22.11.26: Level 4; subjunctive (review) [3] Road to Latin (Chesnutt) 48

Amīcī Caesaris cōnsilia Helvētiōrum animadvertunt atque maximē perturbantur. Intellegunt Helvētiōs ex fīnibus suīs ēgrēdī statuisse. Cognōscunt eōs multīs aliīs gentibus persuādēre ut sē sociōs coniungant et ex fīnibus suīs ēgrediantur. Sentiunt Helvētiōs per prōvinciam Rōmānam iter facere cōnātūrōs esse. Timent nē Helvētiī sociīs Rōmānīs maximē noceant. Itaque magnā cum celeritāte Rōmam contendunt ut cum Caesare conloquantur.

“Cūr tam celeriter ex Galliā vēnistis?” quaesīvit Caesar. Cūr perturbāminī?”

“Cūr perturbāmur? Multa apud Helvētiōs cōnspeximus, Caesar. Libenter tē certiōrem faciēmus cūr perturbēmur. Helvētiī ex fīnibus suīs ēgredī statuērunt et magnum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmērunt. Rogāsne cūr Helvētiī ēgredī statuerint? Rogāsne quantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmerint? Prīmō nōn intellēximus cūr ex suīs fīnibus ēgredī statuissent, et cūr tantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmissent. Itaque ā nostrīs amīcīs Helvēticīs quaesīvimus quae Helvētiī facerent.”

Tum Caesar ipse perturbāus quaesīvit quae repperissent. “Helvētiī, Caesar, exīstimant suōs fīnēs angustiōrēs esse prō multitūdine hominum; cōnstituērunt igitur domō exīre ut regiōnibus sibi idōneīs potīrentur. Ad novās regiōnēs eunt. Rogāsne num per prōvinciam Rōmānam eant? Amīcī nostrī nōs certiōrēs nōn fēcērunt quō īrent. Lātiōrēs tamen regiōnēs petunt atque sine dubiō per prōvinciam Romānam iter facere cōnābuntur. Itaque ad tē contendimus ut tē dē hīs rēbus certiōrem facerēmus.”

Complete the translations with the words and phrases listed below.

[1] Cognōscunt eōs multīs aliīs gentibus persuādēre ut sē sociōs coniungant et ex fīnibus suīs ēgrediantur.

They learn that (1) __________  many other tribes (2) __________  them as allies and (3) __________  their territories.

[2] Timent nē Helvētiī sociīs Rōmānīs maximē noceant.

(1) __________ the Helvetii (2) __________  greatly  __________  the Roman allies.

[3] Itaque magnā cum celeritāte Rōmam contendunt ut cum Caesare conloquantur.

Therefore they hurry to Rome with great speed (1) __________ (2) __________ with Caesar.

[4] Libenter tē certiōrem faciēmus cūr perturbēmur.

(1) __________ gladly  __________  you (2) __________.

[5] Rogāsne cūr Helvētiī ēgredī statuerint?

Are you asking (1) __________  the Helvetii (2) __________  to leave?

[6] Rogāsne quantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmerint?

Are you asking (1) __________ a number of wagons and pack animals (2) __________?

[7] Prīmō nōn intellēximus cūr ex suīs fīnibus ēgredī statuissent, et cūr tantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmissent.

At first (1) __________ (2) __________ to leave their territory, and (3) __________ so great a number of wagons and pack animals.

[8] Itaque ā nostrīs amīcīs Helvēticīs quaesīvimus quae Helvētiī facerent.

Therefore (1) __________ our Helvetian friends (2) __________ the Helvetii (3) __________.

[9] Tum Caesar ipse perturbāus quaesīvit quae repperissent.

Then Caesar himself, disturbed, asked __________.

[10] Cōnstituērunt igitur domō exīre ut regiōnibus sibi idōneīs potīrentur.

Therefore they decided to leave home (1) __________ (2) __________ of regions suitable for themselves.

[11] Rogāsne num per prōvinciam Rōmānam eant?

Are you asking (1) __________  (2) __________ through the Roman province?

[12] Amīcī nostrī nōs certiōrēs nōn fēcērunt quō īrent.

Our friends (1) __________  us (2) __________  (3) __________.

[13] Itaque ad tē contendimus ut tē dē hīs rēbus certiōrem facerēmus.

Therefore we hurried to you  __________ about these matters.

they are persuading

they fear that

we did not understand

we asked

did not inform

we will … inform

__________

may … harm

they have obtained

were doing

they might gain possession

decided

they are going

they were going (to)

__________

in order

in order to inform you

so that

__________

what

what they had discovered

whether

where

why

why we are troubled

why they had sent out

why they had decided

how large

__________

to join

to leave

to speak

____________________

[1] They learn that (1) they are persuading many other tribes (2) to join them as allies and (3) to leave their territories.

[2] (1) They fear that the Helvetii (2) may greatly harm the Roman allies.

[3] Therefore they hurry to Rome with great speed (1) in order (2) to speak with Caesar.

[4] (1) We will gladly inform you (2) why we are troubled.

[5] Are you asking (1) why the Helvetii (2) decided to leave?

[6] Are you asking (1) how large a number of wagons and pack animals (2) they have obtained?

[7] At first (1) we did not understand (2) why they had decided to leave their territory, and (3) why they had sent out so great a number of wagons and pack animals.

[8] Therefore (1) we asked our Helvetian friends (2) what the Helvetii (3) were doing.

[9] Then Caesar himself, disturbed, asked what they had discovered.

[10] Therefore they decided to leave home (1) so that (2) they might gain possession of regions suitable for themselves.

[11] Are you asking (1) whether (2) they are going through the Roman province?

[12] Our friends (1) did not inform us (2) where (3) they were going (to).

[13] Therefore we hurried to you in order to inform you about these matters.

21.11.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXIX [3] subjunctive

HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED

Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum gerit multīs perīculīs circumdatus est. Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquantēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant ut imperātor ipse cum plūribus legiōnibus expedītīs prīmum agmen dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta tōtīus exercitūs conlocābant. Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. Quā dē causā castra in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset. In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs coniciēbantur. Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est.

review: subjunctive usage

[1] purpose

[i] ut + subjunctive

Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni … solēbant.

• in order to avoid these dangers, the Romans were accustomed to …

et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent.

• and centurians were sent ahead in order to choose a suitable location for the camp…

In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō … fierī posset.

• There were four gates at the camp so that a sortie … could be made

[ii] nē + subjunctive introducing a negative purpose clause

… nēve … opprimerentur

• … or so that they would not be overwhelmed [literally: lest they be overwhelmed]

[iii] quī + subjunctive; referring specifically to the person who is to perform the task

Equitēs quoque … dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent.

• The cavalry were also sent out in order to scout the terrain [literally: who were to scout]

[iv] quō + comparative + subjunctive

Nam quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, …

• So that the soldiers might be safer, …

[2] result

… agmen ita dispōnēbant ut imperātor ipse … prīmum agmen dūceret.

• (They) arranged the column in such a way that the general himself …. would lead the front line.

[3] characteristic

Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset.

• The place was considered suitable for a camp which could easily be defended and would be near water.

____________________

An army which wages war in the territory of the enemy is surrounded by many dangers. In order to avoid these dangers, the Romans were accustomed to take the greatest care. As the forces of the enemy approached, they arranged the column in such a way that the general himself, with several light-armed legions, would lead the front line. Behind these troops they placed the baggage of the whole army. Then the legions which had been most recently enrolled closed the whole column. The cavalry also were sent out in all directions to scout the ground; and centurions were sent ahead to choose a place suitable for a camp. A place was considered suitable for a camp which could easily be defended and would be near water. For this reason the camp was often pitched on a hill steep on both sides but gently sloping in front; or a place surrounded by marshes or situated on the banks of a river was chosen.

After the army had reached the place, some of the soldiers remained under arms, others began to fortify the camp. For, so that the soldiers might be safer from the enemy and might not be caught off guard and unprepared, they fortified the camp with a wide ditch and a high rampart. In the camp there were four gates so that a sortie of the soldiers could be made in all directions. At the corners of the camp there were towers from which missiles were hurled against the enemy. In such a camp as we have described, Publius was received by Caesar.

21.11.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXIX [2] comprehension

HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED

Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum gerit multīs perīculīs circumdatus est. Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquantēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant ut imperātor ipse cum plūribus legiōnibus expedītīs prīmum agmen dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta tōtīus exercitūs conlocābant. Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. Quā dē causā castra in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset. In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs coniciēbantur. Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est.

• aliī … aliī …: some … others …
• expeditus, -a, -um: unhindered; unencumbered; here it refers to soldiers who are not carrying, for example, baggage or heavy equipment

[1] “Exercitus … solēbant.”

[i] Where does the Roman army face many dangers? (1)

[ii] How did they respond to these dangers? (1)

[2] “Adpropinquantēs … claudēbant.”

How was the column organised? (6)

[3] “Equitēs … dēligerent.”

What was the function of [i] the cavalry, and [ii] the centurions? (4)

[4] “Locus … dēligēbātur.”

[i] What were the two main criteria for choosing a location suitable for a camp? (2)

[ii] Describe the physical features around a camp situated on a hill. (2)

[iii] Describe the two alternative locations for a camp. (2)

[5] “Ad locum … coniciēbantur."

[i] What were the two functions of the soldiers when they reached the camp? (2)

[ii] How did they ensure that they would not be overwhelmed by the enemy? (2)

[iii] What was the function of the four gates? (2)

[iv] Where were the towers and what was their function? (2)

____________________

[1]

[i] enemy territory

[ii] with the greatest care

[2]

Commander led the first line (1) with lightly equipped legions (1)

Baggage and equipment were placed (1) after / behind these troops (1)

Recently enrolled legions (1) closed / brought up the rear of the column (1)

[3]

[i] sent out in all directions (1) to reconnoitre / explore the terrain (1)

[ii] sent ahead (1) to choose a suitable site for the camp (1)

[4]

[i] easy to defend (1); near water (1)

[ii] steep on both sides (1); gentle slope at the front (1)

[iii] surrounded by marshes (1); on the banks of a river (1)

[5]

[i] some were armed (1); others began fortifying the camp (1)

[ii] the camp was fortified with a wide ditch (1), and a high rampart (1)

[iii] to allow sorties (1) in all directions (1)

[iv] at the corners of the camp (1); throwing missiles / javelins (1)

20.11.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [34] (3)

Herī vir ad casam nautae vēnit. Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, Maria ad iānuam cucurrit quod fīnitimum exspectābat. Ibi avunculus quī in Britanniā habitat stābat. Nēmō eum exspectābat quod nūllam epistulam mīserat. Omnēs, tamen, erant laetī. Trāns mare in magnā urbe in quā sunt multa perīcula avunculus habitat.

Avunculus, vir fortis, urbem dēfendit. Multī latrōnēs enim hūc veniunt. Tum est nūlla pāx et cīvēs sē dēfendere et urbem mūnīre necesse est. Cīvēs latrōnēs expellere maximē volunt. Hoc saepe difficile est et cīvēs sōlī hoc facere nōn possunt. Auxilium habēre volunt. Avunculus et comitēs eius hoc auxilium ferunt. Interdum proelia cum latrōnibus geruntur. Sīc enim necesse est pācem facere. Tēla avunculī sunt bona quamquam hastae gravēs atque gladiī nōn sunt.

Latrōnēs quoque tēla habent. Sī latrōnēs sē capī putant, cīvēs interdum interficiunt. Nocte ubi cīvēs somnō sē dant, latrōnēs per viās celeriter ambulant. Tēcta non semper mūnīta sunt. Fenestrae sunt apertae. Quod cīvēs sonitum pedum latrōnum nōn semper audiunt, nēmō latrōnēs, quī multās rēs ē tēctīs portant, videt. Latrōnēs igitur discēdunt. Māne posterō diē avunculus et comitēs eius vocantur et diū per viās errant. Sī latrōnēs capiuntur, hī virī malī diū in vinculīs tenentur aut interficiuntur.

Nunc Maria quae in grāmine sub umbrā arboris et ante pedēs avunculī iacet fābulās tantōrum perīculōrum audit. “Nōn tanta perīcula sunt, ut putō, in nostrīs urbibus,” inquit puella. Avunculus “Maiōra perīcula,” respondet, “in urbibus vestrīs quam trāns mare reperiuntur. In urbe meā paucī cīvēs ā latrōnibus interficiuntur.”

[1] Give the nominative singular of the following nouns from the text:

[i] comitēs

[ii] diē

[iii] gramine

[iv] latrōnēs

[v] nocte

[vi] pedum

[2] Match the words and phrases in bold from the text with their grammatical descriptions

[i] Herī vir ad casam nautae vēnit.

[ii] Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, …

[iii] Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, …

[iv] quod fīnitimum exspectābat.

[v] in magnā urbe in quā sunt multa perīcula

[vi] cīvēs sē dēfendere … necesse est.

[vii] Cīvēs latrōnēs expellere maximē volunt.

[viii] proelia … geruntur

[ix] quamquam hastae gravēs atque gladiī nōn sunt

[x] multās rēs

[xi] posterō diē

[xii] Sī latrōnēs capiuntur, …

[xiii] hī virī malī

[xiv] Maiōra perīcula

[xv] … cīvēs ā latrōnibus interficiuntur

5^th declension noun

ablative of agent

adverb of time

adverbial phrase of time

comparative adjective

concessive clause

conditional clause

conjunction introducing a clause of reason

conjunction introducing a clause of time

demonstrative adjective

perfect passive

present passive

reflexive pronoun

relative pronoun

superlative adverb

___________________

[1]

[i] comes

[ii] diēs

[iii] grāmen

[iv] latrō

[v] nox

[vi] pēs

[2]

[i] Herī vir ad casam nautae vēnit. | adverb of time; yesterday a man came to the sailor’s cottage

[ii] Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, … | conjunction introducing a clause of time; when the sound of his feet was heard …

[iii] Ubi sonitus pedum eius audītus est, … | perfect passive; when the sound of his feet was heard …

[iv] quod fīnitimum exspectābat. | conjunction introducing a clause of reason; because she was waiting for a neighbour

[v] in magnā urbe in quā sunt multa perīcula | relative pronoun; in a large city in which there are many dangers

[vi] cīvēs sē dēfendere … necesse est. | reflexive pronoun; it is necessary for the citizens to defend themselves

[vii] Cīvēs latrōnēs expellere maximē volunt. | superlative adverb; the citizens very much want to drive out the robbers.

[viii] proelia … geruntur | present passive; battles are waged

[ix] quamquam hastae gravēs atque gladiī nōn sunt | concessive clause; although the spears and swords are not heavy

[x] multās rēs | 5^th declension noun; many things

[xi] posterō diē | adverbial phrase of time; on the following day

[xii] Sī latrōnēs capiuntur, … | conditional clause; if the robbers are captured …

[xiii] hī virī malī| demonstrative adjective; these evil men

[xiv] Maiōra perīcula | comparative adjective; greater dangers

[xv] … cīvēs ā latrōnibus interficiuntur | ablative of agent; … citizens are killed by robbers

19.11.26: Level 1-2 (review): Julia (a Latin Reader) [4] (6)

CERĒS ET PERSEPHONĒ (6)

Tum Persephonē cum Mercuriō ē rēgnō Īnferōrum properāvit. Mercurius equōs validōs incitāvit, et equī per clīvōs altōs, per campōs lātōs libenter properāvērunt. Tandem Persephonē templum Deae flāvae vidēbat. Puella laeta verbīs laetīs Deam vocāvit.

Cerēs magnō gaudiō ē templō ēvolāvit, et fīliae cārae ōscula multa dabat. Subitō per terrās herba in prātīs, ūvae in vīneīs undique flōrēbant, quod nōn iam flēbant Cerēs et Persephonē. Cēterī quoque deī laetī erant, quod agricolae ad templa dōna multa apportābant et in ārīs victimās mactābant.

gaudium, -ī [2/n]: joy

ēvolō, ēvolāre [1]: fly out

flōreō, flōrēre [2]: bloom

libenter: gladly

___________________

Then Persephone hurried with Mercury out of the kingdom of the Underworld. Mercury urged on his strong horses, and the horses gladly hurried through high hills and wide fields. At last Persephone saw the temple of the golden goddess. The happy girl called to the goddess with joyful words.

Ceres flew out of the temple with great joy and gave many kisses to her dear daughter. Suddenly throughout the lands grass in the meadows and grapes in the vineyards were blooming everywhere, because Ceres and Persephone were no longer weeping. The other gods also were happy, because the farmers were bringing many gifts to the temples and sacrificing victims on the altars.