09.08.25: Level 3; review; direct questions [2]; disjunctive questions

disjunctive questions

Disjunctive questions give at least two alternatives: Was Mozart from Austria or Australia? Do you prefer me or the cat? You will come across the terms double or alternative question since very often only two alternatives are given.

[3] utrum … an …

[i] utrum … an …: introduces an alternative or double question e.g. Is it X or Y? Do you have A or B? In this type of direct question utrum is not translated into English.

Utrum ēsūrīs an sītīs? │ Are you hungry or thirsty?

Utrum [i] nescīs, … an [ii] prō nihilō id putās (Cicero) │ Is it that [i] you don’t know or [ii] do you think nothing of it?

Utrum tū prō ancillā mē habēs an prō fīliā? (Plautus) │ Do you regard me as your slave or as your daughter?

Sed utrum tū māsne an fēmina es … (Plautus) │ But are you male or female …?

Sed utrum nunc tū caelibem tē esse māvīs līberum an marītum (Plautus) │ But now would you prefer yourself to be single and a free man, or a married man …?

[ii] Alternative questions such as these may not be introduced by utrum and there are many permutations as to how they are expressed; the main aim is to recognise the key words:

Dīcam huic, an nōn dīcam? │ Shall I tell him, or not tell him?

Quaerō servōsne an līberōs (Cicero) │ I ask (you) were they slaves or free men?

Optā ōcius: rapī tē obtortō collō māvīs an trahī? (Plautus) │ Choose quickly: Do you prefer to be seized by your twisted neck or dragged?

[iii] annōn (an nōn); necne: or not

Sunt haec tua verba necne? (Cicero) │ Are these your words, or not?

Hōcine agis annōn? (Terentius) │ Are you attending to this, or not?

Isne est quem quaerō an nōn? (Terence) │ But is it the person I'm in search of or not?

[iv] The example below shows that the alternatives may not be confined to two:

Utrum [1] hostem an [2] vōs an [3] fortūnam utrīusque populī īgnōrātis? (Livy) │ Is it [1] the enemy, or [2] yourselves, or [3] the fortune of the two peoples, that you do not know?

See also:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/04/250725-level-3-pronominal-adjectives-62.html

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:sec,00002:335

Translation practice:

1. Canis nōnne similis est lupō?
2. Estne tibi liber?
3. Pater eius rediit an nōn?
4. Utrum ea vestra an nostra culpa est?
5. Tūne id dīcere audēs?
6. Sītīsne?
7. Rōmamne veniō, an hic maneō, an Arpīnum fugiō?
8. Utrum ēsūrīs an sītīs?
9. Vocēsne frātrum tuōrum audīvistī?
10. Vēnēruntne ex urbe?
11. Utrum in urbe es, an in agrīs?
12. Vōsne L. Domitium an vōs Domitius deseruit?

09.08.25: Level 3; review; direct questions [1]; polar questions

These posts will look at direct questions e.g. “Do you live in Rome?” “How many children do you have?” etc. Indirect questions e.g. “Can you tell me ¦ where the theatre is?” need to be discussed separately.

polar questions

A polar question can also be expressed as a “yes – no” question, for example: ‘Do you live in Rome?’ > Yes, I do / No, I don’t / No, I live in Naples.

There are two common ways of expressing polar questions:

[1] the enclitic particle -ne

Particle: a particle has no / little meaning in itself unless it is associated with another word

Enclitic particle refers the particle attached to the end of a word to form a single unit i.e. it cannot stand alone and have meaning; the English possessive marker ’s is an example of an enclitic particle; alone, it has no meaning but added to the end of a noun, it fulfils a grammatical function > John’s car

Two common enclitics in Latin are:

[i] -que: and; [ii] -ve: or

Arma virumque canō │ I sing of arms and the man

duābus tribusve hōrīs │ within two or three hours

The enclitic -ne is added to the first word of Latin sentence to form a question; –ne attaches to the focus word of the question which, as some examples show, may not be a verb.

Lēgisne librum bonum? │ Are you reading a good book?

Estne Gallia in Eurōpā? │ Is Gaul in Europe?

Mēcumne venīs? │ Are you coming with me?

Fēminamne vidēs? │ Do you see the woman? [No, but I see the man.]

Vidēsne fēminam? │ Do you see the woman? │ [No, but I can hear her.]

[2] nōnne; num

The best way of translating nōnne and num is with English question tags, for example ‘don’t you?’ ‘can’t he? ‘did they?’ ‘was she?’

[i] Nōnne expects a positive response, but English uses a negative question tag.

Nōnne vīs īre ad lūdōs hodiē? │ Surely you want to go to the games today? / You want to go to the games today, don’t you?’

Nōnne mīlitēs rēgīnam interfēcērunt? │ Surely the soldiers killed the queen? / The soldiers killed the queen, didn’t they?

Nōnne venīre potestis? Surely you’re able to come? / You’re able to come, aren’t you?

[ii] Conversely, num expects a negative response, but English uses a positive question tag.

Num vīs īre ad lūdōs hodiē? │ Surely you don’t want to go to the games today? / You don’t want to go to the games today, do you?’

Num mīlitēs rēgīnam interfēcērunt? │ Surely the soldiers didn’t kill the queen? / The soldiers didn’t kill the queen, did they?

Num venīre potestis? │ Surely you’re not able to come? / You’re not able to come, are you?

Num dubium est? (Cicero) │ There is no doubt, is there?

09.08.25: Level 3; Sonnenschein; Prō Patriā [8]; Castellum Rutupīnum [1]

Complete the Latin text with the words and phrases listed below. The full text is given at the end to check your answers.

Secton 1; Part 1

[1] On the following day, during breakfast, my aunt said, "The sky is very clear today. Why aren't you walking to Richborough today?"

(1) __________ (2) __________  ientāculum amita mea "Caelum hodiē (3) __________  est" inquit: "(4) __________  nōn Rutupiās hodiē ambulātis?"

[2] And I said, "Why aren't you, auntie, and Lydia walking with us too?"

Et ego "Cūr nōn tū quoque, amita, et Lȳdia (5) __________  ambulātis?"

[3] "The road is too long," she said.

"(6) __________ longa est via" inquit.

[4] But my uncle said, "You can go there and back by carriage. What time is it now?"

Sed patruus meus "Vehiculō commeāre (7) __________. (8) __________  hōra (9) __________  est?"

[5] And she said “It’s not yet 7am.”

Et illa "(10) __________  tertia hōra est."

[6] Then he said “Set off [literally: give yourself onto the road] at 9 o’clock: you will arrive at Richborough before us. When we have seen [ = will have seen] the castle ruins, we will hurry home together in the carriage.”

Tum ille "Quīntā hōrā in viam (11) __________: (12) __________ Rutupiās adventābitis. (13) __________ ruīnās castellī (14) __________, (15) __________  in vehiculō (16) __________  domum properābimus."

ante nōs; cum; cūr; inter; nimis; nōbīscum; nōndum; nunc; omnēs; postridiē; potestis; quota; serēnissimum; spectāverimus; ūnā; vōs date

____________________

1. Postrīdiē inter ientāculum amita mea "Caelum hodiē serēnissimum est" inquit: "Cūr nōn Rutupiās hodiē ambulātis?"
2. Et ego "Cūr nōn tū quoque, amita, et Lȳdia nōbīscum ambulātis?"
3. "Nimis longa est via" inquit.
4. Sed patruus meus "Vehiculō commeāre potestis. Quota hōra nunc est?"
5. Et illa "Nōndum tertia hōra est."
6. Tum ille "Quīntā hōrā in viam vōs date: ante nōs Rutupiās adventābitis. Cum ruīnās castellī spectāverimus, omnēs in vehiculō ūnā domum properābimus."

08.08.25: H & B; level 2; reading; ancient robbers

Thēseus, praeter alia facta īnsignissima, maximam sibi fāmam comparāvit quod latrōnēs propter crūdēlītātem nōtōs Procrūstēm, Scīrōnem, Sinōnem occiderat. Procrūstēs, sī forte advenam vī superāverat, eum nōn sōlum spoliābat sed ad lectum dēligābat: tum sī hominis īnfēlīcis corpus brevius erat quam lectus, membra eius ad idōneam longitūdinem tendēbat; contrā sī brevior lectus erat quam corpus, pedēs vel partem membrōrum gladiō abscīdēbat. Scīrōn in saxō altissimō sedēbat. Eius iussū viātōrēs pedēs latrōnis lavābant; dum lavant, Scīrōn ictū pedis in mare dēmittēbat. Sinōn verticem arboris ad terram flectēbat: captīvī caput ad verticem, pedēs ad truncum dēligābat: tum repente verticem remittēbat.

[1] Lines 1 – 2; translate into English (7):

Thēseus, praeter alia facta īnsignissima, maximam sibi fāmam comparāvit quod latrōnēs propter crūdēlītātem nōtōs Procrūstēm, Scīrōnem, Sinōnem occiderat.*

[2] To which of the following characters does each statement refer?

[A] Procrūstēs

[B] Scīrōn

[C] Sinōn

throwing into the sea

bending a tree-top

giving a command

stretching

using a sword

robbing

releasing the tree-top

shorter body

sitting on a rock

tying to a bed

tying head to a tree-top

cutting off feet

kicking

tying feet to a tree trunk

washing feet

shorter bed

[3] Find the Latin:

by chance

by force

on his command

with a kick [= with a blow of the foot]

[4] Procrustean bed: concept referring to a rigid standard or scheme into which something or someone is forcibly and arbitrarily made to fit, often at the expense of their individual characteristics or natural form.

Referring to the story, explain in your own words the origin of the term ‘Procrustean bed’. (6)**

____________________

*[1]: [i] Theseus, [ii] apart from (his) other [iii] very famous / remarkable deeds, [i] obtained the greatest fame [iv] for himself [v] because he had killed robbers [vi] [who were] well-known [vii] on account of their cruelty: Procrustes, Sciron (and) Sinon.

**[4]: [i] Procrustes tied victims to a bed. [ii] If the body was shorter than the bed, [iii] he would stretch it to the suitable length. [iv] If the body was longer, [v] he cut off the feet or part of the limbs [vi] with a sword.

07.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [25]; [i] Cornēlius, Dominus; [ii] Cornēlius et fīliī

Note: this post and the two subsequent ones deal with nouns of the second declension, which has been covered many times in previous posts. The key information together with a list of links is available here:

https://mega.nz/file/2F8VGRpY#P4mfrMSDiyGAfEXLR9mnK3Mmece0TXa10CONM3ZIKbI

Cornēlius, Dominus

[masculine nouns of the 2nd declension; nominative, accusative and vocative]

Cornēlius est dominus vīllae; dominus Cornēlius est vir bonus. Dominus bonus servum habet. Puer laetus dominum bonum amat. Dominus magnum hortum habet; dominus et domina in hortō ambulant. Hortus est longus et lātus. Servus in hortum properat. Ferē cotīdiē in hortō labōrat. Esne dēfessus, serve? Esne tū dēfessus, puer?

​Cornēlius multōs fīliōs habet. Fīliī sunt bonī. Fīliī sunt Mārcus, Lūcius, Aulus, Pūblius, Servius. Fīliī parvī sunt Pūblius et Servius. Fīlius adultus est Mārcus. Estisne discipulī bonī, puerī? Lūcius est discipulus bonus et dīligenter labōrat. Aulus quoque est bonus discipulus. Fīliī parvī nōndum sunt discipulī. Cornēlius fīliōs bonōs amat et saepe laudat. Nōnne Cornēlium amātīs, fīliī?

Exercise

Respondē Latīnē:

1. Quis est Cornēlius?
2. Quālis dominus est Cornēlius?
3. Quālem servum bonus dominus habet?
4. Quem puer laetus amat?
5. Quid habet Cornēlius?
6. Quī ambulant in hortō? *Qui = ​who?
7. Estne hortus longus et lātus?
8. Quō servus laetus properat?
9. Esne dēfessus, serve bone?
10. Quālēs sunt fīliī?
11. Quālēs sunt Pūblius et Servius?
12. Quis est discipulus bonus?
13. Suntne fīliī parvī discipulī?
14. Quōs Cornēlius laudat?
15. Amātīsne Cornēlium, fīliī?

Cornēlius et fīliī

Cornēlius et fīliī in Viā Appiā sunt. Virum armātum vident. Vir armātus est nūntius Rōmānus et equum album habet. Et nūntius et equus sunt dēfessī quod Rōmam properant. Nūntius magnam pugnam Rōmānam nūntiat. “Ubi, mī amīce, Rōmānī pugnant?” clāmat Cornēlius. “Rōmānī in Galliā pugnant, Cornēlī,” respondet nūntius. “Quis est lēgātus?” rogat Cornēlius. “Rōmānī Labiēnum lēgātum habent,” respondet nūntius. “Labiēnus gladium tenet et virōs armātōs vocat. Tum virī armātī pugnant.” Nūntius Rōmam properat sed Cornēlius et fīliī domum ambulant. Lūcius nūntium et equum album laudat. Tum parvus Pūblius clāmat, “ego gladium magnum dēsīderō! Parvī puerī semper gladiōs dēsiderant.” “Lēgātī, mī fīlī, nōn parvī puerī, gladiōs habent,” respondet Cornēlius. “Gladium nōn dēsīderās, parve Pūblī,” clāmat Lūcius. “Tū es parvus puer. Ego sum paene adultus et gladium dēsiderō.” Marcus, meus fīlius adultus, gladium habet,” respondet Cornēlius, “sed vōs fīliī meī, nōn estis adultī et nunc librōs tabellāsque, nōn gladiōs, dēsīderātis.”

Vocabulary

adultus, adulta: grown up, full-grown

armātus, armāta: armed

clāmō, clāmāre [1]: to shout, call out, exclaim

discipulus, -ī [2/m]: student, pupil

dominus, -ī [2/m]: master

equus, -ī [2/m]: horse

ferē, almost

fīlius, -ī [2/m]: son

Gallia, -ae [1/f]: Gaul

gladius, -ī [2/m]: sword

hortus, -ī [2/m]: garden

lēgātus, -ī [2/m]: lieutenant; envoy

liber, librī [2/m]: book

nōndum, not yet

nūntiō, nūntiāre [1]: to announce, report

nūntius, -ī [2/m]: messenger; message

puer, -ī [2/m]: boy

pugna, -ae [1/f]: fight, battle

pugnō, pugnāre [1]: to fight, contend

respondeō, respondēre [2]: to reply, respond, answer

rogō, rogāre [1]: to ask, question

Rōmānus, Rōmāna: Roman

Rōmānus, -ī [2/m]: (as a noun) Roman man

servus, -ī [2/m]: slave

tabella, -ae [1/f]:writing tablet

teneō, tenēre [2]: to hold, grasp

vir, -ī [2/m]: man

Grammar

2^nd declension masculine nouns end in -us or -er (-ir)

[1] Nominative Singular

Cornēlius est dominus vīllae │ Cornelius is the master of the villa.

Tū es parvus puer │ You are a small boy.

Vir … est nūntius │ The man is a messenger.

[2] Vocative Singular: used when addressing somebody directly

Esne dēfessus, serve? │ Are you tired, servant?

A separate ending for the vocative case only exists for 2^nd declension nouns ending in -us; in all other instances, the vocative is the same as the nominative

Note:

[i] fīlius (son) and proper nouns ending in -ius

Nominative: fīlius; Cornelius

Vocative: fīlī; Cornelī

Rōmānī in Galliā pugnant, Cornēlī │ The Romans are fighting in Gaul, Cornelius.

[ii] meus > vocative: mī

Ubi, mī amīce, Rōmanī pugnant? │ Where, my friend, are the Romans fighting?

Lēgātī, mī fīlī … gladiōs habent. │ The envoys, my son, have swords.

[3] Accusative singular

Labiēnus gladium tenet │ Labienus is holding a sword.

Servus in hortum properat │ The slave hurries into the garden.

Virum … vident │ They see the man.

[4] Nominative plural

Fīliī … nōndum sunt discipulī. │ The sons are not yet pupils.

[5] Accusative plural

Cornēlius fīliōs … amat │ Cornelius loves the sons.

Parvī puerī semper gladiōs dēsiderant │ Small boys always desire swords.

Virōs … vocat │ He calls the men.

Note in particular the following:

Nunc librōs … dēsīderātis │ Now you desire books.

Some nouns in -er lose /e/ when any ending is added to them.

Nominative Singular: liber

Librum legō │ I’m reading a book.

Librōs … legitis │ You are reading books.

All of the above is discussed in detail at the link given at the beginning of the post.

06.08.25: Level 3; pronominal adjectives [10] alius … alius; alter … alter; taking care when translating

When forms of alius and alter appear twice, they are usually straightforward to translate:

Cīvēs [i] alterīus cōnsulis verbīs sunt territī, [ii] alterīus factīs. │ The citizens were terrified by the words of [i] the one consul and terrified by the deeds of [ii] the other.

[i] Alius hodiē venit, [ii] alius crās veniet. │ One comes today, another will come tomorrow.

[i] Aliī virō sunt multī amīcī, [ii] aliī paucī. │ One man has many friends, the other (has) few.

However, constructions with alius … alius … and alter … alter … can refer to two people even though, at first sight, the sentence seems to be suggesting only one.

Alius ¦ aliud fēcerat. │ One man had done one thing, the other had done another thing.

It is as if the sentence is repeated, but the second sentence is omitted:

Aliī aliōs librōs legunt = Alii alios libros legunt, alii alios libros legunt │  Some (people) read some books, others read other ones.

Aliī ad aliam prōvinciam fugiēbant. │ Some men were fleeing to one province, others to another.

Aliī ¦ ab aliō inventī sunt. │ Some were found by one man, others by another man.

Alius mīles aliō gladiō interfectus est. │ One soldier was killed by one sword, another soldier was killed by another.

Aliī servī aliōs dominōs vident. │Some slaves see some masters, other slaves see other masters.

Multī populum Rōmānum regere cōnātī sunt, aliī per alia. │ Many have tried to rule the Roman populace, some through some things, others through other things.

In illō proeliō frāter cum frātre pugnāvit; alter alterīus gladiō interfectī sunt. │ In that battle brother fought with brother; (the) one was killed by the sword of (the) one, the other (by the sword) of the other.

Bonī cīvēs habentur Caesar et Antōnius, [i] alter [ii] alterā dē causā. │ Caesar and Anthony are considered good citizens, [i] the one [ii] for one reason and [i] the other [ii] for another.

Sometimes, this construction can convey a reciprocal idea i.e. each other

Alius ex aliō causam quaerit │ they ask each other the reason

Match the Latin and English sentences:

[1] Alius aliud petit.

[2] Aliī alium laudant.

[3] Aliī alia dīxērunt.

[4] Alius aliud facit.

[5] Aliī aliō locō resistēbant.

[6] Aliud aliōs movet.

[7] Alter alterum adiuvat.

[8] nunc sibi uterque contrā legiōnēs parat, paterque fīliusque, clam alter alterum (Plautus)

[A] And now the pair of them, father and son, are preparing their opposing legions, each without the other’s knowledge.

[B] One does one thing, another does another.

[C] One man seeks one thing, another man seeks another.

[D] One reason moves some men, another reason moves other men [ = different reasons move different men]

[E] Some halted in one place, some in another.

[F] Some men praise one man, others praise another.

[G] Some people said one thing, others (said) another (thing).

[H] They help each other.

06.08.25: Level 3; Kings of Rome [2]; the new city; the omens; the slaying of Remus

Mox Rōmulus Remusque volēbant in [1] iīs locīs, ubi ēducātī erant, urbem condere. Hinc foedum certāmen ā mītī prīncipiō ortum est. Namque, quoniam geminī erant, aetās discrīmen inter eōs facere nōn poterat. [2] “Uter”, inquiunt, “nomēn novae urbī dabit? [2] Uter [3] conditam imperiō reget?”.

Deōs igitur auguriō cōnsulunt. [4] Cuius causā templa capiunt, Palātium Rōmulus, Remus Aventīnum. Priōrī Remō signum venit; [4] cui sex vulturēs cito appārent. [5] Hōc nūntiātiō, duodecim Rōmulō sēsē ostendunt. [6] [a] Utrumque rēgem [6] [b] suī comitēs salūtāvērunt. Tempore enim [7] illī, hī numerō avium rēgnum sibi vindicābant.

Inde cum magnīs clāmōribus [8] congressī, ad caedem vertuntur. [9] Lūdibriō frātris Remus novōs trānsiluit mūrōs. Statim ab īrātō Rōmulō ictus cecidit. Tunc ille, “Sīc”, inquit, “[10] pereat, quīcumque alius trānsiliet moenia mea”. Ita sōlus potītus est imperiō Rōmulus; condita urbs conditōris nōmine appellāta est.

Vocabulary

augurium, -ī [2/n]: augury, divination, omen

īcō, -ere, īcī, ictus [3]: hit, strike stab

lūdibrium, -ī [2/n]: mockery

mītis, -e: gentle, mild, peaceful

potior, -īrī, potītus sum [4/deponent]: take possession (of + ablative); potītus est imperiō

quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque: who(so)ever; what(so)ever

trānsiliō, -īre, -uī [4]: jump across

vindicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1] (often with sibi): lay claim

templum, -ī [2/n]: the most common meaning is ‘temple’ but, here, it refers to districts, the literal meaning of templum being  a ‘space marked off' i.e. by the augur's staff, for the purpose of taking omens. Hence it means 'sacred enclosure’ and then ' temple.'

Palātium: the Palatine; Aventīnum: the Aventine, two  of the seven hills on which Rome stood when complete.

Notes

[1] iīs = eīs

[2] uter: which (of two)?

“Uter … nomēn … dabit? │ Which (of the two) … will give the name?

“Uter … reget?”. │ Which (of the two) … will rule?

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/04/250725-level-3-pronominal-adjectives-6.html

[3] Uter conditam … reget? │ Which (of the two) will rule (the city) when / after it has been built?

condō, -ere, condidī, conditus [3]: establish, form, construct

The perfect passive participle conditam (having been constructed) refers to urbs in the previous sentence.

[4]

cuius causā │ and for this reason / because of this

cui sex vulturēs … appārent │ and two vultures … appear to him

connecting relatives

[5] hōc nūntiātiō │ with this having been announced = after this had been announced; ablative absolute

[6] [a] Utrumque rēgem [b] suī comitēs salūtāvērunt.

[a] uterque: both; each (of two)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/04/250725-level-3-pronominal-adjectives-61.html

[b] suī: the reflexive possessive adjective suus, -a, -um (his, her etc. own) is used to refer back to the subject in order to differentiate his (own) etc. as belonging to the subject as opposed to his i.e. somebody else’s.

Vir suōs servōs vocat │ The man calls his (own) slaves.

Vir servōs eius vocat │ The man calls his (somebody else’s) slaves.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/090924-level-1-ora-maritima-103-notes.html

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/280525-level-1-readings-12-15-review-3.html

In this sentence, however, suī comitēs is in the nominative case i.e. the subject, in order to emphasise that each king had his own group of comrades.

Example:

Sōcratem cīvēs suī interfēcērunt. │ Literally: His own fellow citizens put Socrates to death. > Socrates was put to death by his own fellow citizens.

Therefore:

Utrumque rēgem suī comitēs salūtāvērunt. │ Literally: His own comrades hailed each (of the two) as king. > Each of them was hailed as king by his own comrades.

[7] ille and hic and can be used to distinguish between two (groups of) people in a similar way to English ‘the former’ and ‘the latter’ i.e. the sentence refers to the two groups of supporters of Remus and Romulus respectively.

Six vultures appeared first to Remus. Twelve vultures then appeared to Romulus.

Tempore enim [7] illī, hī numerō avium rēgnum sibi vindicābant. │The former (i.e. the supporters of Remus) laid claim to the kingdom [claimed the kingdom for themselves] based upon (priority of) time, the latter (i.e. the supporters of Romulus) on the number of birds.  

[8] congressī │ having come together

congredior, congredī, congressus sum [3-iō / deponent]: come together, meet; deponent verbs have passive forms but active meanings

[9]  Lūdibriō frātris │ in mockery of (his) brother

The phrase ‘the love of a father’ – out of context – can have two meanings:

[i] a father’s love / the love felt by a father i.e. the father is the ‘possessor’ of the love

[ii] love for a father i.e. the father is the object of the love

English does not distinguish them, and neither does Latin, but [i] and [ii] have different grammatical names:

[i] amor patris: a father’s love / the love felt by a father = subjective genitive i.e. it is the father who loves

[ii] amor patris: the love for a father = objective genitive i.e. it is the father who is being loved

Despite the differences in terms, the meaning is generally clear in context:

Lūdibriō frātris [objective genitive] │ in mockery of (his) brother i.e. it is Remus who is mocking, and Romulus who is the object of that mockery

[10] Sīc … pereat, quīcumque alius trānsiliet … │ May he perish in this way, whoever else will jump (jumps) across …

The subjunctive is soon to be discussed in detail. For now, simply note this example of its many uses: the jussive subjunctive from the verb iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus [2]: command; the jussive subjunctive is similar to the imperative (command) form of the verb. However, whereas the imperative is only giving a command directly to one or more people, the jussive subjunctive can refer to any person or number, often translated into English as ‘may / let somebody (do something)’

vivat rēx! │ long live the king! [literally: may the king live]

vīvant professōrēs! │ long live the professors! [ = may the professors live]

Tū quoque salvus sīs, Bernarde. │ May you also be well, Bernard.

[11] condita urbs conditōris nōmine appellāta est; these texts are adaptations from the work of Livy. However, the origin of the city’s name is unclear. The proper noun Romulus is in itself formed from Rōma + ulus i.e. the proper noun is derived from the name of the city, not vice-versa.

See ‘etymology’ at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome