10.05.26: Level 1 (review); verbs; 3rd-iō conjugation present tense

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/409226905021917/

29.04.26: Level 1 (review); verbs; third conjugation present tense

11.03.24: introduction to 3rd conjugation verbs ... and how to be a worthless dice player!

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/405326338745307/

21.07.24: level 1; 3rd conjugation verbs

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/476640698280537/

24.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the verbs [8]; 3rd conjugation

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/560489039895702/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/conjugations%3A%203rd%20%26%203-io

05.03.26: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [25][vi] future tense of 3rd / 3-iō / 4th conjugation verbs

[i] Images #1 and #2: In this series of posts you first saw the future tense here:

30.10.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [13][ii] Future tense

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/08/301025-level-1-carolus-et-maria-13ii.html

In that post the future tense of 1^st and  2^nd conjugation verbs was introduced, which have the very distinctive endings:

-bō, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis, -bunt [-bō- / -bi- / -bu-]

portāb¦ō: I shall carry

portābi¦s: you (sg) will carry

portābi¦t: (s)he / it will carry

portābi¦mus: we will carry

portābi¦tis: you (pl) will carry

portābu¦nt: they will carry

[ii] Image #3: In this text there are two examples of the future tense of the 3^rd and 3^rd-iō conjugation – and the same endings apply to the 4^th conjugation

relinquō, -ere [3]: leave (behind)

Americānī Rōmam … relinquent │ The Americans will leave Rome

accipiō, -ere [3-iō]: receive

Quis hoc accipiet? │ Who will receive this?

The future tense endings for the 3rd, 3rd-iō and 4th conjugations are effectively the same:

-am

-ēs

-et

-ēmus

-ētis

-ent

(1) For 3rd conjugation verbs, remove the infinitive ending in its entirety:

mittō, mitt¦ere [3]: send > mitt¦-

Then add the endings:

mitt¦am, mittēs, mittet, mittēmus, mittētis, mittent

(2) In the 4th conjugation -re is removed from the infinitive, but the long /ī/ is shortened > /ĭ/:

audiō, audī¦re [4]: hear > audī¦- > audĭ¦-

Then add the same endings:

audiam, audiēs, audiet, audiēmus, audiētis, audient

(3) 3rd-iō verbs endings are exactly the same as the 4th conjugation:

capiō, capere [3-iō]: take

Remove the infinitive ending in its entirety:

cap¦- > add short /ĭ/: capi-

Then add the endings:

capiam, capiēs, capiet, capiēmus, capiētis, capient

07.04.24: future tense of 3rd, 3rd-iō and 4th conjugations

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-future-tense-of-3rd-3rd-io-and_1.html

[iii] Compare 2 sentences from the text:

omnēs viam relinquunt [present tense] │ they all leave the road

Americānī Rōmam … relinquent [future tense] │ the Americans will leave Rome

Image #4: Unlike the future tense of the 1^st and 2^nd conjugation which are easy to recognise, the future and present tenses of the 3^rd / 3-iō / 4^th conjugations are very similar; the table shows the stems and endings to look out for

[iv] links

07.04.24: spotting the differences; present and future tenses of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-spotting-differences-present-and.html

07.04.24: future tenses working together

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-future-tenses-working-together.html

07.04.24: reading practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-reading-practice.html

07.04.24: future tense in the Vulgate

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-future-tense-in-vulgate.html

07.04.24: future tense; examples from the authors

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-future-tense-examples-from.html

28.08.25: Level 1: 3rd-iō conjugation verbs

This post follows on from the previous posts on 3^rd and 4^th conjugation verbs.

Links:

Level 1; Road to Latin [33]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (2) grammar: 3^rd conjugation verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/220825-level-1-road-to-latin-33-i-in.html

Level 1; Road to Latin [34]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (3) grammar: 3^rd conjugation verbs; links

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/220825-level-1-road-to-latin-34-i-in.html

Level 1; Road to Latin [35]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (4) grammar: 4^th conjugation verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/250825-level-1-road-to-latin-35-i-in.html

Level 1; Road to Latin [36]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (5) grammar: 4^th conjugation verbs; links

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/250825-level-1-road-to-latin-36-i-in.html

I leave this conjugation until last because it is formed partly from the 3^rd conjugation and partly from the 4^th i.e. it is better to be familiar with the 3^rd and 4^th before looking at what is happening in the 3^rd-iō. The information below has been posted before:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/180304-3rd-io-conjugation.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/409226905021917/

However, a summary is posted here again since it naturally follows on from what has already been discussed.

If you look at the first image posted, you see two verbs side by side; in grammar books they are generally presented this way because both of them are classified as 3rd conjugation, the infinitive in short /e/. However, the verb on the right can be noted as [3-iō] although wiktionary (rather threateningly) lists this verb type as “third conjugation iō-variant”. 

Why is it called this?

[i] Here’s a 3rd conjugation: bibō, bibere [3]: drink

bibō      

>> bibis <<        

>> bibit <<

>> bibimus <<

>> bibitis <<

bibunt

[ii] Here’s a 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre [4]: hear

>> audiō <<      

audīs    

audit    

audīmus

audītis

>> audiunt <<

[iii] Now, the final ‘tick box’ of the conjugations:

faciō, facere [3-iō]: do; make

Take a second look; the first person singular looks like audiō [4th conjugation] but the infinitive is short /e/ -ere, like bibere [3rd conjugation], and what emerges is a combination of the two:

[1] fáciō [like 4th conjugation; compare audiō]: I do

Now it has the endings of the 3rd conjugation:

[2] fácĭs [compare: bíbĭs]: you (sg.) do

[3] fácĭt [compare: bíbĭt]: he / she / it does

[4] fácĭmus [compare: bíbĭmus]: we do

[5] fácĭtis [compare: bíbĭtis]: you (pl.) do

Then …

[6] fáciunt [like 4th conjugation: audiunt]: they do

The table below shows the three conjugations – 3rd, 3-iō and 4th – side-by-side. The accent marks [ʹ] and [˘] are only used here to show the differences in stresses. Note the way in which the 3-iō conjugation is formed partly from the third conjugation and partly from the fourth.

Compare the way in which 3rd, 3-iō and 4^th conjugations are listed:

dūcō, -ere [3]; -ō / -ere

capiō, -ere [3-iō]; -iō / -ere

audiō, -īre [4]; -iō / -īre

Some frequently occurring verbs are of the 3-iō type:

accipiō, accipere [3-iō]: receive

capiō, capere [3-iō]: take; capture

cupiō, cupere [3-iō]: desire

effugiō, effugere [3-iō]: flee / escape from

fugiō, fugere [3-iō]: flee

iaciō, iacere [3-iō] throw

interficiō, interficere [3-iō]: kill

rapiō, rapere [3-iō]: seize; of course, the highly unpleasant word ‘rape’ is derived from this, but the original word, which, yes, could mean ‘rape’ also had a far wider meaning of ‘snatch; carry off; abduct’

Links

[1] further posts on the 3-iō conjugation

18.03.24: 3rd-iō conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/180304-3rd-io-conjugation.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/409226905021917/

18.03.24: practice in the 3-iō conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/180324-practice-in-3-io-conjugation.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/409455001665774/

[2] 3^rd, 3-iō and 4^th conjugations: all posts

[i] 3^rd and 3-iō conjugation

https://mega.nz/file/GB9HXJyQ#rAlmUqjUcF0fjIlKKbqo0F0MWGj0FQB5zIvwHM2EpVo

[ii] 4^th conjugation

https://mega.nz/file/aVUnDRwD#HnIrEIqAdtRrB4xOxakJ0v80ekm6Y60xt6xXhp0q5pA

22.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [34]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (3) grammar: 3rd conjugation verbs; links

11.03.24: introduction to 3rd conjugation verbs ... and how to be a worthless dice player!

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-introduction-to-3rd-conjugation.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/405326338745307/

11.03.24: 3rd conjugation verbs: ways of learning [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-3rd-conjugation-verbs-ways-of.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/405433262067948/

11.03.24: simple practice for the 3rd conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-simple-practice-for-3rd.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/405447698733171/

11.03.24: 3rd conjugation verbs: ways of learning [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-ways-of-learning.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/405500248727916/

24.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the verbs [8]; 3rd conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/241024-level-1-review-practice-in-verbs.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/560489039895702/

22.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [33]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (2) grammar: 3rd conjugation verbs

We first focus on 3^rd conjugation verbs (indicated in bold):

In peristȳlō

Peristȳlum līberōs Tulliae dēlectat. Puellae statuās saepe ōrnant. Aulus et Lūcius ibi student. Puerī parvī in peristȳlō libenter lūdunt quod in peristȳlō est aqua. Puerī parvī nāviculās ligneās habent. Tullia in peristȳlō saepe sedet et lūdōs līberōrum spectat. Interdum Tullia cum līberīs lūdit. Hodiē Publius et Servius domī sunt sed Lūcius et Aulus in lūdō sunt. Ā domiciliō Tullia clāmat, “ubi es, Pūblī? Quid agis?” Pūblius respondet, “lūdō in peristȳlō, Tullia.” Tum Tullia clāmat, “ubi tū lūdis, Servī?” “ego quoque in peristȳlō lūdō,” respondet Servius. “num in aquā lūditis?” Rogat Tullia. “in aquā nōn lūdimus sed nāviculae nostrae sunt in aquā. Nāviculās ad Graeciam et ad Crētam mittimus,” respondent puerī parvī. “Quid audīs, Pūblī? Quis venit?” Subitō rogat Servius. “Lūcius et Aulus in domicilium veniunt,” respondet Pūblius. “venitne paedagōgus cum puerīs, Pūblī?” “puerī cum paedagōgō veniunt.” “cūr, Lūcī, ā lūdō mātūrē venis?” Clāmat Pūblius. “veniō quod magister est aeger,” respondet Lūcius. “nōnne tū et Aulus in peristȳlum venītis?” Clāmat Servius. “in peristȳlum nōn venīmus. Ad Tulliam venīmus,” puerī respondent.

We can use the verb lūdō, lūdere as an example of a third conjugation verb:

lūdō, -ere [3]: to play; note the difference between 2^nd and 3^rd conjugation infinitives:

respondeō, respondēre [2]: reply; the infinitive ending has a long and stressed ē [re-spon-dḗ-re]

lūdō, lūdere [3]: play; the infinitive ending has a short and unstressed e [lū-dĕ-re]

the 3^rd conjugation is formed by removing the infinitive ending i.e. lūd¦ere > lūd- to which the following endings are added:

lūdō: I play, am playing [the personal ending is added directly to the stem]

lūdis: you (sg.) play [personal ending + stem vowel -i-]

lūdit: he / she / it plays

lūdimus: we play

lūditis: you (pl.) play

lūdunt: they play [personal ending + stem vowel -u-]

Dē equō ligneō

Multī dominī Rōmānī servōs Graecōs habent. Servī Graecī saepe sunt paedagōgī puerōrum Rōmānōrum. Dominī paedagōgōs cum fīliīs ad lūdum mittunt. Paedagōgus Lūcī et Aulī est Graecus. Puerīs fābulās dē Graeciā saepe nārrat. Fābula dē equō ligneō Lūcium et Aulum dēlectat.

"Graecī sunt īrātī quod Troiānī pulchram fēminam Graecam Troiae tenent. Itaque multī armātī ōrās Graeciae relinquunt et Troiam nāvigant. Interim Troiānī arma et frūmentum cōgunt et mūrōs Troiae dīligenter mūniunt. Posteā Graecī mūrōs oppugnant et longum bellum cum Troiānīs gerunt. Sunt multa proelia in ōrīs Troiae sed deī neque Graecīs neque Troiānīs victōriam dant.

"Tandem Graecī magnum equum ligneum aedificant. Noctū multī armātī in equum ascendunt. Tum reliquī Graecī ad īnsulam parvam nāvigant sed equum extrā mūrōs Troiae relinquunt. Māne Troiānī ā Troiae mūrīs equum magnum vident. Portās celeriter aperiunt et ad equum properant. Multī clāmant, 'Est certē dōnum deōrum! Troiānī equum nōn timent sed dēsīderant; itaque equum intrā mūrōs trahunt. Noctū armātī ex equō veniunt. Troiānī Graecōs nōn impediunt quod armātōs nōn audiunt. Ab īnsulā parvā ad Troiae portās reliquī Graecī properant. Tum armātī ad portās veniunt et sociōs intrā mūrōs dūcunt. Sīc Graecī Troiānōs vincunt et Troiam incendunt."

Examples from the texts:

[1] lūdō, -ere [3]: play

Ego quoque in peristȳlō lūdō. │ I’m also playing in the peristyle garden.

Ubi tū lūdis? │ Where are you playing?

Tullia cum līberīs lūdit. │ Tullia is playing with the children.

In aquā nōn lūdimus. │ We’re not playing in the water.

Num in aquā lūditis? │ You’re (pl.) not playing in the water, are you?

Puerī parvī in peristȳlō lūdunt. │ The little boys are playing in the peristyle garden.

[2]

ascendō, ascendere [3]:  to climb

Multī armātī in equum ascendunt. │ Many armed men climb into the horse.

cōgō, cōgere [3]:  to collect; compel, force

Troiānī arma et frūmentum cōgunt. │ The Trojans collect arms and grain.

dūcō, dūcere [3]:  to lead, guide

Armātī … sociōs intrā mūrōs dūcunt. │ The armed men lead (their) comrades inside the walls.

gerō, gerere [3]:  to carry on; wear; bellum gerere [3]:  to wage war

Graecī … longum bellum cum Troiānīs gerunt. │ The Greeks wage a long war with the Trojans.

incendō, incendere [3]:  to burn, set fire to

Graecī … Troiam incendunt. │ The Greeks set fire to Troy.

mittō, mittere [3]:  to send

Nāviculās ad Graeciam et ad Crētam mittimus. │ We are sending the little ships to Greece and Crete.

Dominī paedagōgōs cum fīliīs ad lūdum mittunt. │ The masters send the tutors with (their) sons to school.

relinquō, relinquere [3]:  to leave, abandon

Multī armātī ōrās Graeciae relinquunt. │ Many armed men leave the shores of Greece.

trahō, trahere [3]:  to drag, draw

Equum intrā mūrōs trahunt. │ They drag the horse inside the walls.

vincō, vincere [3]:  to conquer, subdue, overcome

Graecī Troiānōs vincunt. │ The Greeks conquer the Trojans.

19.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [32]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (1) texts, vocabulary, exercise

[present tense of verbs of third and fourth conjugations]

These two texts introduce two verb conjugations. In this post, simply read the texts for understanding; in the next two posts we will look at the conjugations in more detail.

In peristȳlō

Peristȳlum līberōs Tulliae dēlectat. Puellae statuās saepe ōrnant. Aulus et Lūcius ibi student. Puerī parvī in peristȳlō libenter lūdunt quod in peristȳlō est aqua. Puerī parvī nāviculās ligneās habent. Tullia in peristȳlō saepe sedet et lūdōs līberōrum spectat. Interdum Tullia cum līberīs lūdit. Hodiē Publius et Servius domī sunt sed Lūcius et Aulus in lūdō sunt. Ā domiciliō Tullia clāmat, “ubi es, Pūblī? Quid agis?” Pūblius respondet, “lūdō in peristȳlō, Tullia.” Tum Tullia clāmat, “ubi tū lūdis, Servī?” “ego quoque in peristȳlō lūdō,” respondet Servius. “num in aquā lūditis?” Rogat Tullia. “in aquā nōn lūdimus sed nāviculae nostrae sunt in aquā. Nāviculās ad Graeciam et ad Crētam mittimus,” respondent puerī parvī. “Quid audīs, Pūblī? Quis venit?” Subitō rogat Servius. “Lūcius et Aulus in domicilium veniunt,” respondet Pūblius. “venitne paedagōgus cum puerīs, Pūblī?” “puerī cum paedagōgō veniunt.” “cūr, Lūcī, ā lūdō mātūrē venis?” Clāmat Pūblius. “veniō quod magister est aeger,” respondet Lūcius. “nōnne tū et Aulus in peristȳlum venītis?” Clāmat Servius. “in peristȳlum nōn venīmus. Ad Tulliam venīmus,” puerī respondent.

Exercise

Respondē Latīnē:

1. Quid puellae agunt? │ What do the girls do?
2. Quid Aulus et Lūcius agunt?
3. Quid puerī parvī libenter agunt?
4. Quid Tullia interdum agit?
5. Quid Tullia clāmat?
6. Quid Pūblius respondet?
7. Quid Tullia rogat?
8. Quid puerī parvī respondent?
9. Quid Servius rogat?
10. Quid Lūcius et Aulus agunt?
11. Venitne paedagōgus?
12. Quid clāmat Pūblius?
13. Quid Lūcius respondet?
14. Quid clāmat Servius?
15. Quid puerī respondent?

Vocabulary

aeger, aegra, aegrum: sick, ill

ibi: there, in that place

ligneus, -a, -um: wooden

mātūrē: early

subitō: suddenly

agō, agere [3]: to do, drive

lūdō, lūdere [3]:  to play, frolic

mittō, mittere [3]:  to send

audiō, audīre [4]: to hear, listen to

veniō, venīre [4]: to come

Dē equō ligneō

Multī dominī Rōmānī servōs Graecōs habent. Servī Graecī saepe sunt paedagōgī puerōrum Rōmānōrum. Dominī paedagōgōs cum fīliīs ad lūdum mittunt. Paedagōgus Lūcī et Aulī est Graecus. Puerīs fābulās dē Graeciā saepe nārrat. Fābula dē equō ligneō Lūcium et Aulum dēlectat.

"Graecī sunt īrātī quod Troiānī pulchram fēminam Graecam Troiae tenent. Itaque multī armātī ōrās Graeciae relinquunt et Troiam nāvigant. Interim Troiānī arma et frūmentum cōgunt et mūrōs Troiae dīligenter mūniunt. Posteā Graecī mūrōs oppugnant et longum bellum cum Troiānīs gerunt. Sunt multa proelia in ōrīs Troiae sed deī neque Graecīs neque Troiānīs victōriam dant.

"Tandem Graecī magnum equum ligneum aedificant. Noctū multī armātī in equum ascendunt. Tum reliquī Graecī ad īnsulam parvam nāvigant sed equum extrā mūrōs Troiae relinquunt. Māne Troiānī ā Troiae mūrīs equum magnum vident. Portās celeriter aperiunt et ad equum properant. Multī clāmant, 'Est certē dōnum deōrum! Troiānī equum nōn timent sed dēsīderant; itaque equum intrā mūrōs trahunt. Noctū armātī ex equō veniunt. Troiānī Graecōs nōn impediunt quod armātōs nōn audiunt. Ab īnsulā parvā ad Troiae portās reliquī Graecī properant. Tum armātī ad portās veniunt et sociōs intrā mūrōs dūcunt. Sīc Graecī Troiānōs vincunt et Troiam incendunt."

dōnum, -ī [2/n]: gift, offering

Graecus, -a, -um: Greek

Graecus, -ī, [2/m]: a Greek

interim: meanwhile, in the meantime

porta, -ae [1/f]: gate

reliquus, -a, -um: remaining, rest of

socius, sociī, [2/m]: companion, comrade, ally

Troia, -ae [1/f]: Troy

Troiānus, -a, -um: Trojan

Troiānus, -ī, [2/m]: a Trojan

victōria, -ae [1/f]: victory

__________

aedificō, aedificāre [1]: to build

oppugnō, oppugnāre [1]: to assault, besiege, storm

__________

ascendō, ascendere [3]:  to climb

cōgō, cōgere [3]:  to collect; compel, force

dūcō, dūcere [3]:  to lead, guide

gerō, gerere [3]:  to carry on; wear; bellum gerere [3]:  to wage war

incendō, incendere [3]:  to burn, set fire to

relinquō, relinquere [3]:  to leave, abandon

trahō, trahere [3]:  to drag, draw

vincō, vincere [3]:  to conquer, subdue, overcome

__________

aperiō, aperīre [4]:  to open

impediō, impedīre [4]:  to hinder, impede

mūniō, mūnīre [4]:  to fortify, defend

09.04.25: Level 2; grammar revision; verbs [3b]; 3rd-iō conjugation

Level 2; grammar revision; verbs [3b]. 3^rd-iō conjugation

Match the English with the Latin verbs in the word cloud; an example of a third-iō conjugation verb in full is given for reference

[1] you (plu.) capture (are capturing) / take (are taking)

[2] you (plu.) were capturing / used to capture

[3] you (plu.) will capture

[4] you (plu.) (have) captured

[5] you (plu.) had captured

[6] you (plu.) will have captured

[7] you (plu.) are being captured

[8] you (plu.) were being captured

[9] you (plu.) will be captured

You, soldiers, … │ Vōs, mīlitēs …

[10] … have been captured

[11] … had been captured

[12] … will have been captured

____________________

capitis; capiēbāminī; captī estis; capiēminī; captī eritis; capiēbātis; cēperitis; capiminī; captī erātis; capiētis; cēpistis; cēperātis

09.04.25: Level 2; grammar revision; verbs [3a]; third conjugation

 Match the English with the Latin verbs in the word cloud; an example of a third conjugation verb in full is given for reference

1. he leads / is leading
2. he was leading / used to lead
3. he will lead
4. he (has) led
5. he had led
6. he will have led
7. he is being led
8. he was being led
9. he will be led
10. he was / has been led
11. he had been led
12. he will have been led

____________________

dūcēbat; dūcet; dūcit; dūxit; ductus erat; ductus erit; ductus est; dūcēbātur; dūxerat; dūxerit; dūcētur; dūcitur

24.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the verbs [8]; 3rd conjugation

cōnscendere [3] │ to board (a ship)

cōnscendō │ I board

cōnscendis │ you (sg.) board

cōnscendit │ he / she / it boards

cōnscendimus │ we board

cōnscenditis │ you (pl.) board

cōnscendunt │ they board

____________________

attingō, -ere [3]: reach

cōnstituō, -ere [3]: (here) line up

dīmittō, -ere [3]: send away; dismiss

expōnō, -ere [3]: (here) land i.e. disembark (people); put (people) on the shore

mittō, -ere [3]: send; (here) hurl (e.g. weapons)

ostendō, -ere [3]: show; make known; explain

solvō, -ere [3] loosen; untie

tollō, -ere [3]: raise up; (here) weigh anchor

secundus, -a, um: careful! This adjective can mean ‘second’ but, when describing the wind, it means ‘favourable’

vigilia, -ae [1f]: watch referring to a military guard during the night; the night was divided into four equal vigiliae

[A] Complete the Latin with the appropriate verbs listed below.

1. Rōmānī nāvēs __________. │ The Romans are boarding the ships.
2. Tertiā circiter vigiliā Caesar nāvēs __________.  │ Around the third watch Caesar unties the ships.
3. Rōmānī hōrā quārtā Britanniam __________.  │ The Romans reach Britain at the fourth hour.
4. Barbarī ex altīs locīs tēla __________.  │ The barbarians hurl weapons from high positions.
5. Ibi mīlitēs ex nāvibus Caesar nōn __________.  │ Caesar doesn’t put the soldiers on the shore there.
6. Caesar lēgātīs cōnsilia __________.  │ Caesar explains the plans to the ambassadors.
7. Tum lēgātōs__________. │ Then he dismisses the ambassadors.
8. Rōmānī ventō secundō ancorās __________. │The Romans weigh anchor with a favourable wind.
9. Mox in altō nāvēs __________. │ Soon the ships are lined up in the sea.

attingunt; cōnscendunt; cōnstituunt; dīmittit; expōnit; mittunt; ostendit; solvit; tollunt

[B] Match the English with the Latin verbs in the word cloud

• Are they writing?
• Are you (pl.) saying?
• Are you (sg.) saying?
• he / she is writing
• he / she says
• I am writing
• I say
• Is he / she writing?
• they say
• they write
• to say
• to write
• we say
• we write
• you (pl.) are writing
• you (pl.) say
• you (sg.) say
• you (sg.) write

[C] Complete the sentences with the appropriate verb listed below.

1. Rēx epistulam __________.
2. Quid _________, discipule? Epistulam __________.
3. Quid _________, discipulī? Fābulās __________.
4. Magister discipulō salūtem __________.
5. Ego magistrō salūtem ________.
6. Discipulī magistrō salūtem __________.
7. Nōs puerī magistrō salūtem __________.
8. Puerī in scholā fābulās __________.
9. Quid __________? Nihil; taceō.

dīcimus; dīcis; dīcit; dīcō; dīcunt; scrībimus; scrībis; scrībit; scrībitis; scrībō; scrībunt

21.07.24: level 1; 3rd conjugation verbs

Match the verbs with the images.

1. bibō, bibere [3]

2. cadō, cadere [3]

3. currō, currere [3]

4. discō, discere [3]

5. dūcō, dūcere [3]

6. edō, edere [3]

7. emō. ēmerē [3]

8. legō, legere [3]

9. lūdō, lūdere [3]

10. pōnō, pōnere [3]

11. scrībō, scribere [3]

12. vēndō, vēndere [3]

18.06.24: 3rd conjugation verbs

Match the Latin and English verbs. It’s easy to misread these because many of them have similar endings. Although the 3rd conjugation has been covered in detail in earlier posts, there is also a summary of the present, imperfect and future tense endings together with the word cloud.

The perfect tense of Latin verbs very often cannot be predicted. The principal parts of this verb that have been looked at so far are:

scribō, scrībere, scrīps¦ī; it is the third part that gives you the stem of the perfect tense.

1. I write / am writing
2. He used to write
3. You (pl.) did write
4. Write! (sg.)
5. He wrote / has written
6. You (pl.) were writing
7. I shall write
8. I was writing
9. You (sg.) will write
10. They do write
11. To write
12. Write! (pl.)
13. They will write
14. You (pl.) are writing
15. You (sg.) wrote / have written

14.05.24: review; future tense [9]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs; working with both types of future tense verb

This next longer text again shows you again the two types of the future tense working together.

From Initium; translation in the comments

Publius is in trouble, and this little dialogue is set in Ancient Rome where badly behaved schoolkids were not dealt with so kindly as they are now!

dō, dare [1]: give

interpellō, interpellāre [1]: interrupt

stō, stāre [1]: stand

doleō, dolēre [2]: hurt; suffer (pain)

__________

effugiō, effugere [3-iō]: flee; escape

cōnsīdō, cōnsidere [3]: sit down

parcō, parcere [3]: spare; have mercy for; be lenient to somebody;

the verb is followed by the dative case

pergō, pergere [3]: continue

quaerō, quaerere [3]: seek; look out for

veniō, venīre [4]: come

inveniō, invenīre [4]: find

__________

redeō, redīre: return

sum, esse: be

pos│sum, posse: be able; it has the same endings as sum, esse in all the tenses covered so far e.g. erō: I shall be > pot│erō: I shall be able; all three tenses of both verbs are reviewed below

____________________

Pūblius: Ō magister, parce mihi! Sedēre nōn iterum poterō. Parce!

Magister: Parcam tibi, sī nōn iterum interpellābis.

Pūblius: Grātiās! Nōn iterum interpellābō.

Magister: Sinite cōnsīdere.

Pūblius: (summissā vōce) Nōn cōnsīdam, sed stābō.

Magister: Nunc pergēmus. Post duodecimam hōram erit prīma hōra noctis, nam post diem veniet nox...

Pūblius: (susurrāns) Cum adultus erō, ut magistrō colaphōs dabō!

Magister: Iterumne, furcifer? Vae tergō tuō, mox ut numquam anteā dolēbit. Sed novās et validiōrēs virgās quaeram. (exit)

Pūblius: Ego effugiam. Cum* redībit magister mē nōn inveniet! (per fenestram effugit)

___________________

[A] Vocabulary and notes:

colaphus, -ī [2/m]: a blow with the fist

furcifer, -ī [2/m]: rascal, rogue, scoundrel

susurrō, susurrāre [1]: whisper

virga, -ae [1/f]: stick

*The word cum in Latin has two entirely separate functions and meanings:

[i] cum; preposition with the ablative case: (together) with

[ii] cum; conjunction; [i] when [ii] since (i.e. because) [iii] although

Dealing with [ii] is another example of a feature of Latin that takes time. How it is used, and what it precisely means, affects the verbs in different ways. This is an example, but, as has been said before, it’s certainly not the whole story.

Cum redībit [future] magister mē nōn inveniet! [future] │ When the teacher returns [present], he will not find [future] me.

Cum adultus erō [future], ut magistrō colaphōs dabō! │ When I am [present] an adult, how I will give [future] the teacher a punch (actually, colaphōs is plural, and so he’ll give him several punches!)

Notice that the Latin sentence uses the future in both in the same way that ubi functions in the text in the previous post.

Nōn dubitābō dare operam ut tē videam, cum id satis commodē facere poterō. (Cicero) │ I shall not hesitate to take pains to see you, when I can [will be able to] do it conveniently.

[B] Find the Latin

1. (it) will be

2. He won’t find me

3. I shall forgive you

4. I shall look for

5. I shall not be able to sit

6. I will be

7. I will give

8. I won’t interrupt again

9. I won’t sit down

10. I’ll escape

11. I’ll stand

12. If you don’t interrupt

13. It will suffer

14. The night will come

15. The teacher will return

16. We will continue

____________________

Publius: O, teacher, spare me! I won’t be able to sit again. Spare me.

Teacher: I will spare you, if you don’t interrupt again.

Publius: Thank you! I will not interrupt again.

Teacher: Release him, Marcus and Sextus. Let him sit down.

Publius: (in a low voice) I won’t sit, but I’ll stand.

Teacher: Now we will continue. After the twelfth hour it will be the first hour of the night, for after the day, the night will come…

Publius: (whispering) When I'm grown up, I'll give the master a punch or two!

Teacher: You again scoundrel? Woe to your rear, it will soon hurt like never before. But I will seek new and stronger rods. (goes out)

Publius: I will escape. When the teacher returns, he will not find me! (he escapes through the window)

 

14.05.24: review; future tense [8]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs; tense usage

From Julia – a Latin reader; translation in the comments

vītō, vītāre [1]: avoid

sentiō, sentīre [4]: feel

sum, esse [irregular]: be

____________________

"Nōn ita," inquit, "rēx scelerātus fātum vītābit. Ego Rhēae Silviae marītus erō; mox puellae īnfantēs erunt, fīliī meī; ubi* hī puerī adulēscentēs erunt, tum vērō Amūlius fātum suum sentiet."

____________________

[A] Vocabulary and notes

adulēscēns, adulēscentis [3/m or f]: youth; young man / woman

fātum, -ī [2/n]: fate

scelerātus, -a, -um: wicked; criminal

*Ubi hī puerī adolēscentēs erunt [future tense], │ tum vērō Amūlius fātum suum sentiet [future tense].

When these boys are [present tense] young men, │ then indeed Amulius will feel [future tense] his fate.

When I learned French at school, this construction was called the ‘logical future’ i.e. When he arrives … [present tense] but, in French, Quand il arrivera … [future] i.e. When he will arrive, defined as ‘logical’ because it’s referring to something that will happen.

The Latin sentence in the extract does the same.

Ōtium ubi erit, tum tibi operam lūdō et dēliciae dabō (Plautus) │ When I have [there will be] leisure, then I'll be giving my attention to toying and dalliance to please you

[B] Find the Latin

1. Amulius will feel

2. I will be the husband

3. The king will not avoid

4. These boys will be

____________________

 "The wicked king, he said, will not avoid (his) fate in that way. I will be the husband of Rhea Silvia; soon they will be the girl’s children; when the boys are young men, then Amulius will truly feel his fate."

13.05.24: review; future tense [7]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs; working with different types of future tense

From Julia – a Latin reader; translations in the comments

"Perfidus est Paris; perfidum est tōtum Troiānōrum genus, sed perfidiae stultitiaeque poenās dabunt. Tōtum exercitum meum ad ōram maritimam convocābō; equitēs peditēsque in nāvēs impōnēmus, et terrā marīque Troiam oppugnābimus. Ita urbem scelerātam excidēmus et genus perfidum ad Īnferōs mittēmus. Praedam quoque multam nōs domum reportābimus. Tū quoque Helenam tēcum domum ad rēgiam tuam redūcēs."

1st conjugation verbs

convocō, convocāre [1]: call together; summon

dō, dare [1]: give; poenās dō, dare: pay the penalty

oppugnō, oppugnāre [1]: attack

reportō, reportāre [1]: bring / carry back (e.g. victory, rewards)

3rd conjugation verbs

excīdō, excīdere [3]: destroy; lay waste; demolish

impōnō, impōnere [3]: place on

mittō, mittere [3]: send

redūcō, redūcō [3]: bring back (e.g. a person)

Find the Latin:

I shall summon

They will pay (give) the penalty

We will attack

We will bring back (plunder; spoils of war)

We will destroy

We will place … upon

We will send

You will bring back (Helen)

____________________

“Paris is treacherous; the whole race of Trojans is treacherous, but they will pay the price of their treachery and stupidity. I will summon all my army to the coast; we will put cavalry and infantry into ships, and we will attack Troy by land and sea. So we will destroy the wicked city and (we will) send the treacherous race to hell. We shall also bring home much booty. You, too, will bring back Helen home with you to your palace.”

13.05.24: review; future tense [6]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs; examples in context

From Julia – a Latin reader; translations in the comments

[1] “Vōs autem meliōrēs fortiōrēsque estis hostibus; sī igitur bellum summīs vīribus gerētis, et virōs vōs praebēbitis, mox vōs victōrēs eritis et vestrās condiciōnēs hostibus ferētis. Ego Carthāginem nāvigābō nec fidem violābō.”

condiciō, condiciōnis [3/f]: term; condition; demand; usually plural: condiciōnēs

ferō, ferre [irregular]: bear; carry

gerō, gerere [3]: various meanings but with bellum, it means ‘wage’ (war).

Note: Two words in this extract can be easily misread which is why the author has put them both in the same sentence:

[i] vīs, vīs [3/f]: force; strength; power; often in the plural: vīrēs referring to physical strength

[ii] vir, -ī [2/m]: man; in the plural can also refer to ‘foot soldiers’

[i] summīs vīribus: with the greatest strength

[ii] virōs vōs praebēbitis: you will provide men (manpower; foot soldiers)

[2] “…et līber in līberā urbe tuā habitābis. Sed sī Rōmānī nōn ad pācem amīcitiamque adductī erunt, sed malās condiciōnēs ferent, et Poenōs odiō īrāque petent, tū nōn in urbe tuā manēbis, sed Carthāginem iterum veniēs, et vinculīs mortīque crūdēlī tē trādēs."

addūcō, addūcere [3]: lead, but has a second meaning of ‘persuading’ or leading somebody to a particular idea e.g. ‘peace and friendship’ from the text.

odium, -ī [2/n]: hatred

petō, petere [3]: (here) attack

trādō, trādere [3]: hand over; surrender

veniō, venīre [4]: come

[3] “Hodiē beātus sum, sed nōn semper fortasse rēs bene geram. Et ego fortasse veniam ā Dīs Immortālibus ōlīm petam. Captīvum igitur vinculīs flammīsque līberābō."

beātus, -a, -um: happy; blessed

petō, petere [3]: (here) beg; look for

venia, -ae [1/f]: forgiveness

vinculum, -ī [2/n]: chain

Note:

Here are examples of the two types of future being used in the same paragraphs:

līberō, līberāre [1]: free

nāvigō, nāvigāre [1]: sail

violō, violāre [1]: violate

maneō, manēre [2]: remain

prabeō, praebēre [2]: offer; provide

sum, esse [irr.]: be

[1] … virōs vōs praebēbitis, mox vōs victōrēs eritis et vestrās condiciōnēs hostibus ferētis. Ego Carthāginem nāvigābō nec fidem violābō. │… you will provide men, you will soon be victorious and you will take the demands to the enemy. I shall sail to Carthage, and I shall not break my word.

[2] Tū nōn in urbe tuā manēbis, sed Carthāginem iterum veniēs │ You will not remain in your city, but you will come again to Carthage

[3] Et ego veniam ā Dīs Immortālibus ōlīm petam. Captīvum igitur vinculīs flammīsque līberābō." │ And perhaps I will seek forgiveness from the Immortal Gods at that time. Therefore, I will release the captive from chains and flames.

____________________

[1] “But you are better and stronger than your enemies; If, therefore, you (will) wage war with the greatest strength, and (will) provide men, you will soon be victorious and (will) bring your conditions to the enemy. I shall sail to Carthage, and I shall not break my word.”

[2] "…and you will live free in your free city. But if the Romans are not moved / persuaded (will not be moved) to peace and friendship, but (will) bring bad conditions, and will attack the Carthaginians with hatred and anger, you will not remain in your city, but you will come again to Carthage, and you will hand yourself over to chains and cruel death."

[3] “Today I am happy, but I will not always manage things well. And perhaps I will seek forgiveness from the Immortal Gods at that time. I will therefore release the captive from chains and flames.”