Mārcus forum amat; nam ibi tot aedificia, templa, monumenta sunt. Monumenta et templa et aedificia Mārcus libenter spectat; imprīmīs autem rōstra Mārcum invītant. Ibi diū stat et auscultat. Et Cornēliam forum dēlectat, nam ibi tot tabernae sunt. Cornēliam tabernae invītant. Gaudet, cum aurum et argentum videt. Mārcus autem cōgitat: “Cūr Cornēlia gaudet et rīdet, cum aurum et argentum spectat? Certē aurum et argentum Cornēliam dēlectant, certē dōna exspectat!”
Image #1: Apēs per agrōs vagantur. │ The bees wander through fields.
vagor, vagārī, vagātus (sum) [1/dep(onent)]: wander
[i] My own “shorthand” for this is to include the abbreviation ‘dep’
to show that it is a deponent verb rather than a passive one
[ii] as mentioned in the previous post, these verbs conjugate like any
other passive verb but their meaning is active
[iii] image #2: deponent verbs can belong to any one of the
conjugations
When reading, you will come across a mixture of passive and deponent
verbs in the same text.
[i] passive
cōpia frūmentī cōnficitur │ a quantity of grain is produced
flōrēs aperiuntur │ flowers open (are opened)
frūmentum … in reliquum annum servātur │ the grain … is kept
for the rest of the year
frūmentum mātūrum metitur │ ripe grain is harvested
omnia calōre ūruntur │ all things are burned by the heat
[ii] deponent
apēs per agrōs vagantur │ bees wander through the fields
avēs ex austrō revertuntur │ birds return from the south
bovēs … herbā pāscuntur │ cattle … feed on grass
herba ē terrā nāscitur │ grass grows / springs forth (is
born) from the ground
Dē aestāte
Aestāte sōl altus in caelō est. Sōl aestātis
calidus est. Nōs calōre suō ūrit. Terra calida est. Caelum serēnum atque
caeruleum est. Diēs longissimī, noctēs brevissimae sunt. Prīmā aestāte rūra
flōrea sunt. Omnia flōrent. Apēs per agrōs vagantur. Mel dulce ē floribus
legunt. Cōpiam mellis sibi faciunt atque in hiemem servant. Cōpia pābulī esse
incipit. Frūctūs mātūrēscere incipiunt.
Hominēs pābulum metere incipiunt. Cōpiam pābulī equīs et bōbus
cōnficiunt atque in hiemem servant. Frūctūs mātūrōs legere incipiunt. Cōpiam
frūctuum sibi cōnficiunt atque in hiemem servant. Mediā aestāte frūmenta
mātūrēscunt. Agrīs color est aureus. Frūmentum mātūrum metitur. Cōpia frūmentī
cōnficitur atque in reliquum annum servātur. Extrēmā aestāte omnia calōre
ūruntur. Agrī āridī sunt. Flōrēs ārēscunt. Herba ārēscit. Bovēs inopiā aquae
labōrant. Omnia sitī labōrant. Omnia umbrās arborum et frīgus petunt.
Vocabulary
ūrō, -ere; ussī [3]: burn
rūs, rūris [3/n]: country(side)
flōreus, -a, -um: flowery
vagantur: (they) wander
cōpia, -ae [1/f]: supply; abundance
sibi: (here) for themselves
pābulum, -ī [2/n]: food; (also food for animals)
mātūrēscō, -ere; mātūruī [3]: ripen;
mature
metō, -ere; messuī [3]: reap; harvest
metitur: (it) is reaped / harvested
reliquus, -a, -um: remaining
servātur: (it) is kept
ārēscō, -ere; aruī [3]: wither; become dry
inopia, -ae [1/f]: scarcity; lack
sītis, -is [3/f ; no pl.; acc. sg. sitim]: thirst
umbra, -ae [1/f]: shade
[A]
[B] Review the grammar terms; the following are
examples of which grammatical features listed below?
[C] Identify the case and number of the 4th declension
noun:
haruspex, harusp __ is [3/m]: __________
leō, leō __ is [3/m]: __________
prīnceps, prīnc __ is [3/m]: __________
ars, ar __ is [3/f]: __________
arx, ar __ is [3/f]: __________
lēx, lē __ is [3/f]: __________
caput, cap __ is [3/n]: __________
corpus, corp __ is [3/n]: __________
sīdus, sīd __ is [3/n]: __________
volūmen, volūm __ is [3/n]: __________
-c-; -er-; -g-; -ic-; -in-; -ip-; -it-; -n-; -or-; -t-
body; chief; citadel; head; law; lion; scroll; skill; soothsayer;
star
Erant in Etrūriā multī et sapientēs haruspicēs. Ubi Rōmānī urbem Veiōs obsīdēbant, ūnus ex haruspicibus in sermōnem cum mīlitibus Rōmānīs incīdit. ‘Rōmānī,’ inquit, ‘urbem Veiōs nōn expugnābunt nisi aqua ē lacū Albānō ēmittētur.’ Posteā ē mūrīs in aggerēs Rōmānōs vēnit. Tum ūnus ē Rōmānīs, iuvenis fortis, senem īnfirmum superāvit et ad imperātōrem trāxit. Ab imperātōre ad urbem missus est. Intereā Rōmānī lēgātōs in Graeciam ad ōrāculum Apollinis miserant et reditum exspectābant. Lēgātī ubi revertērunt deī respōnsum nūntiāvērunt: “Sīc Apollō Rōmānōs monet: nisi aqua ē lacū Albānō ēmittētur, Rōmānī Veiōs nōn expugnābunt.” Tum dēnique sēnī crēdidērunt. Lacus Albānus tum forte imbribus auctus erat. Itaque Rōmānī ōrāculō pārent, aquam per agrōs ēmittunt, urbem Veiōs expugnant.
[A]
[1]
Lines 1 - 3 (Erant … ēmittētur)
[i]
How are the soothsayers described? (1)
[ii]
When did one of them speak to the Roman soldiers? (2)
[iii]
What prophecy was given? (3)
[2]
Lines 3 – 5; translate (12):
Posteā
ē mūrīs in aggerēs Rōmānōs vēnit. Tum ūnus ē Rōmānīs, iuvenis fortis, senem
īnfirmum superāvit et ad imperātōrem trāxit. Ab imperātōre ad urbem missus est.
Marks
awarded for translation are usually based upon ‘blocks’ of language and phrases
rather than individual words. I have divided the text here into a suggested
mark scheme although the content could have marks allocated in different ways. At
this level it would be unlikely that common words such as Rōmānōs, fortis
and īnfirmum would warrant separate marks. Look out for prepositions,
adverbs and different tenses or active / passive constructions; these need to
be conveyed precisely in a translation.
[i]
Posteā ¦ [ii] ē mūrīs ¦ [iii] in aggerēs Rōmānōs ¦ vēnit. [iv]
Tum ¦ [v] ūnus ē Rōmānīs, ¦ [vi] iuvenis fortis, ¦ [vii] senem
īnfirmum ¦ superāvit ¦ [viii] et ad imperātōrem ¦ [ix] trāxit. [x] Ab
imperātōre ¦ [xi] ad urbem ¦ [xii] missus est.
Questions
3 – 5: reading comprehension and
translation are not the same task although, in Latin tests, the questions are
often so carefully worded that a translation seems to be the best option!
Provided the answer gives the key points, it is not necessary to translate
precisely. I have given sample answers at the end.
[3]
Lines 5 – 6 (Intereā … exspectābant)
What
were the Romans waiting for? Give details. (4)*
[4]
Lines 6 – 8 (Lēgātī … crēdidērunt)
Why
was the old man believed? Give details. (5)*
[5]
Lines 9 – end (Lacus … expugnant)
Explain
[i] why the Romans were able to obey the oracle and [ii] what the outcome was.
(5)*
[B]
Match the words / phrases in bold with the grammatical descriptions
[i]
Ab imperātōre ad urbem [ii] missus est.
[iii]
cum mīlitibus Rōmānīs
Intereā
Rōmānī lēgātōs … ad ōrāculum Apollinis [iv] miserant et [v] reditum
exspectābant.
[vi]
Lacus Albānus tum forte [vii] imbribus [viii] auctus erat.
[ix]
nisi aqua ē [x] lacū Albānō [xi] ēmittētur
[xii]
Tum dēnique sēnī crēdidērunt
4th declension noun in the ablative case __________
4th
declension noun in the accusative case __________
4th
declension noun in the nominative case __________
ablative
of accompaniment __________
ablative
of agent __________
ablative
of cause __________
conjunction
introducing a conditional clause __________
future
passive __________
noun
in the dative case __________
perfect
passive __________
pluperfect
active __________
pluperfect
passive __________
haruspex
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=haruspex-harpers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruspex
agger
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=agger-harpers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)
____________________
[3]
The Romans had sent envoys [i] to Greece [ii] to the oracle of Apollo [iv] they
were waiting for them to return
[4]
[i] envoys returned ¦ [ii] gave the god’s response / same answer as the old man
had given ¦ [iii] Apollo advises the Romans ¦ [iv] unless water is discharged
from the lake / water ¦ [v] Vei will not
be captured
[5]
[i] the lake had flooded by chance ¦ [ii] because of the rains [= by
chance the rains had caused the lake to flood] ¦ [iii] the Romans discharged
water ¦ [iv] through the fields ¦ [v] captured the city / Veii