18.02.27: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [40] (3)

NOTE: This the last post on the textbook 'Carolus et Maria'; the entire book has been discussed in a total of 147 posts; the link to all of them is at:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/textbook%3A%20Carolus%20et%20Maria

Ōlim vesperī magistra cum discipulīs ad silvam it. Cēnam portāvērunt. Secūrēs sūmpsērunt. Puerī arborēs parvās secūribus suīs cecīdērunt frēgēruntque quod ignem facere voluērunt. Post cēnam omnēs circum ignem sē disposuērunt. Intereā discipulī fābulam postulāvērunt. Hōc modō magistra nārrāre incēpit:

“Multīs ante annīs per hās ipsās silvās prīmī incolae Americānī errābant. Barbarī ab hostibus Britannīs appellābantur. Saepe apud hōs incolās ignēs huius generis vidēbantur. Apud Britannōs cōnspectus eōrum ignium signum perīculī esse putābātur, quandō ipsī aut fugiēbant aut in castella sē recipiēbant et per vigiliās noctis sine quiēte sē dēfendēbant. Saepe Britannī secūrēs sūmēbant et arborēs caedēbant. Tum castella validiōra faciēbant.

“Multī barbarī, autem, erant benignī et aliōs incolās occīdere nōlēbant, sed saepe iniūriae hostium eōrum erant magnae. Posteā ubi barbarī ē rēgnō suō ab hostibus pellēbantur ipsī saevī et dūrī fīēbant. Semper paucī ex barbarīs cum hostibus pācem restituere volēbant. Tum hostēs eōrum ad ignem magnum invītābantur et erat pāx. At intereā hostēs erant perfidī. Tum barbarī impetūs magnōs facere cōnstituēbant. Usque ad castella hostium succēdēbant et castella circumveniēbant. Hostēs ē castellīs exīre nōn poterant quod undique castella circumventa sunt.

“Barbarī nōn semper pugnābant. Saepe cantābant et saltābant. Interdum animālia capiēbant. Equōs validōs habēbant et bonī equitēs in summō honōre habēbantur. Nōnne vōs etiam nunc in animīs vestrīs sonitum pedum equōrum paene audītis?”

Diū omnēs siluērunt. Postrēmō “Habēbanturne fēminae in summō honōre?” rogāvit Maria.

“Minimē,” respondit magistra. “Fēminae, autem, nōn erant semper miserae quamquam officia eārum erant magna difficiliaque.”

Post fīnem fābulae Maria “Utra est grātior vīta,” rogāvit, “nostra an vīta barbarōrum?”

“Nostra,” clāmāvērunt puellae. At puerī ita nōn putāvērunt.

[1] Give the 1^st person singular present tense of the following verbs from the text:

[i] it

[ii] sūmpsērunt

[iii] cecīdērunt

[iv] frēgērunt

[v] disposuērunt

[vi] nōlēbant

[vii] fīēbant

[viii] poterant

[ix] siluērunt

[2] Give the nominative singular of the following nouns from the text:

[i] hostibus

[ii] ignēs

[iii] generis

[iv] noctis

[v] quiēte

[vi] animālia

[vii] equitēs

[viii] pedum

[3] Identify (1) the case and (2) declension of the noun in bold and (3) explain why it is being used:

[i] barbarī … ab hostibus pellēbantur

[ii] barbarī impetūs magnōs facere cōnstituēbant

[4] Identify the clause type

[i]  … ubi barbarī ē rēgnō suō ab hostibus pellēbantur …

[ii] … quod undique castella circumventa sunt.

[iii] … quamquam officia eārum erant magna difficiliaque.

[5] Identify the type of word in bold:

[i] ōlim

[ii] frēgēruntque

[iii] Tum castella validiōra faciēbant.

[iv] quandō ipsī aut fugiēbant aut in castella sē recipiēbant

[v] sē recipiēbant

[vi] ē rēgnō suō

[vii] ipsī saevī et dūrī fīēbant

[viii] officia eārum

[6] Find from the text a one word synonym for nōn semper.

[7] Translate, focussing on the words on in bold:

[i] Hōc modō magistra nārrāre incēpit:

[ii] Usque ad castella hostium

[iii] Apud Britannōs

[iv] “Habēbanturne fēminae in summō honōre?”

[8] Explain the meaning and use of the words in bold:

[i] [a] “Utra est grātior vīta,” rogāvit, “nostra [b] an vīta barbarōrum?”

[ii] Nōnne vōs etiam nunc … audītis?”

[9] Explain the differences in verb usage between:

[a] castella circumveniēbant

[b] castella circumventa sunt

____________________

[1]

[i] eō; [ii] sūmō; [iii] caedō; [iv] frangō; [v] dispōnō; [vi] nōlō; [vii] fīō; [viii] possum; [ix] sileō

[2]

[i] hostis; [ii] ignis; [iii] genus; [iv] nox; [v] quiēs; [vi] animal; [vii] eques; [viii] pēs

[3]

[i] hostibus: ablative; 3rd declension; used after ab to show the agent of the passive verb pellēbantur

[ii] impetūs: accusative; 4th declension; direct object of facere

[4]

[i] temporal clause

[ii] causal clause

[iii] concessive clause

[5]

[i] adverb (of time)

[ii] enclitic particle acting as a conjunction

[iii] comparative adjective

[iv] conjunctions; specifically correlative conjunctions since they are used together

[v] reflexive pronoun

[vi] reflexive possessive adjective referring to the subject of the sentence

[vii] emphatic pronoun

[viii] possessive pronoun

[6] interdum

[7]

[i] In this way the teacher began to tell the story.

[ii] Right up to the enemies’ forts.

[iii] Among the Britons.

[iv] Were women held in the highest honour?

[8]

[i]

[a] utra: which (of two)?; suggests there are two alternative answers

[b] an: or; introduces the second alternative i.e. X or Y?

[ii] nōnne: surely?; the answer is expected to be positive

[9]

[a] circumveniēbant: active verb; they surrounded the forts

[b] circumventa sunt: passive verb; the forts were / have been surrounded

11.02.27: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [40] (2)

[3]

“Multī barbarī, autem, erant benignī et aliōs incolās occīdere nōlēbant, sed saepe iniūriae hostium eōrum erant magnae. Posteā ubi barbarī ē rēgnō suō ab hostibus pellēbantur ipsī saevī et dūrī fīēbant. Semper paucī ex barbarīs cum hostibus pācem restituere volēbant. Tum hostēs eōrum ad ignem magnum invītābantur et erat pāx. At intereā hostēs erant perfidī. Tum barbarī impetūs magnōs facere cōnstituēbant. Usque ad castella hostium succēdēbant et castella circumveniēbant. Hostēs ē castellīs exīre nōn poterant quod undique castella circumventa sunt.

“Barbarī nōn semper pugnābant. Saepe cantābant et saltābant. Interdum animālia capiēbant. Equōs validōs habēbant et bonī equitēs in summō honōre habēbantur. Nōnne vōs etiam nunc in animīs vestrīs sonitum pedum equōrum paene audītis?”

[i] “Posteā ubi barbarī ē rēgnō suō ab hostibus pellēbantur ipsī saevī et dūrī fīēbant.” What caused the local inhabitants to react in this way?

[ii] What would provoke the local inhabitants to attack?

[iii] What were their tactics?

[iv] Name any four positive characteristics of the local inhabitants (4):

[4] Complete the Latin text with the words listed below:

(1) For a long time (2) everyone was silent. (3) At last Maria asked, “Were women held in the (4) highest honour?”

(5) “Not at all,” replied the teacher. “(6) However, women were not (7) always miserable, (8) although (9) their duties were great (10) and difficult.”

(11) After the end of the story Maria asked, “(12) Which life is more pleasant, ours (13) or the life of the barbarians?”

“Ours,” shouted the girls. (14) But the boys did not think (15) so.

(1) __________ (2) __________ siluērunt. (3) __________  “Habēbanturne fēminae in (4) __________ honōre?” rogāvit Maria.

(5) “__________,” respondit magistra. “Fēminae, (6) __________, nōn erant (7) __________ miserae (8) __________ officia (9) __________ erant magna (10) difficilia_____.”

(11) __________ fīnem fābulae Maria “(12) __________ est grātior vīta,” rogāvit, “nostra (13) __________ vīta barbarōrum?”

“Nostra,” clāmāvērunt puellae. (14) __________ puerī (15) __________ nōn putāvērunt.

an; at; autem; diū; eārum; ita; minimē; omnēs; post; postrēmō; quamquam; que; semper; summō; utra

____________________

[3]

[i] being driven out of their own kingdom by enemies

[ii] the treachery / deceit of their enemies

[iii] advanced right up to the enemies’ forts (1); surrounded the forts (1); trapped enemies inside the forts / enemies could not go out of the forts (1)

[iv] any four:

kind / generous | benignī

did not want to kill other inhabitants | aliōs incolās occīdere nōlēbant

some … wanted to restore peace with their enemies | …  paucī ex barbarīs cum hostibus pācem restituere volēbant

invited their enemies to a great fire | hostēs eōrum ad ignem magnum invītābantur

good horsemen were held in high honour | bonī equitēs in summō honōre habēbantur

they would sing and dance | cantābant et saltābant

[4]

(1) Diū (2) omnēs siluērunt. (3) Postrēmō “Habēbanturne fēminae in (4) summō honōre?” rogāvit Maria.

(5) “Minimē,” respondit magistra. “Fēminae, (6) autem, nōn erant (7) semper miserae (8) quamquam officia (9) eārum erant magna (10) difficiliaque.”

(11) Post fīnem fābulae Maria “(12) Utra est grātior vīta,” rogāvit, “nostra (13) an vīta barbarōrum?”

“Nostra,” clāmāvērunt puellae. (14) At puerī (15) ita nōn putāvērunt.

04.02.27: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [40] (1)

[1]

Ōlim vesperī magistra cum discipulīs ad silvam it. Cēnam portāvērunt. Secūrēs sūmpsērunt. Puerī arborēs parvās secūribus suīs cecīdērunt frēgēruntque quod ignem facere voluērunt. Post cēnam omnēs circum ignem sē disposuērunt. Intereā discipulī fābulam postulāvērunt. Hōc modō magistra nārrāre incēpit:

[i] When does this scene take place? (1)

[ii] What exactly do the boys want to do with the axes and why? (3)

[iii] What happened after dinner? (1)

[iv] What did the pupils want? (1)

[2]

“Multīs ante annīs per hās ipsās silvās prīmī incolae Americānī errābant. Barbarī ab hostibus Britannīs appellābantur. Saepe apud hōs incolās ignēs huius generis vidēbantur. Apud Britannōs cōnspectus eōrum ignium signum perīculī esse putābātur, quandō ipsī aut fugiēbant aut in castella sē recipiēbant et per vigiliās noctis sine quiēte sē dēfendēbant. Saepe Britannī secūrēs sūmēbant et arborēs caedēbant. Tum castella validiōra faciēbant.

[i] Who used to wander through the forests? (1)

[ii] How does the teacher emphasise that she is discussing the woods where they are now? Quote and translate the Latin phrase. (2)

[iii] What is the meaning of signum perīculī, and to what precisely is the teacher referring? (2)

[iv] How do we know that the British were afraid? (4)

[v] How were the forts made stonger? (1)

____________________

[1]

[i] One evening

[ii] They cut down (1) and broke small trees (1) in order to make a fire (1)

[iii] Everyone gathered around / positioned themselves around the fire.

[iv] a story

[2]

[i] the first American inhabitants

[ii] per hās ipsās silvās (1) |  through these very (same) woods (1)

[iii] a sign of danger (1); the fires made by inhabitants (1)

[iv] They fled (1) or retreated into forts (1) and stayed on guard through the night (1) without sleep (1)

[v] by cutting down trees with axes (1)

28.01.27: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [39] (2)

[4] Complete the Latin text with the words and phrases listed below:

“The column of barbarians (1) kept marching all the way to the river. They crossed the river in small boats. The barbarians (2) were approaching the fort. (3) They did not turn their backs, and when (4) they came up to the fort, (5) they launched an attack. The battle was long. The farmers inside the fort (6) fought fiercely, but they were not able (7) to drive the barbarians away from the fort. A fort of this kind was not strong. The barbarians (8) were breaking down the gate of the fort. They came right into the fort and (9) drove out the terrified farmers. Many (10) had been killed.”

Intereā usque ad flūmen agmen barbarōrum (1) __________. Nāviculīs flūmen trānsībat. Barbarī castellō (2) __________. (3) __________ et ubi ad castellum (4) __________, (5) __________. Proelium erat longum. Agricolae intrā castellum (6) __________ sed barbarōs ā castellō (7) __________ nōn poterant. Castellum huius generis nōn erat validum. Barbarī iānuam castellī (8) __________. Usque in castellum vēnērunt et agricolās perterritōs (9) __________. Multī (10) __________.

ācriter pugnābant; appropinquābant; expulērunt; frangēbant; impetum fēcērunt; iter faciēbat; occīsī erant; pellere; succēdēbant; terga nōn vertēbant

[5]

Subitō in cōnspectū agricolārum agmen sociōrum vidēbātur. Apud agricolās laetitia erat magna. Quamquam sērī erant sociī (paene prīma vigilia erat) agricolās servābant. Agmen ad castellum succēdēbat. Statim dux sociōrum perīculum vīdit. Signa vertī iussit et barbarōs ante sē pepulit.

Post proelium discipulī castellum restituērunt. Fenestrae et iānuae frāctae restitūtae sunt. Crās aliud proelium erit.

[i] “Apud agricolās laetitia erat magna.” Give the reason for this. (1)

[ii] How do we know that this event happened in the early evening? Quote and translate the Latin phrase, and explain the use of the noun. (3)

[iii] “Quamquam sērī erant sociī …” Translate this phrase and identify the clause type. (2)

[iv] What danger was seen? (1)

[v]

[a] What is the literal translation of “signa vertī iussit”? (1)

[b] How might it be more fluently conveyed in English? (1)

[vi] What was the outcome of the commander’s order? (1)

[vii] How do we know that the fort had been damaged? Quote and translate the Latin phrases. (4)

____________________

[4]

Intereā usque ad flūmen agmen barbarōrum (1) iter faciēbat. Nāviculīs flūmen trānsībat. Barbarī castellō (2) appropinquābant. (3) Terga nōn vertēbant et ubi ad castellum (4) succēdēbant, (5) impetum fēcērunt. Proelium erat longum. Agricolae intrā castellum (6) ācriter pugnābant sed barbarōs ā castellō (7) pellere nōn poterant. Castellum huius generis nōn erat validum. Barbarī iānuam castellī (8) frangēbant. Usque in castellum vēnērunt et agricolās perterritōs (9) expulērunt. Multī (10) occīsī erant.

[5]

[i] the farmers suddenly caught sight of the column of allies (1)

[ii] paene prīma vigilia (1) | almost the first vigil (1); vigilia, -ae [1/f]: (military) refers to one of the four ‘watches / vigils’ i.e. divisions of the night (1)

[iii] Although the allies were late (1); concessive (1)

[iv] column approaching the fort

[v]

[a] He ordered the standards to be turned.

[b] He ordered the troops to turn around.

Note: although signa refers physically to the military standards, they represent in this context all the troops who are marching behind them i.e. if the standards are turned around, then the troops will also reverse their direction

[vi] He drove the barbarians ahead of him (1)

[vii]

discipulī castellum restituērunt (1) | the pupils repaired the fort (1)

fenestrae et iānuae frāctae (1) | the broken / smashed windows and doors (1)

21.01.27: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [39] (1)

[1]

Paucīs ante diēbus discipulī castellum aedificāre cōnstituērunt. Altera pars māteriam parābat, altera castellum aedificāre coepit. Quīdam puerī in silvam prōcēdēbant. Secūrēs sūmēbant quod cōpiam māteriae habēre necesse erat. Secūribus paucās arborēs parvās caedēbant.

[i] What did the pupils decide to do? (1)

[ii] How were the tasks divided? (3)

[iii] What was the purpose of the axes? (2)

[2] Translate, paying particular attention to the different tenses and voices used:

Cum arboribus ad scholam redībant. Hīc altera pars discipulōrum omnia dispōnēbat. Quandō omnia disposita erant et castellum factum erat, septem discipulī in castellum convēnērunt. Dē impetū barbarōrum monitī erant et omnēs agricolae domōs suās relīquerant et hīc salūtem petēbant. (10)

[3]

Duo ē discipulīs, virī nōbilēs magnā vī, ducēs factī sunt. Necesse erat ducēs huius generis habēre. Trāns flūmen ē castellō tabernācula barbarōrum facile vidēbantur. (Ibi erant nūllī barbarī, sed cēterī discipulī.) Herī agricolae pontem frēgērunt. Ita enim barbarōs flūmen trānsīre nōn posse putābant. Sed barbarī nāviculās habēbant. Agricolae castellum relinquere nōlēbant neque audēbant nam barbarī ad impetum faciendum parātī erant.

In which order are the following referred to?

a broken bridge _____

characteristics of leaders _____

enemy tents _____

inability to cross a river _____

need to have leaders _____

preparations for an attack _____

refusal to leave the castle _____

small boats _____

____________________

[1]

[i] build a fort

[ii] one group prepared the timber (1); the other began building the fort (1); some boys went ahead into the forest (1)

[iii] a quantity of timber was needed (1); cut down a few small trees (1)

[2]

They were returning to the school (1) with trees (wood / timber) (1). Here another group of the students (1) was arranging everything (1). When everything had been arranged (1) and the fort had been built (1), seven students gathered in the fort (1). They had been warned about the attack of the barbarians (1), and all the farmers had left their homes (1) and were seeking safety here. (1)”

[3]

a broken bridge [4]

characteristics of leaders [1]

enemy tents [3]

inability to cross a river [5]

need to have leaders [2]

preparations for an attack [8]

refusal to leave the castle [7]

small boats [6]

14.01.27: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [38] (2)

[3] “Prīmō nihil respondī neque fēcī. Deinde, quod illī virī magnā vī vidēbantur et impetum eōrum timuī, cōnsilium celeriter cēpī. Hōc modō mēcum dīxī: ‘Nūlla arma habeō et nūllōs sociōs. Nihil conicere possum. Sīc mē dēfendere nōn possum. Salūtem in fugā petam. Paene exsul sum. At sī ego homō sapiēns sum, pecūniam meam rapī nōn sinam. Equī sōlī mē servābunt.’

[i] How did he first react? (2)

[ii] Why did he make a quick plan? (2)

[iii] ‘Nūlla … petam.’ Why did he think his only option was to flee? (4)

[iv] What did he think would be a wise course of action? (1)

[v] Why does he refer to the horses? (1)

[4] “Nunc latrōnēs in summō carrō stābant. Subitō equōs meōs incitāvī. Latrōnēs, quī id nōn exspectābant, nōn iam in carrō stāre poterant. Subitō in grāmine iacēbant. Tergum meum vertī et ē cōnspectū eōrum properāvī. Celeriter equī meī currēbant. Diū, autem, vōcēs latrōnum audīvī. Diū clāmōrēs eōrum mē perterrēbant. Pontem tūtō trānsieram. Etiam equī perīculum impetūs sentīre vidēbantur. Usque ad iānuam stabulī magnā vī cucurrērunt. Victōria mea erat grāta. Amīcī meī mē nōbilem fortemque putābant.”

[i] “Subitō in grāmine iacēbant.” What happened and why? (5)

[ii] “Tergum … putābant.” In which order do the following events occur?

being frightened by voices _____

crossing a bridge _____

hearing voices _____

hurried out of sight _____

running to the stable _____

sensing danger _____

turned his back _____

well thought of  _____

[5] Agricola fīnem fābulae facit. Sērō ē cōnspectū nautae et casae eius agricola domum redit. Focus est locus grātus Carolō et Mariae quī agricolam mox reditūrum esse spērant. Circum focum multās hōrās laetās puer et puella agunt.

• reditūrus, -a, -um: going to return

[i] Quote and translate the phrase indicating that the farmer can no longer be seen.

[ii] How do we know that Carolus and Maria liked the farmer’s company? Quote and translate the phrase. (2)

[iii] How do we know that Carolus and Maria like the fire place? Quote and translate the sentences. (4)

____________________

Grammar note:

In this text and the previous one [37], the following two words occur:

• habitūrus, -a, -um: about to / going to have
• reditūrus, -a, -um: going to return

This construction is discussed in depth at Level 3. However, since it is used briefly in these texts, we’ll give a short explanation:

[1] The distinctive ending -ūrus, -ūra, -ūrum marks a future active participle and specifically indicates about to or going to or intending to do something.

[2] They decline like a 1^st / 2^nd declension adjective.

[3] They most commonly occur with the verb esse:

auxilium habitūrus erat | he was going to have help

agricolam mox reditūrum esse spērant | literally: (they) hope the farmer soon to be going to return = (they) hope that the farmer is going to return soon

25.09.25: Level 3; the grammar of things to come: diēs īrae (Requiem); the future active participle

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/06/250925-level-3-grammar-of-things-to.html

At this stage, simply be able to recognise the ending rather than exploring its uses too deeply.

____________________

[3]

[i] did not reply (1); did not do anything (1)

[ii] the men seemed very strong (1); he feared their attack (1)

[iii] no weapons (1); no allies (1); could not throw anything; (1) could not defend himself (1)

[iv] Not to let his money be seized

[v] they alone will save him

[4]

[i] the thieves were (suddenly) lying on the grass (1); had been standing on the top of the cart (1); the man had suddenly spurred on the horses (1); the thieves had not been expecting this (1); could no longer stand on the cart (lost their balance / were thrown from the cart) (1)

[ii]

being frightened by voices [4]

crossing a bridge [5]

hearing voices [3]

hurried out of sight [2]

running to the stable [7]

sensing danger [6]

turned his back [1]

well thought of [8]

[5]

[i] ē conspectū | out of sight

[ii] quī agricolam mox reditūrum esse spērant (1) | who hope that the farmer will soon return (1)

[iii]

Focus est locus grātus Carolō et Mariae (1) | the fire place is pleasing to Carolus and Maria / Carolus and Maria like the fire place (1)

Circum focum multās hōrās laetās puer et puella agunt. (1) | The boy and girl spend many happy hours around the fire place. (1)

08.01.27: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [38] (1)

Nox est et in casā nautae est agricola, pater Cassī. Omnēs prope focum sedent et virī fābulās nārrant. Haec est fābula agricolae.

“Ōlim multīs ante annīs ad oppidum frūmentum ferēbam. Illīs temporibus oppidum longē aberat. Equī erant tardī et saepe necesse erat sērā hōrā per silvam redīre. Ubi in oppidum pervēnī, multī aliī agricolae hūc convēnerant et colloquium erat longum et omnibus grātum. Vesper appropinquābat et erat tempus domum redīre. Tandem cum pecūniā quam prō frūmentō accēperam iter facere coepī. Nihil timēbam. Nihil perīculī in cōnspectū erat. Ubīque erat pāx. Lūna erat magna et clāra.

[i] Where exactly is this scene taking place? (2)

[ii] Quote and translate the phrase that indicates this story was not recent. (1)

[iii] What was the farmer doing? (1)

[iv] Why did the horses affect his journey? (3)

[v] What had taken place when he reached the town? (2)

[vi] Quote and translate the phrase that indicates that it was not yet night time. (1)

[vii] When he did start making the journey home? (1)

[viii] “Nihil … clāra.” Explain with reference to the text how he felt at this point and why. (4)

[2] Translate:

Quandō pontem trānsīre coepī, subitō ā dextrā et ā sinistrā duo virī erant in cōnspectū. Alter corpus parvum sed vōcem magnam habēbat; alter erat vir magnā vī. Carrō statim appropinquāvērunt. Vir parvus magnā vōce hōc modō clāmāvit: “Stā! Quantam pecūniam habēs? Eam nōbis dā. Properā. Sī id nōn faciēs, tē occīdēmus. (15)

____________________

[i] farmer’s cottage (1); (sitting) by the fireplace (1)

[ii] multīs ante annīs | many years before

[iii] carrying grain to town

[iv] horses were slow (1); he had to go through the forest (1) at a late hour (1)

[v] many farmers had gathered there (1); they were having a long and pleasing conversation (1)

[vi] vesper appropinquābat | evening was approaching / drawing near

[vii] When he had received the money for the grain.

[viii] feared nothing (1); could see no danger (1); everywhere peaceful (1); moon large and clear (1)

[2]

When I began to cross the bridge (1), suddenly on the right and on the left (1) two men came into / were in view (1). One had a small body (1) but a loud voice (1); the other was a man of great strength (1). They immediately approached the cart (1). The small man shouted in a loud voice (1) in this way (1): “Stop! (1) How much money do you have? (1) Give it to us. (1) Hurry. (1) If you do not do this (1), we will kill you. (1)”

02.01.27: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [37] (2)

[3] Complete the Latin text with the missing endings and words; some endings may be used twice:

“Within the walls of the city the voices of the angry enemies could be heard. At last a small battle was fought. We threw many missiles. But our forces were not large enough, and the king’s legion quickly brought the war to an end with great force. Afterwards the angry king summoned all the enemies and spoke thus: ‘I shall not allow my enemies to remain with me in the same country. I shall not allow them to live with good citizens. I am a wise king. Immediately you will be exiles. The safety of my country is dear to me.’”

“Intrā moeni_____ ur_____ vō_____ inimīc_____ īrātōrum audīr_____ poterant. Tandem proelium parvum gest_____ est. Multa tēl_____ iēci_____. At cōpiae nostr_____ nōn erant satis magnae et legiō rē_____ magn_____ vī fin_____ bell_____ celeriter fēcit. Posteā rēx īrāt_____ om_____ inimīc_____ convocāvit et sīc dīxit: ‘Inimīcōs meōs in _____ patriā _____ manēre nōn sinam. Cum bonīs cīv_____ eōs habitāre nōn sinam. Rēx sapi_____ sum. Statim exsul_____ eritis. Salūs patriae meae est cāra _____.’ ”

-ā; -ae; -bis; -cēs; eādem; -em; -ēns; -ēs; -gis; -ī; -ibus; mēcum; mihi; -mus; -nēs; -ōs; -um; -us

[4]

“Quō modō hūc pervēnistī?” rogāvit Maria.

“Mē in fugam dedī et multōs diēs intrā castellum antīquum prope pontem latēbam,” vir miserā vōce respondit. “Nēmō mē vīdit. Nāvem exspectāvī. In eā nāvī labōrāvī. Mare trānsīvī. Nihil nunc habeō et diū per terram errāvī et cibum pecūniamque rogāvī. Quandō iterum domum vidēbō? Hoc nōn spērō. Nihil spērō. Tantum mare patriam meam ab hāc terrā dīvidit. Fēlīx nōn sum. Sapiēns nōn eram ubi in numerō hostium eram. Sī umquam iterum patriam vidēbō, quanta erit laetitia mea! Iterum perfidus nōn erō.”

[i] Where exactly did he hide? (2)

[ii] How does the man sound when he recounts his story? Give the Latin phrase and English translation that tells you this? (2)

[iii] How do we know that his escape was successful? Give details. (4)

[iv] What is his situation now? Give details. (3)

[v] What statements convey his sense of hopelessness? Refer to the Latin and translate.

[vi] Translate:

“Tantum mare patriam meam ab hāc terrā dīvidit. Fēlīx nōn sum. Sapiēns nōn eram ubi in numerō hostium eram. Sī umquam iterum patriam vidēbō, quanta erit laetitia mea! Iterum perfidus nōn erō.” (8)

[5] Complete the Latin with the words and phrases listed below; they are not all needed.

(1) That same night the farmer visited the sailor. (2) He saw the wretched man and (3) heard his story. (4) “Soon,” said the farmer, (5) “I shall need help, (6) because it is necessary to do (7) many (8) things in the fields. (9) Do you want to work with me?”

“I (10) very much want this,” replied the man. Now each (11) was happy: one because he was going to have help, the other because (12) he wanted to work.

(1) __________ agricola nautam vīsitāvit. Virum miserum (2) __________ et fābulam eius (3) __________. (4) “__________,” inquit agricola, “auxilium (5) __________ (6) __________ in agrīs necesse est (7) __________  (8) __________ facere. (9) __________ mēcum labōrāre?”

(10) “Hoc __________ volō,” respondit vir. Nunc uterque (11) __________ laetus; alter quod auxilium habitūrus erat, alter quod labōrāre (12) __________.

• uterque: each (of two)
• alter … alter: (the) one … (the) other
• habitūrus, -a, -um: about to / going to have·

audīvī; audīvit; cupisne; cupitisne; cupīvit; dēsīderābam; dēsīderābō; eādem nocte; erant; erat; heri nocte; maximē; maximus; mōs; mox; multās; multōs; quid; quod; rēbus; rēs; videt; vīdit

____________________

[3]

“Intrā moenia urbis vōcēs inimīcōrum īrātōrum audīrī poterant. Tandem proelium parvum gestum est. Multa tēla iēcimus. At cōpiae nostrae nōn erant satis magnae et legiō rēgis magnā vī finem bellī celeriter fēcit. Posteā rēx īrātus omnēs inimīcōs convocāvit et sīc dīxit: ‘Inimīcōs meōs in eādem patriā mēcum manēre nōn sinam. Cum bonīs cīvibus eōs habitāre nōn sinam. Rēx sapiēns sum. Statim exsulēs eritis. Salūs patriae meae est cāra mihi.’ ”

[4]

[i] inside an old fort (1) near a bridge (1)

[ii] miserable / sad (1): vir miserā vōce respondit |  the man replied in a miserable voice (1)

[iii] Nobody saw him (1); waited for a ship (1); worked on it (1); crossed the sea (1)

[iv] has nothing (1); has wandered for a long time (1); asked / begged for food and money (1)

[v]

Quandō iterum domum vidēbō? | When shall I see home again?” (1)

Hoc nōn spērō |  I do not hope for this (1)

Nihil spērō |  I hope for nothing (1)

[vi]

“Only the sea separates (1) my country from this land (1). I am not happy (1). I was not wise (1) when I was among the enemy (1). If ever I see my country again (1), how great my happiness will be! (1) I shall not be treacherous again. (1)”

[5]

(1) Eādem nocte agricola nautam vīsitāvit. Virum miserum (2) vīdit et fābulam eius (3) audīvit. (4) “Mox,” inquit agricola, “auxilium (5) dēsīderābō (6) quod in agrīs necesse est (7) multās (8) rēs facere. (9) Cupisne mēcum labōrāre?”

(10) “Hoc maximē volō,” respondit vir. Nunc uterque (11) erat laetus; alter quod auxilium habitūrus erat, alter quod labōrāre (12) cupīvit.

28.12.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [37] (1)

[1] Paucīs ante diēbus vir ad casam nautae pervēnit. Ubi Iūlia eum nōn esse validum, sed dēfessum aegrumque cognōvit, virum in casam invītāvit. Diū vir maestus silēbat. Maria eī cibum atque aquam dedit. Post quiētem longam vir fābulam dē vītā suā nārrāvit:

The following sentences each contain two wrong pieces of information. Rewrite them.

[i] The sailor reached the man’s cottage a few days later. (2)

[ii] He learned that Julia was strong, but hungry and sick. (2)

[iii] The man invited Julia into the cottage, and he was gloomy and silent all day. (2)

[iv] Julia was given bread and water by Maria. (2)

[v] After a brief silence the man read out a letter about this life. (2)

[2]

[a] Quamquam nunc exsul sum, ōlim, tamen, laetus in patriā meā habitābam.

[b] Semper parātus eram salūtem patriae atque rēgem dēfendere.

[c] Septem annōs in exercitū rēgis eram explōrātor.

[d] Explōrātor ante exercitum it et viās cognōscit.

[e] Per explōrātōrēs imperātor locum hostium cognōscit.

[f] Nihil timēbam, nōn etiam hostēs fortissimōs.

[g] Quīdam ex cīvibus, autem, erant inimīcī rēgis.

[h] ‘Līberī esse cupimus,’ inquiunt.

[i] ‘Sine rēge regēmus.

[j] Sī sapiēns eris nōbīscum veniēs et cōpiās rēgis repellēmus.

[k] Exercitus noster victōriam habēbit.

[l] Hōc modō līberī esse poterimus.

[m] Victōria nostra per omnēs terrās erit nōta.’

In which sentence(s) [a] – [m] are the following referred to? Sometimes more than one letter will apply to each statement.

a famous victory _____

being free _____

being wise _____

defending the country _____

enemies of the king _____

ensuring the king’s safety _____

fearlessness _____

length of military service _____

repelling the king’s troops _____

ruling without a king _____

specific details about his duties _____

suggestion that he acompanies them _____

used to be happy _____

____________________

[1]

[i] The man reached the sailor’s cottage (1) a few days earlier / before (1).

[ii] Julia learned that he was not strong (1), but tired  (1) and sick (1).

[iii] Julia invited the man (1) into the cottage, and he was gloomy and silent for a long time (1).

[iv] Maria gave him (1) food (1) and water.

[v] After a long silence (1) the man told the story (1) about his life.

[2]

a famous victory [m]

being free [h], [l]

being wise [j]

defending the country [b]

enemies of the king [g]

ensuring the king’s safety [b]

fearlessness [f]

length of military service [c]

repelling the king’s troops [j]

ruling without a king [i]

specific details about his duties [d], [e]

suggestion that he accompanies them [j]

used to be happy [a]

23.12.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [36] (3)

Quamquam fīnis diēī est, discipulī statim domum nōn eunt. Altera pars discipulōrum est exercitus quī salūtem cīvitātis dēfendit. Altera pars est exercitus latrōnum quī in silvā habitant et urbem saepe oppugnant.

Numerus utriusque exercitūs est parvus, sed discipulī numerum esse magnum putant. Nunc septem mīlitēs ad silvam properant. In silvā septem aliī discipulī (latrōnēs) mīlitēs exspectant. In silvā est castellum latrōnum. Intrā castellum latrōnēs latent. Cōnsul ipse, prīmus magistrātus cīvitātis, mīlitēs dūcit. Bonus est et officium numquam neglegit. Salūtem reī pūblicae dēfendit. Cīvēs bene regit. Semper pācem petit, sed sī hostēs umquam eōs premunt, cōnsul hostēs ā fīnibus suīs repellit. Summum imperium habet. Fēlīcēs sunt mīlitēs cuius imperātor est cōnsul. Ubi mīlitēs castellō appropinquant cōnsul explōrātōrem mittit. Necesse est explōrātōrem cōnsilia latrōnum cognōscere. Hoc, autem, est difficile. Quaestor* est vir magnae virtūtis. Cōnsul eum mittit.

Inter mīlitēs et castellum latrōnum est parvum flūmen. Nisi pōns ā latrōnibus dēfendētur, mox mīlitēs trāns pontem sub colle erunt. Diū signum explōrātōris exspectant. Post arborem prope castellum quaestor stat. Cōnsilia latrōnum audit. Subitō mīlitēs aliquid albī vident. Hoc est signum.

Trāns pontem cōnsul mīlitēs dūcit. Ē castellō tēla iaciuntur, sed alia tēla ā mīlitibus mittuntur. Mox imperātor latrōnum ē castellō properat. Mīlitēs repellere nōn potest quod comitēs ignāvī sunt. Pācem petit. Imperātōrēs inter sē dīcunt. Alter imperat, alter pāret. Latrōnēs capiuntur et diū in vinculīs manent. Multōs annōs per tōtam terram est pāx. Rēs pūblica tandem lībera est.

Subitō sonitus audītur. Quid est? Hoc est signum ā magistrā datum. Nōn est signum ad oppugnandum. Tempus est domum īre. Utraque pars discipulōrum signō pāret. Uterque imperātor hoc dīcit: “Hic est fīnis bellī. Crās iterum mīlitēs atque latrōnēs erimus.”

[A] Match the words with the grammatical definitions below:

[1]

[i] magistratus

[ii] rēs

[iii] cōnsul

[iv] cōnsilia

[2]

[i] prīmus

[ii] septem

[3]

[i] saepe

[ii] diū

[4]

[i] eum

[ii] ipse

[iii] sē

[iv] suīs

[5]

[i] audit

[ii] latent

[iii] dūcit

[iv] stat

[6]

[i] audītur

[ii] mittuntur

[iii] capiuntur

[iv] datum

adverbs

• adverb of duration
• adverb of frequency

nouns

• 4^th declension noun
• 5^th declension noun
• 2^nd declension noun
• 3^rd declension noun

numbers

• cardinal number
• ordinal number

pronouns

• emphatic pronoun
• personal pronoun
• possessive adjective; reflexive
• reflexive pronoun

verbs

• 1^st conjugation verb; active
• 2^nd conjugation verb; active
• 3^rd conjugation verb; active
• 4^th conjugation verb; active
• 3^rd conjugation verb; passive
• 3^rd-iō conjugation verb; passive
• 4^th conjugation verb; passive
• perfect passive participle

[B] Identify the clause type in bold, and give the meanings of the words in italics:

[i] Quamquam fīnis diēī est, discipulī statim domum nōn eunt.

[ii] … sī hostēs umquam eōs premunt, cōnsul hostēs ā fīnibus suīs repellit.

[iii] Nisi pōns ā latrōnibus dēfendētur, mox mīlitēs trāns pontem sub colle erunt.

[iv] Altera pars discipulōrum est exercitus quī salūtem cīvitātis dēfendit.

[v] Altera pars est exercitus latrōnum quī in silvā habitant …

[vi] Fēlīcēs sunt mīlitēs cuius imperātor est cōnsul.

[vii] Ubi mīlitēs castellō appropinquant cōnsul explōrātōrem mittit.

[viii] Mīlitēs repellere nōn potest quod comitēs ignāvī sunt.

causal, concessive, conditional, relative, temporal

____________________

[A]

[1] [i] magistratus: 4^th declension noun / [ii] rēs: 5^th declension noun / [iii] cōnsul: 3^rd declension noun / [iv] cōnsilia: 2^nd declension noun

[2] [i] prīmus: ordinal number / [ii] septem: cardinal number

[3] [i] saepe: adverb of frequency / [ii] diū: adverb of duration

[4] [i] eum: personal pronoun / [ii] ipse: emphatic pronoun / [iii] sē: reflexive pronoun / [iv] suīs: possessive adjective; reflexive

[5] [i] audit: 4^th conjugation verb; active / [ii] latent: 2^nd conjugation verb; active / [iii] dūcit: 3^rd conjugation verb; active / [iv] stat: 1^st conjugation verb; active

[6] [i] audītur: 4^th conjugation verb; passive / [ii] mittuntur: 3^rd conjugation verb; passive / [iii] capiuntur: 3^rd-iō conjugation verb; passive / [iv] datum: perfect passive participle

[B]

[i] concessive; quamquam | although

[ii] conditional; sī | if

[iii] conditional; nisi | if … not; unless

[iv] relative; quī | who

[v] relative; quī | who

[vi] relative; cuius | whose

[vii] temporal; ubi | when

[viii] causal; quod | because

19.12.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [36] (2)

[4]

Inter mīlitēs et castellum latrōnum est parvum flūmen. Nisi pōns ā latrōnibus dēfendētur, mox mīlitēs trāns pontem sub colle erunt. Diū signum explōrātōris exspectant. Post arborem prope castellum quaestor stat. Cōnsilia latrōnum audit. Subitō mīlitēs aliquid albī vident. Hoc est signum.

[4]

[i] Where is the river? (1)

[ii] What needs to be defended and why? (2)

[iii] What are they waiting for? (2)

[iv] Where is the quaestor standing? (2)

[v] What does he hear?

[vi] What exactly do the soldiers see?

[5] Translate:

Trāns pontem cōnsul mīlitēs dūcit. Ē castellō tēla iaciuntur, sed alia tēla ā mīlitibus mittuntur. Mox imperātor latrōnum ē castellō properat. Mīlitēs repellere nōn potest quod comitēs ignāvī sunt. Pācem petit. Imperātōrēs inter sē dīcunt. Alter imperat, alter pāret. Latrōnēs capiuntur et diū in vinculīs manent. Multōs annōs per tōtam terram est pāx. Rēs pūblica tandem lībera est.

Subitō sonitus audītur. Quid est? Hoc est signum ā magistrā datum. Nōn est signum ad oppugnandum*. Tempus est domum īre. Utraque pars discipulōrum signō pāret. Uterque imperātor hoc dīcit: “Hic est fīnis bellī. Crās iterum mīlitēs atque latrōnēs erimus.”

*signum ad oppugnandum: a signal to attack [literally: …for (the purpose of) attacking]

____________________

[4]

[i] between the soldiers and the fort

[ii] the bridge (1); the soldiers will soon be across it (1)

[iii] a sign (1) from the scout (1)

[iv] behind a tree (1); near the fort (1)

[v] the robbers’ plans

[vi] something white (1); the signal (1)

[5]

The consul leads the soldiers across the bridge. Missiles are hurled from the fortress, but other missiles are thrown by the soldiers. Soon the leader of the bandits hurries out of the fortress. He is not able to drive back the soldiers because his companions are cowardly. He seeks peace. The commanders speak among themselves: one gives orders, the other obeys. The bandits are captured and remain in chains for a long time. For many years there is peace throughout the whole land. At last the state is free.

Suddenly a noise is heard. What is it? This is a signal given by the teacher. It is not a signal to attack. It is time to go home. Each side of the students obeys the signal. Each “commander” says this: “This is the end of the war. Tomorrow we will again be soldiers and bandits.”