

essent

licēret

memoriā tenēret

nōn dedisset

nōn habēret

nūntiāta essent

quālēs

rogāvērunt

sēnsit

tamen

ut

____________________

[1] Caesarī cum cōnsilia Helvētiōrum nūntiāta essent, …

[2] Cum Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā cōgeret, …

[3] Lēgātī rogāvērunt ut eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere licēret.

[4] Caesar cum memoriā tenēret Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse …

[5] Sēnsit autem quālēs essent Helvētiī, …

[6] Cum satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā nōn habēret …

[7] Cum Caesar eīs iter nōn dedisset, tamen Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt.

[8] Helvētiī cum diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere cōnārentur, id tamen perficere nōn potuērunt.

25.11.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXX [2] comprehension (2)

THE RIVAL CENTURIONS [2]

Haec cum dīxisset, extrā mūnītiōnēs prōcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cōfertissima vidēbātur inrūpit. Neque Vorēnus quidem tum vāllō sēsē continet, sed Pullōnem subsequitur. Tum Pullō pīlum in hostīs immittit atque ūnum ex multitūdine prōcurrentem trāicit. Hunc percussum et exanimātum hostēs scūtīs prōtegunt et in Pullōnem omnēs tēla coniciunt. Eius scūtum trānsfīgitur et tēlum in balteō dēfīgitur. Hic cāsus vāgīnam āvertit et dextram manum eius gladium ēdūcere cōnantis morātur. Eum ita impedītum hostēs circumsistunt.

[1] “Haec … circumsistunt.”

In which order do the following events take place?

a pierced shield _____

a spear in a belt _____

advancing beyond the fortifications _____

bursting into the most densely packed section of the enemy _____

hurling a javelin _____

inability to draw the sword _____

protecting with shields _____

somebody running forward _____

surrounded by the enemy _____

Vorenus follows Pullo _____

[2] Complete the Latin texts with the words listed below. Note that the order of words in the Latin and English texts may be different.

[A] Then indeed Vorenus, (1) although (2) he is his enemy, (3) nevertheless gives assistance, (3) to him (4) while he is struggling. At once all the crowd turns from Pullo to (6) him. Vorenus fights hand-to-hand with his sword, and, (7) one (man) (8) having been killed, drives back the rest a little. But the unfortunate man, (9) pressing forward too eagerly, his foot (10) slipping, falls.

Tum vēro (4) __________ (5) __________ Vorēnus, (1) __________ (2) __________ inimīcus, (3) __________ auxilium dat. Ad (6) __________ cōnfestim ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, (7) __________ (8) __________, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Sed (9) __________ cupidius īnfēlīx, pede sē (10) __________, concidit.

cum; eī; fallente; hunc; īnstāns; interfectō; labōrantī; sit; tamen; ūnō

[B]

(1) To him again, (2) when surrounded, Pullo gives aid, and (3) both return within the fortifications (4) unharmed, after (5) many (6) had been killed, with the (7) highest praise. Thus (8) each of the enemies gave help (9) to the other, nor could (10) anyone judge between their courage.

(1) __________ rūrsus (2) __________ auxilium dat Pullō, atque (3) __________ (4) __________, (5) __________ (6) __________, (7) __________ cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic inimīcōrum (8) __________ (9) __________ auxilium dedit nec dē eōrum virtūte (10) __________ iūdicāre potuit.

alter; alterī; ambō; circumventō; huic; incolumēs; interfectīs; plūribus; quisquam; summā

____________________

[1]

a pierced shield [7]

a spear in a belt [8]

advancing beyond the fortifications [1]

bursting into the most densely packed section of the enemy [2]

hurling a javelin [4]

inability to draw the sword [9]

protecting with shields [6]

somebody running forward [5]

surrounded by the enemy [10]

Vorenus follows Pullo [3]

[2]

[A] Tum vēro (4) eī (5) labōrantī Vorēnus, (1) cum (2) sit inimīcus, (3) tamen auxilium dat. Ad (6) hunc cōnfestim ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, (7) ūnō (8) interfectō, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Sed (9) īnstāns cupidius īnfēlīx, pede sē (10) fallente, concidit.

[B] (1) Huic rūrsus (2) circumventō auxilium dat Pullō, atque (3) ambō (4) incolumēs, (5) plūribus (6) interfectīs, (7) summā cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic inimīcōrum (8) alter (9) alterī auxilium dedit nec dē eōrum virtūte (10) quisquam iūdicāre potuit.

25.11.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXX [1] comprehension (1)

THE RIVAL CENTURIONS [1]

Illīs in castrīs erant duo centuriōnēs, fortissimī virī, T. Pullō et L. Vorēnus, quōrum neuter alterī virtūte cēdere volēbat. Inter eōs iam multōs annōs īnfēnsum certāmen gerēbātur. Tum dēmum fīnis contrōversiae hōc modō factus est. Diē tertiō postquam Pūblius pervēnit, hostēs, maiōribus cōpiīs coāctīs, ācerrimum impetum in castra fēcērunt. Tum Pullō, cum Rōmānī tardiōrēs vidērentur, “Cūr dubitās,” inquit, “Vorēne? Quam commodiōrem occāsiōnem exspectās? Hic diēs dē virtūte nostrā iūdicābit.”

Illīs in castrīs … factus est..

[1] “Illīs in castrīs … factus est.”

Quote and translate the parts of this introduction that state that:

[i] the two centurions were rivals (2)

[ii] the rivalry was hostile (2)

[iii] the rivalry was resolved (2)

[2] “Diē tertiō … iūdicābit.”

[a] The following statements are false; correct them:

[i] Publius reached the camp on the third day of the attack.

[ii] The Romans had assembled larger forces.

[iii] The Romans made a sudden attack on the enemy.

[iv] Publius was sure that the enemy were slow to act.

[v] Vorenus asked Publius why he was hesitant.

[b] In your own words, explain how Pullus encourages the Romans to take action. (2)

____________________

[1]

[i] quōrum neuter alterī virtūte cēdere volēbat | neither of whom was willling to give way to the other

[ii] īnfēnsum certāmen | hostile rivalry

[iii] fīnis contrōversiae … factus est | an end was made to the dispute

[2]

[a]

[i] the attack happened on the third day after his arrival

[ii] The enemy had assembled larger forces.

[iii] The enemy made a very fierce attack on the Roman camp.

[iv] The Romans seemed rather slow to Pullo.

[v] Pullus asked Vorenus why he was hesitating.

[b] He says that there is no more favourable opportunity (1) and this day will judge their courage (1)

24.11.26: Comenius (1658) LXXV; the Bath [1] text, translation, grammar notes

The Bath | Balneum

He that desireth to be wash’d | quī cupit lavārī

in cold water, | aquā frīgidā,

goeth down into a river, 1. | dēscendit in flūvium, 1.

In a bathing-house, 2. | in balneāriō, 2.

we wash off the filth | abluimus squalōrēs,

either sitting in a tub, 3. | sīve sedentēs in labrō, 3.

or going up | sīve cōnscendentēs

into the hot-house, 4. | in sūdātōrium, 4.

and we are rubbed | & dēfricāmur

with a pumice-stone, | pūmice,

or a hair-cloth, | aut ciliciō,

In the stripping-room, 5. | in apodytēriō, 5.

we put off our clothes, | exuimus vestēs,

and are tyed about | & praecingimur

with an apron, 6. | castulā, 6.

We cover our head | tegimus caput

with a cap, 7. | pīleolō, 7.

and put our feet | & impōnimus pedēs

into a bason, 8. | pelluviō, 8.

The bath-woman, 9. | balneātrīx, 9.

reacheth water in a bucket, 10. | ministrat aquam situlā, 10.

drawn out of the trough, 11. | haustam ex alveō, 11.

into which it runneth | in quem dēfluit

out of pipes, 12. | ē canālibus, 12.

The bath-keeper, 13. | balneātor, 13.

lanceth with a lancet, 14. | scarificat scalprō, 14.

and by applying | & applicandō

cupping-glasses, | cucurbitās,

he draweth the blood | extrahit sanguinem

betwixt the skin and the flesh, | subcutāneum,

which he wipeth away | quem abstergit

with a spunge, | spongiā.

[1] Grammar notes

[i] passive voice

quī cupit lavārī | he who desires to get washed

dēfricāmur | we are rubbed

praecingimur | we are tied about

[ii] ablative of means / instrument

quī cupit lavārī aquā frīgidā | he who desires to get washed in [by means of] cold water

dēfricāmur pūmice aut ciliciō | we are rubbed with a pumice-stone, or a hair-cloth

praecingimur castulā | we are tied about with an apron

tegimus caput pīleolō | we cover the head with a cap

balneātor scarificat scalprō | The bath-keeper lanceth with a lancet

(sanguinem) abstergit spongiā | He wipes away the blood with a sponge

[iii] present active participle

abluimus squalōrēs, sīve sedentēs in labrō, sīve cōnscendentēs in sūdātōrium

we wash off the filth, either [while] sitting in a tub, or [while] going up into the hot-house

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/present%20active%20participle

[iv] gerund

applicandō cucurbitās

by applying cupping-glasses

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/gerund

23.11.26: Level 1-2 (review): Julia (a Latin Reader) [5] (1)

RŌMULUS ET SABĪNAE (1)

Rōmulus erat Mārtis fīlius. Mārs erat deus bellī et armōrum. Mīlitēs Rōmānī Mārtem adōrābant et in Mārtis ārīs victimās mactābant. Rōmulus igitur mīlitēs et arma vehementer amābat. Urbis Rōmae prīmus rēx erat. Sed virī sōlum urbem habitābant; neque uxōrēs neque sorōrēs habēbant.

Itaque Rōmulus tōtum populum convocāvit, et "Ō cīvēs," inquit, "nūllās fēminās habēmus, sed Sabīnī cīvitātem fīnitimam habitant. Sabīnī fēminās multās et fōrmōsās habent. Sabīnōs igitur cum fēminīs ad lūdōs invītābimus, et virginēs raptābimus."

Rōmānī igitur Sabīnōs ad lūdōs magnōs invītāvērunt. Pāx erat inter Rōmānōs et Sabīnōs. Itaque Sabīnī ad lūdōs Rōmānōrum libenter properāvērunt. Nec scūta nec gladiōs nec hastās apportāvērunt. Cum Sabīnīs, virginēs multae et fōrmōsae properāvērunt.

arma, -ōrum [2/n pl.]: arms

bellum, -ī [2/n]: war

gladius, -ī [2/m]: sword

Rōmulus, -ī [2/m]: Romulus, the founder of Rome

Sabīnus, -ī [2/m]: a Sabine (neighbour of the Romans)

cīvis, -is [3 m./f.]: citizen

cīvitās, -ātis [3/f]: state

Mars, Martis [3/m]: Mars, god of war

mīles, -itis [3/m]: soldier

pāx, pācis [3/f]: peace

rēx, rēgis [3/m]: king

soror, sorōris [3/f]: sister

urbs, urbis [3/f]: city

uxor, uxōris [3/f]: wife

virgō, -inis [3/f]: virgin

fīnitimus, -a, -um: neighbouring

formōsus, -a, -um: beautiful

prīmus, -a, -um: first

invītō, invītāre [1]: invite

____________________

Romulus was the son of Mars. Mars was the god of war and of arms. The Roman soldiers worshipped Mars and sacrificed victims on the altars of Mars. Therefore Romulus loved soldiers and weapons very much. He was the first king of the city of Rome. But the men lived in the city alone; they had neither wives nor sisters.

And so Romulus called together the whole people and said, “O citizens, we have no women, but the Sabines live in a neighbouring state. The Sabines have many beautiful women. Therefore we shall invite the Sabines with the women to games, and we shall carry off the maidens.”

And so the Romans invited the Sabines to great games. There was peace between the Romans and the Sabines. Therefore the Sabines gladly hurried to the games of the Romans. They brought neither shields nor swords nor spears. With the Sabines, many beautiful maidens hurried.

22.11.26: Level 4; subjunctive (review) [3] Road to Latin (Chesnutt) 48

Amīcī Caesaris cōnsilia Helvētiōrum animadvertunt atque maximē perturbantur. Intellegunt Helvētiōs ex fīnibus suīs ēgrēdī statuisse. Cognōscunt eōs multīs aliīs gentibus persuādēre ut sē sociōs coniungant et ex fīnibus suīs ēgrediantur. Sentiunt Helvētiōs per prōvinciam Rōmānam iter facere cōnātūrōs esse. Timent nē Helvētiī sociīs Rōmānīs maximē noceant. Itaque magnā cum celeritāte Rōmam contendunt ut cum Caesare conloquantur.

“Cūr tam celeriter ex Galliā vēnistis?” quaesīvit Caesar. Cūr perturbāminī?”

“Cūr perturbāmur? Multa apud Helvētiōs cōnspeximus, Caesar. Libenter tē certiōrem faciēmus cūr perturbēmur. Helvētiī ex fīnibus suīs ēgredī statuērunt et magnum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmērunt. Rogāsne cūr Helvētiī ēgredī statuerint? Rogāsne quantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmerint? Prīmō nōn intellēximus cūr ex suīs fīnibus ēgredī statuissent, et cūr tantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmissent. Itaque ā nostrīs amīcīs Helvēticīs quaesīvimus quae Helvētiī facerent.”

Tum Caesar ipse perturbāus quaesīvit quae repperissent. “Helvētiī, Caesar, exīstimant suōs fīnēs angustiōrēs esse prō multitūdine hominum; cōnstituērunt igitur domō exīre ut regiōnibus sibi idōneīs potīrentur. Ad novās regiōnēs eunt. Rogāsne num per prōvinciam Rōmānam eant? Amīcī nostrī nōs certiōrēs nōn fēcērunt quō īrent. Lātiōrēs tamen regiōnēs petunt atque sine dubiō per prōvinciam Romānam iter facere cōnābuntur. Itaque ad tē contendimus ut tē dē hīs rēbus certiōrem facerēmus.”

Complete the translations with the words and phrases listed below.

[1] Cognōscunt eōs multīs aliīs gentibus persuādēre ut sē sociōs coniungant et ex fīnibus suīs ēgrediantur.

They learn that (1) __________  many other tribes (2) __________  them as allies and (3) __________  their territories.

[2] Timent nē Helvētiī sociīs Rōmānīs maximē noceant.

(1) __________ the Helvetii (2) __________  greatly  __________  the Roman allies.

[3] Itaque magnā cum celeritāte Rōmam contendunt ut cum Caesare conloquantur.

Therefore they hurry to Rome with great speed (1) __________ (2) __________ with Caesar.

[4] Libenter tē certiōrem faciēmus cūr perturbēmur.

(1) __________ gladly  __________  you (2) __________.

[5] Rogāsne cūr Helvētiī ēgredī statuerint?

Are you asking (1) __________  the Helvetii (2) __________  to leave?

[6] Rogāsne quantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmerint?

Are you asking (1) __________ a number of wagons and pack animals (2) __________?

[7] Prīmō nōn intellēximus cūr ex suīs fīnibus ēgredī statuissent, et cūr tantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmissent.

At first (1) __________ (2) __________ to leave their territory, and (3) __________ so great a number of wagons and pack animals.

[8] Itaque ā nostrīs amīcīs Helvēticīs quaesīvimus quae Helvētiī facerent.

Therefore (1) __________ our Helvetian friends (2) __________ the Helvetii (3) __________.

[9] Tum Caesar ipse perturbāus quaesīvit quae repperissent.

Then Caesar himself, disturbed, asked __________.

[10] Cōnstituērunt igitur domō exīre ut regiōnibus sibi idōneīs potīrentur.

Therefore they decided to leave home (1) __________ (2) __________ of regions suitable for themselves.

[11] Rogāsne num per prōvinciam Rōmānam eant?

Are you asking (1) __________  (2) __________ through the Roman province?

[12] Amīcī nostrī nōs certiōrēs nōn fēcērunt quō īrent.

Our friends (1) __________  us (2) __________  (3) __________.

[13] Itaque ad tē contendimus ut tē dē hīs rēbus certiōrem facerēmus.

Therefore we hurried to you  __________ about these matters.

they are persuading

they fear that

we did not understand

we asked

did not inform

we will … inform

__________

may … harm

they have obtained

were doing

they might gain possession

decided

they are going

they were going (to)

__________

in order

in order to inform you

so that

__________

what

what they had discovered

whether

where

why

why we are troubled

why they had sent out

why they had decided

how large

__________

to join

to leave

to speak

____________________

[1] They learn that (1) they are persuading many other tribes (2) to join them as allies and (3) to leave their territories.

[2] (1) They fear that the Helvetii (2) may greatly harm the Roman allies.

[3] Therefore they hurry to Rome with great speed (1) in order (2) to speak with Caesar.

[4] (1) We will gladly inform you (2) why we are troubled.

[5] Are you asking (1) why the Helvetii (2) decided to leave?

[6] Are you asking (1) how large a number of wagons and pack animals (2) they have obtained?

[7] At first (1) we did not understand (2) why they had decided to leave their territory, and (3) why they had sent out so great a number of wagons and pack animals.

[8] Therefore (1) we asked our Helvetian friends (2) what the Helvetii (3) were doing.

[9] Then Caesar himself, disturbed, asked what they had discovered.

[10] Therefore they decided to leave home (1) so that (2) they might gain possession of regions suitable for themselves.

[11] Are you asking (1) whether (2) they are going through the Roman province?

[12] Our friends (1) did not inform us (2) where (3) they were going (to).

[13] Therefore we hurried to you in order to inform you about these matters.

21.11.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXIX [3] subjunctive

HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED

Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum gerit multīs perīculīs circumdatus est. Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquantēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant ut imperātor ipse cum plūribus legiōnibus expedītīs prīmum agmen dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta tōtīus exercitūs conlocābant. Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. Quā dē causā castra in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset. In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs coniciēbantur. Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est.

review: subjunctive usage

[1] purpose

[i] ut + subjunctive

Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni … solēbant.

• in order to avoid these dangers, the Romans were accustomed to …

et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent.

• and centurians were sent ahead in order to choose a suitable location for the camp…

In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō … fierī posset.

• There were four gates at the camp so that a sortie … could be made

[ii] nē + subjunctive introducing a negative purpose clause

… nēve … opprimerentur

• … or so that they would not be overwhelmed [literally: lest they be overwhelmed]

[iii] quī + subjunctive; referring specifically to the person who is to perform the task

Equitēs quoque … dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent.

• The cavalry were also sent out in order to scout the terrain [literally: who were to scout]

[iv] quō + comparative + subjunctive

Nam quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, …

• So that the soldiers might be safer, …

[2] result

… agmen ita dispōnēbant ut imperātor ipse … prīmum agmen dūceret.

• (They) arranged the column in such a way that the general himself …. would lead the front line.

[3] characteristic

Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset.

• The place was considered suitable for a camp which could easily be defended and would be near water.

____________________

An army which wages war in the territory of the enemy is surrounded by many dangers. In order to avoid these dangers, the Romans were accustomed to take the greatest care. As the forces of the enemy approached, they arranged the column in such a way that the general himself, with several light-armed legions, would lead the front line. Behind these troops they placed the baggage of the whole army. Then the legions which had been most recently enrolled closed the whole column. The cavalry also were sent out in all directions to scout the ground; and centurions were sent ahead to choose a place suitable for a camp. A place was considered suitable for a camp which could easily be defended and would be near water. For this reason the camp was often pitched on a hill steep on both sides but gently sloping in front; or a place surrounded by marshes or situated on the banks of a river was chosen.

After the army had reached the place, some of the soldiers remained under arms, others began to fortify the camp. For, so that the soldiers might be safer from the enemy and might not be caught off guard and unprepared, they fortified the camp with a wide ditch and a high rampart. In the camp there were four gates so that a sortie of the soldiers could be made in all directions. At the corners of the camp there were towers from which missiles were hurled against the enemy. In such a camp as we have described, Publius was received by Caesar.

21.11.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXIX [2] comprehension

HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED

Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum gerit multīs perīculīs circumdatus est. Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquantēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant ut imperātor ipse cum plūribus legiōnibus expedītīs prīmum agmen dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta tōtīus exercitūs conlocābant. Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. Quā dē causā castra in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset. In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs coniciēbantur. Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est.

• aliī … aliī …: some … others …
• expeditus, -a, -um: unhindered; unencumbered; here it refers to soldiers who are not carrying, for example, baggage or heavy equipment

[1] “Exercitus … solēbant.”

[i] Where does the Roman army face many dangers? (1)

[ii] How did they respond to these dangers? (1)

[2] “Adpropinquantēs … claudēbant.”

How was the column organised? (6)

[3] “Equitēs … dēligerent.”

What was the function of [i] the cavalry, and [ii] the centurions? (4)

[4] “Locus … dēligēbātur.”

[i] What were the two main criteria for choosing a location suitable for a camp? (2)

[ii] Describe the physical features around a camp situated on a hill. (2)

[iii] Describe the two alternative locations for a camp. (2)

[5] “Ad locum … coniciēbantur."

[i] What were the two functions of the soldiers when they reached the camp? (2)

[ii] How did they ensure that they would not be overwhelmed by the enemy? (2)

[iii] What was the function of the four gates? (2)

[iv] Where were the towers and what was their function? (2)

____________________

[1]

[i] enemy territory

[ii] with the greatest care

[2]

Commander led the first line (1) with lightly equipped legions (1)

Baggage and equipment were placed (1) after / behind these troops (1)

Recently enrolled legions (1) closed / brought up the rear of the column (1)

[3]

[i] sent out in all directions (1) to reconnoitre / explore the terrain (1)

[ii] sent ahead (1) to choose a suitable site for the camp (1)

[4]

[i] easy to defend (1); near water (1)

[ii] steep on both sides (1); gentle slope at the front (1)

[iii] surrounded by marshes (1); on the banks of a river (1)

[5]

[i] some were armed (1); others began fortifying the camp (1)

[ii] the camp was fortified with a wide ditch (1), and a high rampart (1)

[iii] to allow sorties (1) in all directions (1)

[iv] at the corners of the camp (1); throwing missiles / javelins (1)

20.11.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [34] (3)

Herī vir ad casam nautae vēnit. Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, Maria ad iānuam cucurrit quod fīnitimum exspectābat. Ibi avunculus quī in Britanniā habitat stābat. Nēmō eum exspectābat quod nūllam epistulam mīserat. Omnēs, tamen, erant laetī. Trāns mare in magnā urbe in quā sunt multa perīcula avunculus habitat.

Avunculus, vir fortis, urbem dēfendit. Multī latrōnēs enim hūc veniunt. Tum est nūlla pāx et cīvēs sē dēfendere et urbem mūnīre necesse est. Cīvēs latrōnēs expellere maximē volunt. Hoc saepe difficile est et cīvēs sōlī hoc facere nōn possunt. Auxilium habēre volunt. Avunculus et comitēs eius hoc auxilium ferunt. Interdum proelia cum latrōnibus geruntur. Sīc enim necesse est pācem facere. Tēla avunculī sunt bona quamquam hastae gravēs atque gladiī nōn sunt.

Latrōnēs quoque tēla habent. Sī latrōnēs sē capī putant, cīvēs interdum interficiunt. Nocte ubi cīvēs somnō sē dant, latrōnēs per viās celeriter ambulant. Tēcta non semper mūnīta sunt. Fenestrae sunt apertae. Quod cīvēs sonitum pedum latrōnum nōn semper audiunt, nēmō latrōnēs, quī multās rēs ē tēctīs portant, videt. Latrōnēs igitur discēdunt. Māne posterō diē avunculus et comitēs eius vocantur et diū per viās errant. Sī latrōnēs capiuntur, hī virī malī diū in vinculīs tenentur aut interficiuntur.

Nunc Maria quae in grāmine sub umbrā arboris et ante pedēs avunculī iacet fābulās tantōrum perīculōrum audit. “Nōn tanta perīcula sunt, ut putō, in nostrīs urbibus,” inquit puella. Avunculus “Maiōra perīcula,” respondet, “in urbibus vestrīs quam trāns mare reperiuntur. In urbe meā paucī cīvēs ā latrōnibus interficiuntur.”

[1] Give the nominative singular of the following nouns from the text:

[i] comitēs

[ii] diē

[iii] gramine

[iv] latrōnēs

[v] nocte

[vi] pedum

[2] Match the words and phrases in bold from the text with their grammatical descriptions

[i] Herī vir ad casam nautae vēnit.

[ii] Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, …

[iii] Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, …

[iv] quod fīnitimum exspectābat.

[v] in magnā urbe in quā sunt multa perīcula

[vi] cīvēs sē dēfendere … necesse est.

[vii] Cīvēs latrōnēs expellere maximē volunt.

[viii] proelia … geruntur

[ix] quamquam hastae gravēs atque gladiī nōn sunt

[x] multās rēs

[xi] posterō diē

[xii] Sī latrōnēs capiuntur, …

[xiii] hī virī malī

[xiv] Maiōra perīcula

[xv] … cīvēs ā latrōnibus interficiuntur

5^th declension noun

ablative of agent

adverb of time

adverbial phrase of time

comparative adjective

concessive clause

conditional clause

conjunction introducing a clause of reason

conjunction introducing a clause of time

demonstrative adjective

perfect passive

present passive

reflexive pronoun

relative pronoun

superlative adverb

___________________

[1]

[i] comes

[ii] diēs

[iii] grāmen

[iv] latrō

[v] nox

[vi] pēs

[2]

[i] Herī vir ad casam nautae vēnit. | adverb of time; yesterday a man came to the sailor’s cottage

[ii] Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, … | conjunction introducing a clause of time; when the sound of his feet was heard …

[iii] Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, … | perfect passive; when the sound of his feet was heard …

[iv] quod fīnitimum exspectābat. | conjunction introducing a clause of reason; because she was waiting for a neighbour

[v] in magnā urbe in quā sunt multa perīcula | relative pronoun; in a large city in which there are many dangers

[vi] cīvēs sē dēfendere … necesse est. | reflexive pronoun; it is necessary for the citizens to defend themselves

[vii] Cīvēs latrōnēs expellere maximē volunt. | superlative adverb; the citizens very much want to drive out the robbers.

[viii] proelia … geruntur | present passive; battles are waged

[ix] quamquam hastae gravēs atque gladiī nōn sunt | concessive clause; although the spears and swords are not heavy

[x] multās rēs | 5^th declension noun; many things

[xi] posterō diē | adverbial phrase of time; on the following day

[xii] Sī latrōnēs capiuntur, … | conditional clause; if the robbers are captured …

[xiii] hī virī malī| demonstrative adjective; these evil men

[xiv] Maiōra perīcula | comparative adjective; greater dangers

[xv] … cīvēs ā latrōnibus interficiuntur | ablative of agent; … citizens are killed by robbers

19.11.26: Level 1-2 (review): Julia (a Latin Reader) [4] (6)

CERĒS ET PERSEPHONĒ (6)

Tum Persephonē cum Mercuriō ē rēgnō Īnferōrum properāvit. Mercurius equōs validōs incitāvit, et equī per clīvōs altōs, per campōs lātōs libenter properāvērunt. Tandem Persephonē templum Deae flāvae vidēbat. Puella laeta verbīs laetīs Deam vocāvit.

Cerēs magnō gaudiō ē templō ēvolāvit, et fīliae cārae ōscula multa dabat. Subitō per terrās herba in prātīs, ūvae in vīneīs undique flōrēbant, quod nōn iam flēbant Cerēs et Persephonē. Cēterī quoque deī laetī erant, quod agricolae ad templa dōna multa apportābant et in ārīs victimās mactābant.

gaudium, -ī [2/n]: joy

ēvolō, ēvolāre [1]: fly out

flōreō, flōrēre [2]: bloom

libenter: gladly

___________________

Then Persephone hurried with Mercury out of the kingdom of the Underworld. Mercury urged on his strong horses, and the horses gladly hurried through high hills and wide fields. At last Persephone saw the temple of the golden goddess. The happy girl called to the goddess with joyful words.

Ceres flew out of the temple with great joy and gave many kisses to her dear daughter. Suddenly throughout the lands grass in the meadows and grapes in the vineyards were blooming everywhere, because Ceres and Persephone were no longer weeping. The other gods also were happy, because the farmers were bringing many gifts to the temples and sacrificing victims on the altars.

18.11.26: Level 4; subjunctive (review) [2] Road to Latin (Chesnutt) 47

Tam bene dīcit Orgetorīx ut iuvenēs nōbilēs coniūrātiōnem faciant et rēgna in cīvitātibus suīs occupāre cōnstituant. Inter sē fīdem et iūs iūrandum dant. Tam audācēs sunt ut perīcula nōn timeant. Etiam spērant sē tōtīus Galliae imperiō potīrī posse. Tanta est Orgeorīgis cupiditās rēgnī ut patriam trādere velit.

Ea rēs, paulō, post, Helvētiīs ēnūntiāta est. Helvētiī Orgetorīgem hostem esse sēnsērunt et ita incitātī sunt ut eum ex vinculīs causam dīcere cōgerent. Orgetorīx amīcōrum magnum numerum habēbat et eius audācia erat tanta ut ad iūdicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum mīlia decem, undique convocāret; per eōs sē ēripere posse spērāvit. Sed cīvitās, ob eam rem incītāta, armīs iūs suum exsecūta est multitūdinemque hominum ex agrīs magistrātūs ad iūdicium coēgērunt. Orgetorīx perterritus dē vītā decessit.

Post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī patriam relinquere cupīvērunt. Quārē accidit ut cōnsilia exsequerentur. Magnae sēmentēs factae erant; carrī et iūmenta ēmpta erant; fēminae līberīque conlātī erant. Sed spem domum reditiōnis tollere necesse erat. Fiēbat ut oppida sua omnia, vīcōs omnēs, reliqua prīvāta aedificia incenderent. etiam frūmentum omne praeter id quod sēcum portāre necesse erat incendērunt. Hōc modō effēcērunt ut omnis spēs domum reditiōnis tollerētur. Effēcērunt praetereā ut fīnitimī eōdem cōnsiliō ūsī ūnā cum eīs proficīscerentur.

Complete the translations of the Latin sentences with one clause from Column A and one clause from Column B

[1] Tam bene dīcit Orgetorīx ut iuvenēs nōbilēs coniūrātiōnem faciant.

[2] Tam audācēs sunt ut perīcula nōn timeant.

[3] Tanta est Orgeorīgis cupiditās rēgnī ut patriam trādere velit.

[4] Helvetiī … ita incitātī sunt ut eum ex vinculīs causam dīcere cōgerent.

[5] Eius audācia erat tanta ut ad iūdicium omnem suam familiam … convocāret.

[6] Quārē accidit ut cōnsilia exsequerentur.

[7] Fiēbat ut oppida sua omnia … incenderent.

[8] Hōc modō effēcērunt ut omnis spēs domum reditiōnis tollerētur.

[9] Effēcērunt praetereā ut fīnitimī … ūnā cum eīs proficīscerentur.

____________________

[1] Orgetorix speaks so well that the noble youths make a conspiracy.

[2] They are so bold that they do not fear dangers.

[3] So great is Orgetorix’s desire for kingship that he wishes to betray his country.

[4] The Helvetii were so stirred up that they forced him to plead his case in chains.

[5] His boldness was so great that he summoned his entire household to the trial.

[6] Therefore it happened that they carried out their plans.

[7] It came about that they burned all their towns.

[8] So great is Orgetorix’s desire for kingship that all hope of returning home was removed.

[9] They also brought it about that the neighbouring peoples set out together with them.

17.11.26: Level 3+ (Review); P. Cornelius Lentulus: The Story Of A Roman Boy [10]

LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CAESAR'S ARMY IN GAUL

[A] __________

[B] __________

Pūblius iam adulēscēns, postquam togam virīlem sūmpsit, aliīs rēbus studēre incēpit et praesertim ūsū armōrum sē dīligenter exercuit. Magis magisque amāvit illās artēs quae mīlitārem animum dēlectant. Iamque erant quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent. Nec sine causā, quod certē patris īnsigne exemplum ita multum trahēbat.

[C] __________

[D] __________

Paucīs ante annīs C. Iūlius Caesar, ducum Rōmānōrum maximus, cōnsul creātus erat et hōc tempore in Galliā bellum grave gerēbat. Atque in exercitū eius plūrēs adulēscentēs mīlitābant, apud quōs erat amīcus quīdam Pūblī. Ille Pūblium crēbrīs litterīs vehementer hortābātur ut iter in Galliam faceret. Neque Pūblius rēcūsāvit, et, multīs amīcīs ad portam urbis prōsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est.

[E] __________

[F] __________

Quārtō diē postquam iter ingressus est, ad Alpēs, montēs altissimōs, pervēnit. Hīs summā difficultāte superātīs, tandem Gallōrum in fīnibus erat. Prīmō autem veritus est ut castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquāre posset, quod Gallī, maximīs cōpiīs coāctīs, Rōmānōs obsidēbant et viās omnēs iam clauserant. Quamvīs per hostium cōpiās iter faceret, Pūblius vestem Gallicam induit nē ā Gallīs caperētur; ita incolumis ad castra pervenīre potuit. Intrā mūnītiōnēs acceptus, ā Caesare benignē exceptus est. Imperātor fortem adulēscentem amplissimīs verbīs laudāvit et eum tribūnum mīlitum creāvit.

Question [1] comprehension

Which of the following titles are appropriate for each paragraph? There are two titles for each of them.

dangerous journey through enemy territory

early training and growing interest in military life

invitation to join Caesar’s campaign in Gaul

successful arrival and reward in the Roman camp

the rise of Julius Caesar as Rome’s greatest general

young man influenced by his father’s reputation

Question [2] language; clause types and descriptors

Look at the following clauses from the text. At this higher level, you may well be using grammar books that identify these clauses by name. Match the clauses with their names and descriptors [A] – [H] below:

[i] plūrēs adulēscentēs mīlitābant ¦ apud quōs erat amīcus quīdam Pūblī _____

[ii] erant ¦ quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent _____

[iii] postquam togam virīlem sūmpsit _____

[iv] quod certē patris īnsigne exemplum ita multum trahēbat _____

[v] vestem Gallicam induit ¦ nē ā Gallīs caperētur _____

[vi] hortābātur ¦ ut iter in Galliam faceret _____

[vii] veritus est ¦ ut castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquāre posset _____

[viii] Quamvīs per hostium cōpiās iter faceret, … _____

[A] subordinate clause of fear (+ subjunctive)

• Used after verbs of fearing; nē expresses fear that something may happen, ut expresses fear that something may not happen.

[B] indirect command (+ subjunctive)

• Reports an order, request, encouragement, or instruction indirectly.

[C] concessive clause (+ subjunctive)

• Expresses a contrast, usually translated as “although …”; the main action happens despite this fact.

[D] subordinate clause of cause / reason

• Explains why the action in the main clause happens.

[E] relative / adjectival clause

• Refers to / describes a specific, identifiable person or thing mentioned in the main clause.

[F] relative clause of characteristic (+ subjunctive)

• Describes the type or kind of person or thing, not a specific individual; often a general or non-specific group.

[G] subordinate clause of negative purpose (+ nē + subjunctive)

• Explains the aim or intention behind the action in the main clause; here, the purpose is negative i.e. the goal it is intended not to bring about.

[H] subordinate clause of time (temporal clause)

• States when the action of the main clause takes place.

____________________

Notes on the subjunctive

[1] Subjunctive: characteristic; does not describe a specific person but makes a generalised comment on the ‘type of person’

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20characteristic

Iamque erant quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent

• And there were already people who predicted a military career for him

[2] Subjunctive: indirect command

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20indirect%20commands

Ille Pūblium … vehementer hortābātur ut iter in Galliam faceret

• He was strongly urging Publius … to make a journey into Gaul

[3] Subjunctive: purpose (negative)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20purpose

Pūblius vestem Gallicam induit nē ā Gallīs caperētur

• Publius put on Gallic clothing so that he would not be captured by the Gauls

[4] Subjunctive: fear

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20verbs%20of%20fearing

Prīmō autem veritus est ut castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquāre posset

• At first, however, he feared that he might not be able to approach the Roman camp

[5] Subjunctive: concessive; ‘although’

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/subjunctive%3A%20concessive%20clauses

Quamvīs per hostium cōpiās iter faceret, …

• Although he was making his way through the enemy forces, …

____________________

Question [1] comprehension

[A] Early training and growing interest in military life

[B] A young man influenced by his father’s reputation

[C] An invitation to join Caesar’s campaign in Gaul

[D] The rise of Julius Caesar as Rome’s greatest general

[E] A dangerous journey through enemy territory

[F] Successful arrival and reward in the Roman camp

Question [2] language

[i] E; [ii] F; [iii] H; [iv] D; [v] G; [vi] B; [vii] A; [viii] C