24.12. 24: level 1; topic; school [10]; Comenius: Ianua Linguarum Reserata [2]: concerning things at school [2]; vocabulary [1] objects

ātrāmentārium, -ī [2/n]: inkstand; inkwell

ātrāmentum, -ī [2/n]: ink

calamus, -ī [2/m]: (CL) [i] a reed; cane [ii] an object made of reed [iii] (New Latin) pen

circinus, -ī [2/m]: pair of compasses

crēta, -ae [1/f]: chalk

globus, -ī [2/m]: globe

pigmentum, -ī [2/n]: paint; pigment; dye

rēgula, -ae [1/f]: ruler

stilus, -ī [2/m]: a stylus or pencil used for writing on wax tablets; stilus plumbatus: (New Latin) pencil; also: plumbum, -ī [2/n]: (CL) lead but, judging but the remarks below, could also refer to drawing lines with some form of lead writing tool:

Referring (disparagingly) to another poet, Catullus describes the physical appearance of the poems: “regal paper, new boards, new bosses, straps, red parchment, ruled with the lead and smoothed off with the pumice”; ruled with lead: dērēcta plumbō

tabula, -ae [1/f]: wax-covered tablet for writing

23.12.24: Level 2; the passive voice [8]; present tense passive; all forms [4]; translation practice

Translate the following sentences; both express the same idea but the first of each pair is active whereas the second is passive:

The same idea is expressed [i] by the active and [ii] by the passive

[1]

1. Achilles mē dūcit │ Ab Achille dūcor
2. Achilles tē dūcit │ Ab Achille dūceris
3. Achilles exercitum dūcit │ Exercitus ab Achille dūcitur
4. Achilles nōs dūcit │ Ab Achille dūcimur
5. Achilles vōs dūcit │ Ab Achille dūciminī
6. Achillēs cōpiās Graecās dūcit │ Cōpiae Graecae ab Achille dūcuntur

[2]

1. Graecī Troianōs maximē timent │ Troiani  ā Graecīs maximē timentur
2. Troiānī tē timent │ Tū ā Troiānīs timēris
3. Troiānī mē timent │ Ā Troiānīs timeor
4. Graecī vōs timent │ Vōs, Troiānī, ā cōpiīs Graecīs maximē timēminī

[3]

1. Cōpiae Graecae Troiānōs vulnerant │ Troiānī ā cōpiīs Graecīs vulnerantur
2. Hastae Troiānōrum nōs vulnerant │ Hastīs Troiānōrum vulnerāmur
3. Mīles dūcem vulnerat │ Dux ā mīlite vulnerātur
4. Cūr Troiānī vōs saepe vulnerant? │ Cūr vōs ā Troiānīs saepe vulnerāminī?
5. Mīles Petroclum necat │ Petroclus ā mīlite necātur
6. Mīlitēs servōs necant │ Servī ā mīlitibus necantur

[4]

1. Graecī nōs vincunt │ Nōs a Graecīs vincimur
2. Graecī vōs vincunt │ Ā Graecīs vinciminī
3. Cōpiā Troiānae exercitum Graecum vincunt │ Exercitus Graecus ā cōpiīs Troiānīs vincitur
4. Exercitus Troiānus mē numquam vincit! │ Ab exercitū Troiānō numquam vincor!

[5]

1. Cōpiae Troiānae mē in castrīs tenent │ Ego in castrīs ā cōpiīs Troiānīs teneor
2. Cōpiae Troiānae tē ē castrīs nōn pellunt │ Ā cōpiīs Troiānīs ē castrīs nōn pelleris
3. Cōpiae Troiānae Achillem nōn impediunt │ Achilles ā cōpiīs Troiānīs nōn impedītur
4. Cōpiae Troiānae nōs ē castrīs pellunt │ Ā cōpiīs Troiānīs ē castrīs pellimur
5. Cōpiae Troiānae vōs in castrīs tenent │ Ā cōpiīs Troiānīs in castrīs tenēminī
6. Cōpiae Troiānae cōpiās Graecās in castrīs tenent │ Cōpiae Graecae ā cōpiīs Troiānīs in castrīs tenentur
7. Cōpiae Troiānae vōs ē castrīs pellunt │ Ā cōpiīs Troiānīs ē castrīs pelliminī
8. Cōpiae Troiānae tē saepe impediunt │ Ā cōpiīs Troiānīs saepe impedīris
9. Cōpiae Troiānae mē saepe impediunt │ Ā cōpiīs Troiānīs saepe impedior
10. Cōpiae Troiānae vōs saepe impediunt │ Ā cōpiīs Troiānīs saepe impedīminī
11. Cōpiae Troiānae nōs saepe impediunt  │ Ā cōpiīs Troiānīs saepe impedīmur

23.12.24: Level 2; the passive voice [7]; present tense passive; all forms [3]; second person singular and plural

2^nd person singular

1^st conjugation: laudās │ you (sg.) praise > laudāris │ you (sg.) are praised

2^nd conjugation: monēs │ you (sg.) warn > monēris │ you (sg) are warned

4^th conjugation: audīs │ you (sg.) hear > audīris │ you (sg.) are heard

Again, take a look at the changes in stress pattern:

láudās > laudā́ris [lAU-das > lau-dAh-ris]

mónēs > monḗris [MO-nes > mo-nE-ris

áudīs > audī́rīs [AU-dis > au-dEE-ris]

Nothing problematic there: the -s is removed and -ris is added

The 3^rd and 3^rd-iō conjugation verbs don’t follow that pattern:

[i] dūcis │ you lead > dūceris │ you (sg.) are led; logically you would expect /i/ but /e/ is used; the stem ending in -i- is changed to /e/

[ii] there is no shift in stress: dū́cis > dū́ceris

[i] capis │ you (sg.) capture > caperis │ you (sg.) are captured

[ii] there is no shift in stress: cápis > cáperis

2^nd person plural

One of the features of the passive is the distinctive use of /r/ in the endings. Not all verbs that have this are passive (that will come later) but most are. Let’s see how far we’ve reached:

laudor │ I am praised

laudārīs │ you (sg.) are praised

laudātur │ he / she / it is praised

laudāmur │ we are praised

laudantur │ they are praised

However, the 2^nd person plural does not have an /r/ but its ending is so unusual that you will spot it immediately:

laudātis │ you (pl.) praise > laudāminī │ you (pl.) are praised

monētis │ you (pl.) warn > monēminī │ you (pl.) are warned

dūcitis │ you (pl.) lead > dūciminī │ you (pl.) are led

capitis │ you (pl.) capture > capiminī │ you (pl.) are captured

audītis │ you (pl.) hear > audīminī │ you (pl.) are heard

For the 1^st, 2^nd and 4^th conjugation verbs, there is no shift in stress:

laudā́tis > laudā́minī

monḗtis > monḗminī

audī́tis > audī́minī

For 3^rd and 3^rd-iō conjugation verbs, the stress shifts:

dū́citis > dūcíminī [dU-ci-tis > du-cI-mi-ni]

cápitis > capíminī [cA-pi-tis > ca-pI-mi-ni]

You have now seen all the endings for the present passive; there are six endings and those same endings will be used in the imperfect and future passive

22.12.24: Level 1; D’Ooge; Colloquia Latina; vocabulary review [1]; texts [1] and [2]

Match the English vocabulary with the Latin in the wordcloud

1. cold
2. field
3. forest
4. girl
5. good
6. grain
7. horse
8. inhabitant
9. lady
10. long
11. master
12. my
13. river
14. river bank
15. road
16. Roman
17. slave
18. supply
19. tongue
20. water

22.12.24: level 1; topic; school [9]; Comenius: Ianua Linguarum Reserata [1]: concerning things at school [1]

Iānua linguārum reserāta, the Gate of Languages Unlocked by John Comenius, written in 1629 and first published in Poland in 1632

Complete each Latin sentence with the words listed below.

Dē rēbus in [1] __________. │ Concerning things in school.

[2] __________ sponte [3] __________ scholam. │ A schoolboy willingly attends (goes to; frequents) school.

Ex librō [4] __________ tacitē. │ We read silently from a book.

Aut [5] __________ clārē. │ Or we clearly read aloud.

[6] __________ sunt in calamāriō. │ Pens are in the pen container.

Quibus [7] __________ in [8] __________, in utrāque [9] __________. │ By which we write on paper on either page.

Līnea fit [10] __________. │ A line is made by a ruler.

Circulus [11] __________. │ A circle by a compass.

Sī perperam, [12] __________. │If badly, we erase (it). [perperam (adv.) wrongly]

Et [13] __________ dēnuō [14] __________ vel in [15] __________. │ And mark it again rightly (correctly) or in the margin.

Doctor prōpōnit [16] __________; │ The teacher sets forth the teaching;

[17] __________ prōverbia et ēloquentiam; │ He teaches proverbs and eloquence;

[18] __________ [19] __________ nōn omnia simul, sed per partēs. │ A student learns not all at once, but through parts.

[20] __________ [21] __________ ūniversōs, │ The Master instructs all together,

Singulī [22] __________. │ They pay attention (attend) individually.

Ille [23] __________ mendās. │ He corrects (amends) faults / mistakes.

attendunt; calamī; chartā; circinō; dēlēmus; discipulus; discit; docet; doctrīnam; ēmendat; frequentat; īnstituit; legimus; magister; margine; pāginā; recitāmus; rēctē; rēgulā; scholā; scholasticus; scrībimus; signāmus 

____________________

Dē rēbus in scholā. │ Concerning things in school.

Scholasticus sponte frequentat scholam. │ A schoolboy willingly attends (goes to; frequents) school.

Ex librō legimus tacitē. │ We read silently from a book.

Aut recitāmus clārē. │ Or we clearly read aloud.

Calamī sunt in calamāriō. │ Pens are in the pen container.

Quibus scrībimus in chartā, in utrāque pāginā. │ By which we write on paper on either page.

Līnea fit rēgulā. │ A line is made by a ruler.

Circulus circinō. │ A circle by a compass.

Sī perperam, dēlēmus. │If badly, we erase (it).

Et signāmus dēnuō rēctē vel in margine. │ And mark it again rightly (correctly) or in the margin.

Doctor prōpōnit doctrīnam; │ The teacher sets forth the teaching;

Docet prōverbia et ēloquentiam; │ He teaches proverbs and eloquence;

Discipulus discit nōn omnia simul, sed per partēs. │ A student learns not all at once, but through parts.

Magister īnstituit ūniversōs, │ The Master instructs all together,

Singulī attendunt. │ They pay attention (attend) individually.

Ille ēmendat mendās. │ He corrects (amends) faults / mistakes.

21.12.24: Level 2; the passive voice [6]; present tense passive; all forms [2]; reading

FĀBULA ORBILĪ II

[A]

Achillēs, fīlius Pēleī, est clārus Graecus. sī cōpiās Graecās dūcit, Graecīs victōria est. sed Achillēs īrātus est quod captīva pulchra ab eō rapta est. itaque in tabernāculō sedet neque pugnat. Patrōclus amīcus cum sociīs multīs ad tabernāculum venit.

‘cūr prō patriā nōn pugnās, amīce?’ Patrōclus rogat. ‘tū ā Troiānīs maximē timēris. nōs impedīmur quod tū nōn pugnās.’

‘ego ā Troiānīs timeor. quod cōpiās nōn dūcō, vōs impedīminī. īrātus, tamen, prō patriā nōn pugnō,’ Achillēs respondet.

‘nōs in castrīs ā lēgātīs tenēmur quod tū in tabernāculō sedēs. interdum nōs ē castrīs ā copiīs Troiānīs pellimur. saepe hastīs et sagittīs Troiānōrum vulnerāmur. sī ā fīliō Pēleī dūcimur, nōn vincimur. tuum auxilium victōriam semper portat. ..

Sentence building; find the Latin

[i] timeō, -ēre [2]: fear

I am feared │ I am feared by the Trojans

You (sg.) are feared │ You (sg.) are feared by the Trojans │ You (sg.) are most greatly feared by the Trojans

[ii] impediō, -īre [4]: hinder; impede

You (pl.) are hindered

[iii] teneō, -ēre [2]: keep; hold

We are held │ We are held by the lieutenants │ We held in the camp by the lieutenants

[iv] pellō, -ere [3]: drive (out)

We are driven out │ We are driven out by the Trojan forces │ We are driven out of the camp by the Trojan forces

[4] vulnerō, -āre [1]: wound; injure

We are wounded │ We are wounded by the spears and arrows │ We are wounded by the spears and arrows of the Trojans

[5] dūcō, -ere [3]: lead

We are led │ If we are led │ If we are led by the son │ If we are led by the son of Peleus

[6] vincō, -ere [3]: conquer

We are not conquered

[B]

‘ .. tū ad tabernāculum nōn pelleris; tū in tabernāculo nōn tenēris. tū nōn vulnerāris neque impedīris neque vinceris. cūr tū nōn pugnās?’ iterum Patrōclus rogat.

‘vōs, sociī meī, in castrīs saepe tenēminī. ē castrīs saepe pelliminī. telīs Troiānōrum vulnerāminī. vincitis et vinciminī. ad tabernāculum ego nōn pellor. ego nōn vulneror neque impedior neque vincor. īrātus, tamen, nōn pugnō,’ Achillēs clāmat.  tum et gladium et arma in terram mittit.

Patrōclus gladium et arma amīcī celeriter induit. tum Graecōs ad mūrōs Troiae dūcit. ibi Patrōclus necātur.

[B] Sentence building; find the Latin

[7] I …

am not driven to the tent

am not being injured, nor hindered, nor conquered

[8] You (sg.) …

are not driven (back) to the tent

are not being held in the tent

are not being injured, nor wounded, nor conquered

[9] you (pl.) …

are (often) held │ are often held in the camp

are (often) driven │ are (often) driven out of the camp

are being injured │ are being injured by the weapons ¦ of the Trojans

[10] Petroclus [= he]

is killed

What are the passive endings for [i] tū / 2^nd person singular and [ii] vōs / 2^nd person plural?