23.12.24: Level 2; the passive voice [7]; present tense passive; all forms [3]; second person singular and plural

2^nd person singular

1^st conjugation: laudās │ you (sg.) praise > laudāris │ you (sg.) are praised

2^nd conjugation: monēs │ you (sg.) warn > monēris │ you (sg) are warned

4^th conjugation: audīs │ you (sg.) hear > audīris │ you (sg.) are heard

Again, take a look at the changes in stress pattern:

láudās > laudā́ris [lAU-das > lau-dAh-ris]

mónēs > monḗris [MO-nes > mo-nE-ris

áudīs > audī́rīs [AU-dis > au-dEE-ris]

Nothing problematic there: the -s is removed and -ris is added

The 3^rd and 3^rd-iō conjugation verbs don’t follow that pattern:

[i] dūcis │ you lead > dūceris │ you (sg.) are led; logically you would expect /i/ but /e/ is used; the stem ending in -i- is changed to /e/

[ii] there is no shift in stress: dū́cis > dū́ceris

[i] capis │ you (sg.) capture > caperis │ you (sg.) are captured

[ii] there is no shift in stress: cápis > cáperis

2^nd person plural

One of the features of the passive is the distinctive use of /r/ in the endings. Not all verbs that have this are passive (that will come later) but most are. Let’s see how far we’ve reached:

laudor │ I am praised

laudārīs │ you (sg.) are praised

laudātur │ he / she / it is praised

laudāmur │ we are praised

laudantur │ they are praised

However, the 2^nd person plural does not have an /r/ but its ending is so unusual that you will spot it immediately:

laudātis │ you (pl.) praise > laudāminī │ you (pl.) are praised

monētis │ you (pl.) warn > monēminī │ you (pl.) are warned

dūcitis │ you (pl.) lead > dūciminī │ you (pl.) are led

capitis │ you (pl.) capture > capiminī │ you (pl.) are captured

audītis │ you (pl.) hear > audīminī │ you (pl.) are heard

For the 1^st, 2^nd and 4^th conjugation verbs, there is no shift in stress:

laudā́tis > laudā́minī

monḗtis > monḗminī

audī́tis > audī́minī

For 3^rd and 3^rd-iō conjugation verbs, the stress shifts:

dū́citis > dūcíminī [dU-ci-tis > du-cI-mi-ni]

cápitis > capíminī [cA-pi-tis > ca-pI-mi-ni]

You have now seen all the endings for the present passive; there are six endings and those same endings will be used in the imperfect and future passive