24.10.25: Level 2; Reading (review): [25](b) Etruscans and Romans

Ōlim Etrūscī ex Asiā fugātī hūc in Ītaliam nāvigāvērunt; litterās Graecās ē Graeciā importābant. Mox multa oppida armīs expugnāta magnamque terram imperiō suō obtinēbant. Rōmam quoque occupāre studēbant. Nam Tarquinius Superbus, invīsus tyrannus Etrūscus, ā Rōmānīs fugātus rēgnum repetīvit; itaque ab Etrūscīs auxilium petīvit. Tum Porsinna cum cōpiīs Etrūscōrum convocātīs agrō Rōmānō appropinquāvit Rōmānōs ad pugnam lacessīvit. Sed Rōmānī multīs iniūriīs Tarquiniī diū violātī virōs ad pugnam parātōs arcessīvērunt, arma capessīvērunt, cum Etrūscīs bene pugnāvērunt, Rōmam perīculō līberāvērunt. Posteā autem augurēs ē populō Etrūscōrum vocātī Rōmānōs adiuvābant, cum in summō perīculō erant. Hodiē quoque in Ītaliā multa oppida ab Etrūscīs nōmināta vīsitārī possunt.

[1]

augur, -is [3m/f]: augur; priest; soothsayer ( one who foretold the future in part by interpreting the song and flight of birds); the quotation from Ovid below also shows the use of the perfect passive participle:

ad prīmam vōcem timidās advertitis aurēs, / et vīsam prīmum cōnsulit augur avem. (Ovid)

You turn timid ears to the first word spoken, / and the augur first interprets the bird [that has been] seen.

lacessō, -ere, lacesiī / lacessīvī [3]: provoke

[2]

Tarquinius Superbus, invīsus tyrannus Etrūscus … │ Tarquinius Superbus, the hated Etruscan tyrant …

Tarquinius Superbus … ¦ ā Rōmānīs ¦ fugātus … │ Tarquinius Superbus [who had been] driven into exile ¦ by the Romans …

Etrūscī ex Asiā fugātī … │ The Etruscans [who had been] chased away / put to flight from Asia …

Rōmānī ¦ multīs iniūriīs ¦ Tarquiniī diū violātī … │ the Romans, for a long time abused by the many injustices of Tarquinius …

augurēs ē populō Etrūscōrum vocātī …│ Augurs [who had been] summoned / called from the Etruscan people …

multa oppida ¦ armīs ¦ expugnāta … obtinēbant │ He soon began to occupy / obtain / possess many towns [that had been] captured ¦ by arms

multa oppida ¦ ab Etrūscīs ¦ nōmināta vīsitārī possunt │ many towns named by the Etruscans can be visited

Rōmānī … virōs ad pugnam parātōs arcessīvērunt │ the Romans … summoned the men ready / prepared to fight

Porsinna cum cōpiīs Etrūscōrum convocātīs … │ Porsinna, together with the Etruscan troops that had been summoned / called together

Image: more examples of the perfect passive participle i.e. the 4^th principal part

[i] perfect passive participles end in -t¦us, -a, -um, or -s¦us, -a, -um e.g. invideō > invīsus

[ii] Most 1^st conjugation verbs form their 4^th principal part according to a pattern e.g.

vocō, vocāre > vocātus

However, many verbs have a perfect passive participle that cannot be predicted which is why it is always listed as a part that needs to be memorised, for example:

dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus [3]: say

sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsus [4]: feel

23.10.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [11][ii] vocabulary check

[i] This is a town │ Hoc est __________

[ii] This is a tent │ Hoc est __________

[iii] Carolus (1) is staying in (2) a tent │ Carolus in (2) __________ (1) __________

[iv] They (1) are staying in (2) a town │ In (2) __________ (1) __________

[v] Many men (1) work in (2) towns │ Multī virī in (2) __________ (1) __________

[vi] The boy (1) has (2) a gift │ Puer (2) __________ (1) __________

[vii] The girls (1) have many (2) gifts │ Puellae multa (2) __________ (1) __________

[viii] The girl sees the forest │ Puella silvam __________

[ix] They see the forest │ Silvam __________

[x] (1) They want (2) to see the forest │ Silvam (2) __________ (1) __________

[xi] (1) I’m giving you (2) a reward. │ Tibi (2) __________ (1) __________

[xii] The teacher (1) gives (2) rewards to the pupils │ Magistra discipulīs (2) __________ (1) __________

[xiii] The mother says: “You were good today” │ Māter __________ “Hodiē bona erās”

cupiunt; dat; dīcit; dō; dōna; dōnum; habent; habet; labōrant; manent; manet; oppidīs; oppidō; oppidum; praemia; praemium; tabernāculō; tabernāculum; vident; vidēre; videt 

23.10.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [11][i]

Carolus et Maria XI 

Aestās est. Aestāte Carolus et Maria in scholā nōn semper labōrant. Hodiē in casā nōn manent. In silvā et agrō nōn manent. In viā ad oppidum ambulant. Laetī sunt quod est aestās. Ex viā silvam pulchram vident. Ibi tēcta magna nōn vident, sed tabernācula sunt in silvā. Aestāte puerī, amīcī Carolī, in tabernāculīs manent quod tēcta oppidōrum nōn sunt grāta. Haec tabernācula sunt parva sed puerōs tegunt. Carolus tabernācula videt et laudat.

Laetī sunt puer et puella, quod cum mātre ad oppidum ambulant. Diū in oppidō manent quod multa vidēre cupiunt. Viās et tēcta magna et multōs virōs et fēminās spectāre cupiunt. Cum in viā stant, Maria dōna multa et pulchra in fenestrīs magnīs videt. Maria saltat quod est laeta. Dōna habēre cupit, sed magnam pecūniam nōn habet.

Diū in oppidō māter et fīlius et fīlia manent. Cum vesper est, ad casam properant. In viā māter hoc dīcit: “Hodiē tū, Carole, puer bonus in oppidō erās. Hoc est praemium.” Carolus est laetus et saltat. Quid est praemium? Praemium est pecūnia.

Māter hoc quoque dīcit: “Hodiē tū quoque, Maria, puella bona erās. Tibi quoque praemium dō.” Quid est praemium puellae? Hoc praemium est pictūra magna et pulchra. Puella est laeta et saltat. Puer et puella “Tibi, māter, grātiās magnās agimus,” respondent.

Vocabulary

[i] Verbs: from now on, verbs will be listed with [i] the first person singular present tense and [ii] the infinitive ending; both of these are need to show to which conjugation a verb belongs. The verbs below are all from the text:

ambulō, ambulāre [1]: walk

labōrō, labōrāre [1]: work

laudō, laudāre [1]: praise

properō, properāre [1]: hurry

saltō, saltāre [1]: dance; jump

spectō, spectāre [1]: look at; watch

stō, stāre [1]: stand

dō, dare [1]: give

habeō, habēre [2]: have

maneō, manēre [2]: stay; remain

respondeō, respondēre [2]: reply

videō, vidēre [2]: see

agō, agere [3]: many meanings including ‘do’, ‘make’, ‘lead’, ‘perform’; here: grātias … agimus │  we give thanks / we thank

dīcō, dīcere [3]: say

tegō, tegere [3]: protect

cupiō, -ere [3-iō]: desire

Two points to note:

(1) The number in brackets is consistently used in all the posts to emphasise the conjugation to which a verb belongs but not all dictionaries / vocabulary lists will give the verbs in this way.

(2) Becoming (slowly) familiar with the conjugations is important because, as you move on in Latin, the conjugation of a verb affects other parts of it e.g. the past tenses.

[ii] Nouns

Image: 2^nd declension neuter nouns

[i] end in -um

dōnum: gift

oppidum: town

praemium: reward; prize

tabernāculum: tent

tēctum: [i] roof [ii] dwelling i.e. any kind of building in which somebody lives: house, abode; here it is being used in the second sense

[ii] examples

singular

Hoc est praemium │ this is a reward

Tibi … praemium dō │ I’m giving the reward to you

ad oppidum ambulant │ they are walking to(wards) the town

diū in oppidō manent │ they stay in the town for a long time

plural

tabernācula sunt in silvā │ tents are in the forest / there are tents …

Haec tabernācula sunt parva │ these tents are small

Ibi tēcta magna nōn vident │ they don’t see large dwellings (houses) there

Carolus tabernācula videt │ Carolus sees the tents

Maria dōna multa et pulchra videt │ Maria sees many beautiful gifts

tēcta ¦ oppidōrum nōn sunt grāta │ the houses ¦ of towns are not pleasing

in tabernāculīs manent │ they stay in tents

[iii]

(1) the nominative and accusative singular, and (2) the nominative and accusative plural of neuter nouns are always the same:

(1)

Nominative singular

Hoc est praemium

Accusative singular

Tibi praemium dō

(2)

Nominative plural

tabernācula sunt in silvā

Accusative plural

Carolus tabernācula videt

Apart from that, 2^nd declension neuter nouns decline in exactly the same way as 2^nd declension masculine nouns