Match the English
and the Latin:
[i] He says that
the man is coming.
[ii] He says that
the man came / has come.
[iii] He said that
the man was coming.
[iv] He says that
the man will come.
[v] He said that
the man had come.
[vi] He said that
the man would come.
Dīxit virum
ventūrum esse.
Dīxit virum
venīre.
Dīcit virum vēnisse.
Dīcit virum
venīre.
Dīxit virum
vēnisse.
Dīcit virum ventūrum esse.
[A] (1) "Cīvitās
Helvētia, nostra patria, locī nātūrā continētur. (2) Helvētiī undique
flūminibus montibusque continentur. (3) Helvētiī, hominēs maximae audāciae,
sunt bellī cupidī, sed (4) propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile
īnferre possunt. (5) Glōria bellī et fortitūdinis quondam fuit maxima sed (6) mox
minima erit. (7) Helvētiī sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et lātiōrēs
fīnēs petere possunt. (8) Sīc fīnēs sibi magis idōneōs obtinēbunt."
(9) "Rōmānī
autem magnam partem Galliae iam superāvērunt. (10) Prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae
obtinēre volunt. (11) Rōmānī fortasse ab itinere nōs prohibēre temptābunt. (12)
Multae nātiōnēs autem ab Helvētiīs vīctae sunt. (13) Exercitus Rōmānus quidem
ab eīs quondam victus est. (14) Sine dubiō cōpiae Helvētiōrum eum iterum
vincent."
[B]
(1) Orgetorīx
dīcit cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continērī. (2) Dēmōnstrat Helvētiōs
undique flūminibus et montibus continērī. (3) Cōnfirmat Helvētiōs, hominēs
maximae audāciae, bellī esse cupidōs sed (4) propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs
bellum nōn facile īnferre posse. (5) Nōbilibus nostrīs nārrat eōrum glōriam
bellī et fortitūdinis fuisse maximam sed (6) mox futūram esse minimam. (7) Putat
Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et fīnēs lātiōrēs petere
posse; (8) sīc sibi fīnēs magis idōneōs obtentūrōs esse. (9) Dīcit Rōmānōs
ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse et (10) prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae
obtinēre velle. (11) Putat Rōmānōs fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre
temptātūrōs esse. (12) Scit autem multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs vīctās esse et (13)
exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam vīctum esse. (14) Spērat cōpiās
Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse.
(1) Orgetorīx dīcit
¦ cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continēri.
(2) Dēmōnstrat
¦ Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus continērī.
(3) Cōnfirmat ¦
Helvētiōs, hominēs maximae audāciae, bellī esse cupidōs
sed (4) propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre posse.
(5) Nōbilibus
nostrīs nārrat ¦ eōrum glōriam bellī et fortitūdinis fuisse
maximam sed (6) mox futūram esse minimam.
(7) Putat ¦
Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et fīnēs lātiōrēs
petere posse; (8) sīc sibi fīnēs magis idōneōs obtentūrōs esse.
(9) Dīcit ¦
Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse et (10)
prīncipātum tōtius Galliae obtinēre velle.
(11) Putat
¦ Rōmānōs fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre temptātūrōs esse.
(12) Scit ¦
autem multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs victās esse et (13) exercitum
Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam victum esse.
(14) Spērat
¦ cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse.
Direct statement
> Indirect statement
An indirect
statement comprises three parts:
(1) the verb that introduces
the indirect statement e.g. dīcit (he says)
(2) the subject of the
indirect statement in the accusative case
(3) the verb of the
indirect statement is changed to an infinitive
[a] with the present
active infinitive
[i]
Direct statement
“Helvētiī
sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et lātiōrēs finēs petere possunt.”
"The Helvetians are able to
leave their own territory without difficulty and seek wider lands."
> Indirect
statement
(1) Putat │ (2) Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē
fīnibus suīs et fīnēs lātiōrēs petere (3) posse
(1) He thinks │
(2) that the Helvetians (3) are able to
leave their own territory without difficulty and seek wider lands.
[ii]
Direct statement
“Helvētiī,
hominēs
maximae audāciae, sunt bellī cupidī, “… sed propter angustōs fīnēs
fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre possunt.”
“The Helvetians, a people of the
greatest boldness, are ¦ eager for war, but because of their narrow territory, they
are not easily able to wage war on their neighbors.”
> Indirect
statement
(1)
Cōnfirmat │ (2) Helvētiōs, hominēs
maximae audāciae, bellī (3) esse ¦ cupidōs, sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs
bellum nōn facile īnferre (3) posse.
(1) He affirms │
(2) that the Helvetians, a people of the greatest boldness,
(3) are
¦ eager
for war, but because of their narrow territory, they are not easily (3) able to
wage war on their neighbours.
[iii]
Direct statement
“(Rōmānī)
prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre volunt.”
“(The Romans)
want
to obtain supremacy over all of Gaul.”
> Indirect
statement
(1) Dīcit │ (2) Rōmānōs ipsōs
prīncipātum tōtius Galliae obtinēre (3) velle
(1) He says │ (2) that the Romans themselves (3) want
to obtain supremacy over all of Gaul.
[b] with the perfect
active infinitive
[i]
Direct statement
“Rōmānī
autem magnam partem Galliae iam superāvērunt.”
“But the Romans have
already conquered a large part of Gaul.”
> Indirect
statement
(1) Dīcit │ (2) Rōmānōs ipsōs
magnam partem Galliae iam (3) superāvisse
(1) He says │
(2) that the Romans themselves (3) have already conquered
a large part of Gaul.
[ii]
Direct statement
“Glōria
bellī et fortitūdinis quondam fuit maxima”
“The glory of war
and bravery was the greatest at one time.”
> Indirect
statement
Nōbilibus nostrīs │
(1) nārrat eōrum (2) glōriam bellī et fortitūdinis
(3) fuisse
maximam
(1) He tells our nobles │ that (2) their glory of
war and bravery (3) were the greatest.
[c] with the future
active infinitive
[i]
Direct statement
“Glōria
bellī et fortitūdinis … mox minima erit.”
“The glory of war
and bravery will soon be very little.”
> Indirect
statement
Nōbilibus nostrīs
(1) nārrat │ (2) glōriam …
mox (3) futūram esse minimam
(1) He tells our nobles │ that (2) the glory of
war and bravery (3) will soon be very little.
[ii]
Direct statement
“Sine dubiō cōpiae
Helvētiōrum eum (exercitum) iterum vincent.”
“Without doubt the troops of the
Helvetians will again conquer it (the army).”
> Indirect
statement
(1) Spērat │
(2) cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum (3) victūrās esse
(1) He hopes │ that
(2) the
troops of the Helvetians (3) will again conquer the Romans.
[iii]
Direct statement
“Rōmānī
fortasse ab itinere nōs prohibēre temptābunt.”
“The Romans will
perhaps try to stop us from (our) journey.”
> Indirect
statement
(1) Putat │ (2)
Rōmānōs
fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre (3) temptātūrōs esse
(1) He thinks │
that (2) the Romans (3) will perhaps try to prevent them from (their)
journey.”
[iv]
Direct statement
“(Helvētiī)
sīc fīnēs sibi magis idōneōs obtinēbunt.”
“In this way the Helvetians will obtain territory
more suitable for themselves.”
> Indirect
statement
(1) Putat │ (2) Helvētiōs … sīc sibi fīnēs magis
idōneōs (3) obtentūrōs esse
(1) He thinks │
that, in this way, (2) the Helvetians (3) will obtain territory
more suitable for themselves.
[d] with the present
passive infinitive
[i]
Direct statement
“Cīvitās
Helvētia, nostra patria, loci nātūrā continētur.”
“The Helvetian
state, our homeland, is confined by natural features.”
> Indirect
statement
Orgetorīx (1) dīcit │ (2) cīvitātem Helvētiam locī
nātūrā (3) continēri
Orgetorix (1) says │ that (2) the Helvetian state (3) is confined
by natural features.
[ii]
Direct statement
“Helvētiī
undique flūminibus montibusque continentur.”
“The Helvetians are surrounded on all
sides by rivers and mountains.”
> Indirect
statement
(1) Dēmōnstrat │ (2) Helvētiōs
undique flūminibus et montibus (3) continērī
(1) He shows │ that
(2) the
Helvetians (3) are surrounded on all sides by rivers and
mountains.
[e] with the perfect
passive infinitive
[i]
“Multae nātiōnēs autem
ab Helvetiīs victae sunt.”
“Many nations,
however, have been conquered by the Helvetians.”
(1) Scit autem │ (2) multās
nātiōnēs
ab Helvētiīs (3) victās esse …
(1) He knows, however, │ (2) that many nations (3) have been
conquered by the Helvetians …
[ii]
“Exercitus
Rōmānus quidem ab eīs quondam victus est.”
“Indeed, the Roman army was once
defeated
by them.”
(scit) … │ (2)
exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam (3) victum esse
(knows) … │ that (2) the Roman army indeed (3) was once defeated by them.
The vocabulary lists the names of the planets and the gods:
Mercurius, -ī [2/m]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)
Venus, Veneris [3/f]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)
Terra, -ae [1/f]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(mythology)
Mārs, Mārtis [3/m]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythology)
Iuppiter, Iovis [3/m]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(god)
Sāturnus, -ī [2/m]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)
Ūranus, -ī [2/m]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)
Neptūnus, -ī [2/m]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)
sōl, -is [3/m]: sun
lūna, -ae [1/f]: moon
stēlla, -ae [1/f]: star
sīdus, -eris [3/n]: star;
constellation
astrum, -ī [2/n]: star;
constellation
astronomia, -ae [1/f]:
astronomy
astrologia, -ae [1/f]
zodiacus, -ī [2/m]: zodiac
comētēs, -ae [1/m]; comēta,
-ae [1/m]: comet
stēlla, -ae [1/f] crīnīta:
comet
planēta, -ae [1/f]: planet
[1] A Surprise Attack by the British
Posterō diē hostēs, quī procul ā castrīs erant in collibus,
nostrōs equitēs proeliō lacessere incipiēbant. Tempore merīdiānō, ubi Caesar
trēs legiōnēs et omnēs equitēs cum Gāiō Trebōniō, lēgātō, frūmentī causā
mīserat, illī subitō in pābulātōrēs impetum fēcērunt. Sed nostrī ācriter
resistēbant atque magnum numerum illōrum necāvērunt et cēterōs fugāvērunt. Hāc
ex fugā auxilia, quae omnibus ex partibus convēnerant ad hostēs, discessērunt
nec post illud tempus hostēs cum omnibus cōpiīs contrā nostrōs contendērunt.
[2] the Submission of the Trinobantes
Inde Trinobantēs, prope firmissima illārum regiōnum cīvitās,
lēgātōs ad Caesarem dē pāce mīsērunt atque sē Caesarī dedērunt. Ex hāc cīvitāte
Mandubracius, fīlius rēgis, ad Caesarem in Galliam vēnerat. Caesar multōs
obsidēs et frūmentum imperat atque Mandubracium ad illōs mittit. Illī imperāta
faciunt atque obsidēs ad numerum et frūmentum mittunt. Inde gentēs multae
lēgātōs dē pāce mittunt atque sē Caesarī dant.
The questions refer to either of the two texts
[i] Give the nominative singular of the following nouns
diē
gentēs
obsidēs
pāce
regiōnum
rēgis
[ii] Identify the case of the words in bold and explain why
it is being used:
(1)
tempore merīdiānō
(2)
cum Gāiō Trebōniō, lēgātō
(3)
frūmentī causā
(4)
prope firmissima illārum regiōnum cīvitās
(5)
sē Caesarī dant
[iii] Give the first person singular present tense of the
following verbs:
(1) convēnerant
(2) dedērunt
(3) discessērunt
(4) fēcērunt
(5) incipiēbant
(6) mīserat
____________________
[i]
diē < diēs
gentēs < gēns
obsidēs < obses
pāce < pāx
regiōnum < regiō
rēgis < rēx
[ii]
(1) ablative of time when
(2) ablative of accompaniment │
noun in apposition i.e. two nouns are in the same case; cum [i] Gāiō
Trebōniō, ¦ lēgātō
(3) genitive with causā (+ gen.)
for the sake of
(4) genitive (plural): relative
superlative refers to when the superlative is used in relation to
something else e.g. the bravest of (all) the soldiers
05.12.24: level 2; degrees of
comparison [17]; the superlative (4); relative superlative
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/051224-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-17.html
prope firmissima illārum
regiōnum cīvitās │ nearly the strongest tribe of those regions
(5) dative; indirect object
[iii]
(1) convēnerant < conveniō
(2) dedērunt < dō
(3) discessērunt < discedō
(4) fēcērunt < faciō
(5) incipiēbant < incipiō
(6) mīserat < mittō
[1] Paucīs ante diēbus Carolus et Maria rēgem vīdērunt. Mox iterum laetī erunt quod nāviculam poētae vidēre poterunt. Haec est in flūmine parvō sed nōn est prope Rōmam. Itaque hanc urbem relinquere necesse est. Post tempus longum Americānī flūmen parvum vident. Prope rīpam flūminis est nāvicula, parva sed nōn angusta. Magna nāvis nōn est. Paucī ūnō tempore in nāviculā sedēre possunt. Sine morā omnēs viam relinquunt et ad rīpam properant.
[1] Comprehension
[i] Carolus and
Maria saw the king …
[A] for a few days
[B] a few days
later
[C] a few days
earlier
[ii] Carolus and
Maria …
[A] were soon able
to see the small boat
[B] will soon be
able to see the small boat
[C] can see the
small boat again
[iii] The little
boat …
[A] is in a big
river
[B] in a small
river near Rome
[C] in a river far
from Rome
[iv] Carolus and
Maria …
[A] need to leave
the city
[B] have left the
city
[C] are now
leaving the city
[v] The Americans
…
[A] soon see a
small river
[B] see the river
after a long time
[C] see a long
river
[vi] Near the
river is …
[A] a small, wide
boat
[B] a small,
narrow boat
[C] a big ship
[vii] At the same
time …
[A] many people …
[B] one person …
[C] few people …
… can sit in the
boat
[viii] Which two
words / phrases in the last sentence tell you that they are eager to get on the
boat?
[2] Vesper est.
Undique sunt rēs pulchrae. Ibi ānserēs natant et clāmōrēs eōrum audīrī possunt.
Aliō in locō sunt nāvēs. In mediō flūmine sunt saxa in quibus paucī puerī
sedent. Eī diū natāvērunt et nunc corpora eōrum sunt dēfessa. Homō quī in rīpā
stat est pater ūnīus puerī. Omnēs puerōs convocat. Post tergum praemium habet.
Quis hoc accipiet?
[2] Comprehension
[i] What time of
day is it? (1)
[ii] What can be
seen everywhere? (1)
[iii] What are the
geese doing? (1)
[iv] What can be
heard? (1)
[v] Where are the
ships? (1)
[vi] Translate: In
mediō flūmine sunt saxa in quibus paucī puerī sedent. Eī diū natāvērunt et nunc
corpora eōrum sunt dēfessa. (6)
[vii] Where is the
man standing and who is he? (2)
[viii] Which is
the correct statement?
[A] All the boys
call him
[B] He calls one
of the boys
[C] He calls all
the boys
[ix] Which is the
correct statement?
[A] We know which
boy will receive the reward
[B] He doesn’t let
them see the reward
[C] The man shows
the boys the reward
____________________
[1]
[i]
[C] a few days earlier; paucīs ante diēbus
[ii]
[B] will soon be able to see the small boat; vidēre poterunt
[iii]
[C] in a river far from Rome; nōn est prope Rōmam
[iv]
[A] need to leave the city; urbem relinquere necesse est
[v]
[B] see the river after a long time; post tempus longum … vident
[vi]
[A] a small, wide boat; nāvicula, parva sed nōn angusta
[vii]
[C] few (people) …; paucī … sedēre possunt
[viii]
sine morā │ without delay; properant │ they hurry / rush
[2]
[i]
evening
[ii]
beautiful things
[iii]
swimming
[iv]
their cries i.e. the cries of the geese
[v]
in another place
[vi]
(1) In the middle (2) of the river (3) (there) are rocks (4) on which a few
boys are sitting. (5) They swam / have swum for a long time and (6) now
their bodies are tired.
[vii]
(1) on the river bank (2) father ¦ of one boy; pater ¦ ūnīus
puerī
[viii]
[C] he calls ¦ all the boys; omnēs puerōs ¦ convocat.
[ix] [B] He doesn’t let them see the reward; post tergum praemium habet │ he has the reward behind his back