24.10.25: Level 2; Reading (review): [25](b) Etruscans and Romans

Ōlim Etrūscī ex Asiā fugātī hūc in Ītaliam nāvigāvērunt; litterās Graecās ē Graeciā importābant. Mox multa oppida armīs expugnāta magnamque terram imperiō suō obtinēbant. Rōmam quoque occupāre studēbant. Nam Tarquinius Superbus, invīsus tyrannus Etrūscus, ā Rōmānīs fugātus rēgnum repetīvit; itaque ab Etrūscīs auxilium petīvit. Tum Porsinna cum cōpiīs Etrūscōrum convocātīs agrō Rōmānō appropinquāvit Rōmānōs ad pugnam lacessīvit. Sed Rōmānī multīs iniūriīs Tarquiniī diū violātī virōs ad pugnam parātōs arcessīvērunt, arma capessīvērunt, cum Etrūscīs bene pugnāvērunt, Rōmam perīculō līberāvērunt. Posteā autem augurēs ē populō Etrūscōrum vocātī Rōmānōs adiuvābant, cum in summō perīculō erant. Hodiē quoque in Ītaliā multa oppida ab Etrūscīs nōmināta vīsitārī possunt.

[1]

augur, -is [3m/f]: augur; priest; soothsayer ( one who foretold the future in part by interpreting the song and flight of birds); the quotation from Ovid below also shows the use of the perfect passive participle:

ad prīmam vōcem timidās advertitis aurēs, / et vīsam prīmum cōnsulit augur avem. (Ovid)

You turn timid ears to the first word spoken, / and the augur first interprets the bird [that has been] seen.

lacessō, -ere, lacesiī / lacessīvī [3]: provoke

[2]

Tarquinius Superbus, invīsus tyrannus Etrūscus … │ Tarquinius Superbus, the hated Etruscan tyrant …

Tarquinius Superbus … ¦ ā Rōmānīs ¦ fugātus … │ Tarquinius Superbus [who had been] driven into exile ¦ by the Romans …

Etrūscī ex Asiā fugātī … │ The Etruscans [who had been] chased away / put to flight from Asia …

Rōmānī ¦ multīs iniūriīs ¦ Tarquiniī diū violātī … │ the Romans, for a long time abused by the many injustices of Tarquinius …

augurēs ē populō Etrūscōrum vocātī …│ Augurs [who had been] summoned / called from the Etruscan people …

multa oppida ¦ armīs ¦ expugnāta … obtinēbant │ He soon began to occupy / obtain / possess many towns [that had been] captured ¦ by arms

multa oppida ¦ ab Etrūscīs ¦ nōmināta vīsitārī possunt │ many towns named by the Etruscans can be visited

Rōmānī … virōs ad pugnam parātōs arcessīvērunt │ the Romans … summoned the men ready / prepared to fight

Porsinna cum cōpiīs Etrūscōrum convocātīs … │ Porsinna, together with the Etruscan troops that had been summoned / called together

Image: more examples of the perfect passive participle i.e. the 4^th principal part

[i] perfect passive participles end in -t¦us, -a, -um, or -s¦us, -a, -um e.g. invideō > invīsus

[ii] Most 1^st conjugation verbs form their 4^th principal part according to a pattern e.g.

vocō, vocāre > vocātus

However, many verbs have a perfect passive participle that cannot be predicted which is why it is always listed as a part that needs to be memorised, for example:

dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus [3]: say

sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsus [4]: feel