26.11.26: Level 4; subjunctive (review) [4] Road to Latin (Chesnutt) 49

Caesarī __________ cōnsilia Helvētiōrum __________, Rōmā celeriter profectus est. Magnīs itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit et ad Genavam pervēnit. Mīlitum quam maximum numerum coēgit atque pontem quī erat ad Genavam dēlērī iussit. __________ Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā __________, Helvētiī lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Lēgātī __________  __________ eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere __________.

Caesar __________ __________ Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse, eīs iter dare dubitāvit. __________ autem __________ __________ Helvētiī, neque hominēs bellicōsōs sine inīuriā iter per prōvinciam factūrōs esse exīstimābat. __________ satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā __________, eō tempore contrā Helvētiōs bellum gerere nōluit. Itaque lēgātōs post aliquot diēs revertī iussit.

Interim Caesar et legiō decima rīpam Rhodanī multa mīlia passuum mūrō fossāque mūnīre coepērunt. Mīlitēs, superiōribus proeliīs exercitī, brevissimō tempore rem perfēcērunt. Ubi lēgātī Helvētiī diē cōnstitūtā ad Caesarem revertērunt, sē Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam dare posse negāvit.

__________ Caesar eīs iter __________, __________ Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt. Aliī navibus, aliī vadīs flumen trānsīre ausī sunt. Magnus fuit labor Helvētiōrum at frūstrā ausī sunt. Helvētiī __________ diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere __________, id __________ perficere nōn potuērunt. Tandem, mūnītiōne et mīlitum tēlīs repulsī, cessērunt.

Complete the Latin with the words and phrases listed below; some words are used more than once

[1] When the plans of the Helvetii had been reported to Caesar …

Caesarī __________ cōnsilia Helvētiōrum __________, …

[2] When Caesar was assembling soldiers from the province, …

__________ Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā __________, …

[3] The envoys asked that, with his consent, it be allowed for the Helvetii to make a journey.

Lēgātī __________  __________ eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere __________.

[4] Caesar, since he remembered that the Helvetii had once sent a Roman army under the yoke…

Caesar __________  __________ Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse …

[5] He realized, however, what kind of people the Helvetii were, …

__________ autem __________ __________ Helvētiī, …

[6] Since he did not have a sufficiently large number of soldiers in Gaul …

__________ satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā __________ …

​[7] Although Caesar had not given them a passage, the Helvetii nevertheless began to cross the river by force.

__________ Caesar eīs iter __________, __________ Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt.

[8] Although the Helvetii tried day and night to break through the fortifications, they nevertheless were not able to accomplish it.

Helvētiī __________ diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere __________, id __________ perficere nōn potuērunt.

cōgeret

cōnārentur

cum

essent

licēret

memoriā tenēret

nōn dedisset

nōn habēret

nūntiāta essent

quālēs

rogāvērunt

sēnsit

tamen

ut

____________________

[1] Caesarī cum cōnsilia Helvētiōrum nūntiāta essent, …

[2] Cum Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā cōgeret, …

[3] Lēgātī rogāvērunt ut eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere licēret.

[4] Caesar cum memoriā tenēret Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse …

[5] Sēnsit autem quālēs essent Helvētiī, …

[6] Cum satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā nōn habēret …

[7] Cum Caesar eīs iter nōn dedisset, tamen Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt.

[8] Helvētiī cum diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere cōnārentur, id tamen perficere nōn potuērunt.

22.11.26: Level 4; subjunctive (review) [3] Road to Latin (Chesnutt) 48

Amīcī Caesaris cōnsilia Helvētiōrum animadvertunt atque maximē perturbantur. Intellegunt Helvētiōs ex fīnibus suīs ēgrēdī statuisse. Cognōscunt eōs multīs aliīs gentibus persuādēre ut sē sociōs coniungant et ex fīnibus suīs ēgrediantur. Sentiunt Helvētiōs per prōvinciam Rōmānam iter facere cōnātūrōs esse. Timent nē Helvētiī sociīs Rōmānīs maximē noceant. Itaque magnā cum celeritāte Rōmam contendunt ut cum Caesare conloquantur.

“Cūr tam celeriter ex Galliā vēnistis?” quaesīvit Caesar. Cūr perturbāminī?”

“Cūr perturbāmur? Multa apud Helvētiōs cōnspeximus, Caesar. Libenter tē certiōrem faciēmus cūr perturbēmur. Helvētiī ex fīnibus suīs ēgredī statuērunt et magnum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmērunt. Rogāsne cūr Helvētiī ēgredī statuerint? Rogāsne quantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmerint? Prīmō nōn intellēximus cūr ex suīs fīnibus ēgredī statuissent, et cūr tantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmissent. Itaque ā nostrīs amīcīs Helvēticīs quaesīvimus quae Helvētiī facerent.”

Tum Caesar ipse perturbāus quaesīvit quae repperissent. “Helvētiī, Caesar, exīstimant suōs fīnēs angustiōrēs esse prō multitūdine hominum; cōnstituērunt igitur domō exīre ut regiōnibus sibi idōneīs potīrentur. Ad novās regiōnēs eunt. Rogāsne num per prōvinciam Rōmānam eant? Amīcī nostrī nōs certiōrēs nōn fēcērunt quō īrent. Lātiōrēs tamen regiōnēs petunt atque sine dubiō per prōvinciam Romānam iter facere cōnābuntur. Itaque ad tē contendimus ut tē dē hīs rēbus certiōrem facerēmus.”

Complete the translations with the words and phrases listed below.

[1] Cognōscunt eōs multīs aliīs gentibus persuādēre ut sē sociōs coniungant et ex fīnibus suīs ēgrediantur.

They learn that (1) __________  many other tribes (2) __________  them as allies and (3) __________  their territories.

[2] Timent nē Helvētiī sociīs Rōmānīs maximē noceant.

(1) __________ the Helvetii (2) __________  greatly  __________  the Roman allies.

[3] Itaque magnā cum celeritāte Rōmam contendunt ut cum Caesare conloquantur.

Therefore they hurry to Rome with great speed (1) __________ (2) __________ with Caesar.

[4] Libenter tē certiōrem faciēmus cūr perturbēmur.

(1) __________ gladly  __________  you (2) __________.

[5] Rogāsne cūr Helvētiī ēgredī statuerint?

Are you asking (1) __________  the Helvetii (2) __________  to leave?

[6] Rogāsne quantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmerint?

Are you asking (1) __________ a number of wagons and pack animals (2) __________?

[7] Prīmō nōn intellēximus cūr ex suīs fīnibus ēgredī statuissent, et cūr tantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmissent.

At first (1) __________ (2) __________ to leave their territory, and (3) __________ so great a number of wagons and pack animals.

[8] Itaque ā nostrīs amīcīs Helvēticīs quaesīvimus quae Helvētiī facerent.

Therefore (1) __________ our Helvetian friends (2) __________ the Helvetii (3) __________.

[9] Tum Caesar ipse perturbāus quaesīvit quae repperissent.

Then Caesar himself, disturbed, asked __________.

[10] Cōnstituērunt igitur domō exīre ut regiōnibus sibi idōneīs potīrentur.

Therefore they decided to leave home (1) __________ (2) __________ of regions suitable for themselves.

[11] Rogāsne num per prōvinciam Rōmānam eant?

Are you asking (1) __________  (2) __________ through the Roman province?

[12] Amīcī nostrī nōs certiōrēs nōn fēcērunt quō īrent.

Our friends (1) __________  us (2) __________  (3) __________.

[13] Itaque ad tē contendimus ut tē dē hīs rēbus certiōrem facerēmus.

Therefore we hurried to you  __________ about these matters.

they are persuading

they fear that

we did not understand

we asked

did not inform

we will … inform

__________

may … harm

they have obtained

were doing

they might gain possession

decided

they are going

they were going (to)

__________

in order

in order to inform you

so that

__________

what

what they had discovered

whether

where

why

why we are troubled

why they had sent out

why they had decided

how large

__________

to join

to leave

to speak

____________________

[1] They learn that (1) they are persuading many other tribes (2) to join them as allies and (3) to leave their territories.

[2] (1) They fear that the Helvetii (2) may greatly harm the Roman allies.

[3] Therefore they hurry to Rome with great speed (1) in order (2) to speak with Caesar.

[4] (1) We will gladly inform you (2) why we are troubled.

[5] Are you asking (1) why the Helvetii (2) decided to leave?

[6] Are you asking (1) how large a number of wagons and pack animals (2) they have obtained?

[7] At first (1) we did not understand (2) why they had decided to leave their territory, and (3) why they had sent out so great a number of wagons and pack animals.

[8] Therefore (1) we asked our Helvetian friends (2) what the Helvetii (3) were doing.

[9] Then Caesar himself, disturbed, asked what they had discovered.

[10] Therefore they decided to leave home (1) so that (2) they might gain possession of regions suitable for themselves.

[11] Are you asking (1) whether (2) they are going through the Roman province?

[12] Our friends (1) did not inform us (2) where (3) they were going (to).

[13] Therefore we hurried to you in order to inform you about these matters.

18.11.26: Level 4; subjunctive (review) [2] Road to Latin (Chesnutt) 47

Tam bene dīcit Orgetorīx ut iuvenēs nōbilēs coniūrātiōnem faciant et rēgna in cīvitātibus suīs occupāre cōnstituant. Inter sē fīdem et iūs iūrandum dant. Tam audācēs sunt ut perīcula nōn timeant. Etiam spērant sē tōtīus Galliae imperiō potīrī posse. Tanta est Orgeorīgis cupiditās rēgnī ut patriam trādere velit.

Ea rēs, paulō, post, Helvētiīs ēnūntiāta est. Helvētiī Orgetorīgem hostem esse sēnsērunt et ita incitātī sunt ut eum ex vinculīs causam dīcere cōgerent. Orgetorīx amīcōrum magnum numerum habēbat et eius audācia erat tanta ut ad iūdicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum mīlia decem, undique convocāret; per eōs sē ēripere posse spērāvit. Sed cīvitās, ob eam rem incītāta, armīs iūs suum exsecūta est multitūdinemque hominum ex agrīs magistrātūs ad iūdicium coēgērunt. Orgetorīx perterritus dē vītā decessit.

Post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī patriam relinquere cupīvērunt. Quārē accidit ut cōnsilia exsequerentur. Magnae sēmentēs factae erant; carrī et iūmenta ēmpta erant; fēminae līberīque conlātī erant. Sed spem domum reditiōnis tollere necesse erat. Fiēbat ut oppida sua omnia, vīcōs omnēs, reliqua prīvāta aedificia incenderent. etiam frūmentum omne praeter id quod sēcum portāre necesse erat incendērunt. Hōc modō effēcērunt ut omnis spēs domum reditiōnis tollerētur. Effēcērunt praetereā ut fīnitimī eōdem cōnsiliō ūsī ūnā cum eīs proficīscerentur.

Complete the translations of the Latin sentences with one clause from Column A and one clause from Column B

[1] Tam bene dīcit Orgetorīx ut iuvenēs nōbilēs coniūrātiōnem faciant.

[2] Tam audācēs sunt ut perīcula nōn timeant.

[3] Tanta est Orgeorīgis cupiditās rēgnī ut patriam trādere velit.

[4] Helvetiī … ita incitātī sunt ut eum ex vinculīs causam dīcere cōgerent.

[5] Eius audācia erat tanta ut ad iūdicium omnem suam familiam … convocāret.

[6] Quārē accidit ut cōnsilia exsequerentur.

[7] Fiēbat ut oppida sua omnia … incenderent.

[8] Hōc modō effēcērunt ut omnis spēs domum reditiōnis tollerētur.

[9] Effēcērunt praetereā ut fīnitimī … ūnā cum eīs proficīscerentur.

____________________

[1] Orgetorix speaks so well that the noble youths make a conspiracy.

[2] They are so bold that they do not fear dangers.

[3] So great is Orgetorix’s desire for kingship that he wishes to betray his country.

[4] The Helvetii were so stirred up that they forced him to plead his case in chains.

[5] His boldness was so great that he summoned his entire household to the trial.

[6] Therefore it happened that they carried out their plans.

[7] It came about that they burned all their towns.

[8] So great is Orgetorix’s desire for kingship that all hope of returning home was removed.

[9] They also brought it about that the neighbouring peoples set out together with them.

14.11.26: Level 4; subjunctive (review) [1] Road to Latin (Chesnutt) 46

Helvetiī multa dīligenter comparant quod ē patriā exīre cōnstituērunt. Sēmentēs quam maximās faciunt nē inopia frūmentī in itinere sit. Iūmentōrum et carrōrum maximum numerum emunt ut omnia sēcum facile portent. Nūntiōs ad cīvitātēs proximās mittunt ut eae gentēs quoque cōnsilia audiant et auxilium mittant. Fortasse cīvitātēs sē sociōs iungent et ē fīnibus ībunt. Helvētiī patriam relinquunt ut novōs agrōs videant et fīnēs multitūdinī hominum idōneōs capiant. Magna est eōrum spēs.

Orgetorīx, nōbilissimus Helvētiōrum, erat cīvitātibus proximīs amīcus. Dux igitur dēlēctus est ut fīnitimī cōnsilia Helvētiōrum benignē audīrent et auxilium mitterent. Ad cīvitātēs iit ut prīncipēs vidēret et cum eīs cōnsilia caperet. Helvētiī cum fīnitimīs pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre voluērunt ut omnia per eōrum fīnēs sine difficultāte portārentur. Erat mōs gentēs obsidēs inter sē dare nē iniūria esset.

Helvētiī cum cīvitātibus proximīs pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre cōnstituerant quō facilius per eōrum fīnēs iter facere possent. Itaque Orgetorīgem mīserant quī eās rēs cōnficeret. Sed Orgetorīx rēgnī cupiditāte adductus alia cōnsilia cēpit.

Match the Latin and English phrases.

____________________

1:B | so that there is not a shortage of grain on the journey

2:F | so that they may carry everything easily with them

3:G | so that those peoples may also hear the plans and send help

4:H | so that they may see new lands

5:I | and may take territories suitable for a large number of people

6:J | so that the neighbours would hear the Helvetii’s plans favorably

7:K | and would send help

8:L | so that he could see the chiefs

9:M | and (could) make plans with them

10:A | so that everything might be carried through their territories without difficulty

11:C | so that there would be no wrongdoing

12:D | so that they could more easily make the journey through their territories

13:E | who was to accomplish these things

25.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [36]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (5) grammar: 4th conjugation verbs; links

25.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [36]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (5) grammar: 4^th conjugation verbs; links

https://mega.nz/file/aVUnDRwD#HnIrEIqAdtRrB4xOxakJ0v80ekm6Y60xt6xXhp0q5pA

17.03.24: 4th conjugation; reading

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/170324-4th-conjugation-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/408420498435891/

17.03.24: examples of fourth conjugation verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/170324-examples-of-fourth-conjugation.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/408443115100296/

17.03.24: practice in the 4th conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/170324-practice-in-4th-conjugation.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/408480011763273/

26.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the verbs [9]; 4th conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/261024-level-1-review-practice-in-verbs.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/568783269066279/

24.07.24: level 1; 4th conjugation verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/240724-level-1-4th-conjugation-verbs.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/476642254947048/

25.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [35]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (4) grammar: 4th conjugation verbs

We take a further look at this text, this time focussing on 4^th conjugation verbs (indicated in bold):

In peristȳlō

Peristȳlum līberōs Tulliae dēlectat. Puellae statuās saepe ōrnant. Aulus et Lūcius ibi student. Puerī parvī in peristȳlō libenter lūdunt quod in peristȳlō est aqua. Puerī parvī nāviculās ligneās habent. Tullia in peristȳlō saepe sedet et lūdōs līberōrum spectat. Interdum Tullia cum līberīs lūdit. Hodiē Publius et Servius domī sunt sed Lūcius et Aulus in lūdō sunt. Ā domiciliō Tullia clāmat, “ubi es, Pūblī? Quid agis?” Pūblius respondet, “lūdō in peristȳlō, Tullia.” Tum Tullia clāmat, “ubi tū lūdis, Servī?” “ego quoque in peristȳlō lūdō,” respondet Servius. “num in aquā lūditis?” Rogat Tullia. “in aquā nōn lūdimus sed nāviculae nostrae sunt in aquā. Nāviculās ad Graeciam et ad Crētam mittimus,” respondent puerī parvī. “Quid audīs, Pūblī? Quis venit?” Subitō rogat Servius. “Lūcius et Aulus in domicilium veniunt,” respondet Pūblius. “venitne paedagōgus cum puerīs, Pūblī?” “puerī cum paedagōgō veniunt.” “cūr, Lūcī, ā lūdō mātūrē venis?” Clāmat Pūblius. “veniō quod magister est aeger,” respondet Lūcius. “nōnne tū et Aulus in peristȳlum venītis?” Clāmat Servius. “in peristȳlum nōn venīmus. Ad Tulliam venīmus,” puerī respondent.

Dē equō ligneō

Multī dominī Rōmānī servōs Graecōs habent. Servī Graecī saepe sunt paedagōgī puerōrum Rōmānōrum. Dominī paedagōgōs cum fīliīs ad lūdum mittunt. Paedagōgus Lūcī et Aulī est Graecus. Puerīs fābulās dē Graeciā saepe nārrat. Fābula dē equō ligneō Lūcium et Aulum dēlectat.

"Graecī sunt īrātī quod Troiānī pulchram fēminam Graecam Troiae tenent. Itaque multī armātī ōrās Graeciae relinquunt et Troiam nāvigant. Interim Troiānī arma et frūmentum cōgunt et mūrōs Troiae dīligenter mūniunt. Posteā Graecī mūrōs oppugnant et longum bellum cum Troiānīs gerunt. Sunt multa proelia in ōrīs Troiae sed deī neque Graecīs neque Troiānīs victōriam dant.

"Tandem Graecī magnum equum ligneum aedificant. Noctū multī armātī in equum ascendunt. Tum reliquī Graecī ad īnsulam parvam nāvigant sed equum extrā mūrōs Troiae relinquunt. Māne Troiānī ā Troiae mūrīs equum magnum vident. Portās celeriter aperiunt et ad equum properant. Multī clāmant, 'Est certē dōnum deōrum! Troiānī equum nōn timent sed dēsīderant; itaque equum intrā mūrōs trahunt. Noctū armātī ex equō veniunt. Troiānī Graecōs nōn impediunt quod armātōs nōn audiunt. Ab īnsulā parvā ad Troiae portās reliquī Graecī properant. Tum armātī ad portās veniunt et sociōs intrā mūrōs dūcunt. Sīc Graecī Troiānōs vincunt et Troiam incendunt."

We can use the verb veniō, venīre as an example of a fourth conjugation verb:

veni¦ō, venīre [4]: come; note [i] the stem vowel in -i- / -ī- and [ii] the infinitive in -īre

veniō: I come, am coming

venīs: you (sg.) come

venit: he / she / it comes

venīmus: we come

venītis: you (pl.) come

veniunt: they come

Examples from the texts:

[1] veniō, venīre [4]: to come

Veniō quod magister est aeger. │ I’m coming because the teacher is ill.

Cūr, lūcī, ā lūdō mātūrē venis? │ Why, Lucius, are you coming early from school?

Quis venit? │ Who is coming?

In peristȳlum nōn venīmus. │We’re not coming into the peristyle garden.

Nōnne tū et Aulus in peristȳlum venītis? │Surely, you and Lucius are coming into the peristyle garden?

Lūcius et Aulus in domicilium veniunt. │ Lucius and Aulius come into the dwelling.

Noctū armātī ex equō veniunt. │ At night the armed men come out of the horse.

[2]

aperiō, aperīre [4]:  to open

Portās celeriter aperiunt. │ They quickly open the gates.

audiō, audīre [4]: to hear, listen to

Quid audīs, Pūblī? │ What do you hear, Publius?

Armātōs nōn audiunt. │ They do not hear the armed men.

impediō, impedīre [4]:  to hinder, impede

Troiānī Graecōs nōn impediunt. │ The Trojans do not hinder the Greeks.

mūniō, mūnīre [4]:  to fortify, defend

Mūrōs Troiae … mūniunt. │ They fortify the walls of Troy.

22.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [34]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (3) grammar: 3rd conjugation verbs; links

11.03.24: introduction to 3rd conjugation verbs ... and how to be a worthless dice player!

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-introduction-to-3rd-conjugation.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/405326338745307/

11.03.24: 3rd conjugation verbs: ways of learning [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-3rd-conjugation-verbs-ways-of.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/405433262067948/

11.03.24: simple practice for the 3rd conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-simple-practice-for-3rd.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/405447698733171/

11.03.24: 3rd conjugation verbs: ways of learning [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-ways-of-learning.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/405500248727916/

24.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the verbs [8]; 3rd conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/241024-level-1-review-practice-in-verbs.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/560489039895702/

22.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [33]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (2) grammar: 3rd conjugation verbs

We first focus on 3^rd conjugation verbs (indicated in bold):

In peristȳlō

Peristȳlum līberōs Tulliae dēlectat. Puellae statuās saepe ōrnant. Aulus et Lūcius ibi student. Puerī parvī in peristȳlō libenter lūdunt quod in peristȳlō est aqua. Puerī parvī nāviculās ligneās habent. Tullia in peristȳlō saepe sedet et lūdōs līberōrum spectat. Interdum Tullia cum līberīs lūdit. Hodiē Publius et Servius domī sunt sed Lūcius et Aulus in lūdō sunt. Ā domiciliō Tullia clāmat, “ubi es, Pūblī? Quid agis?” Pūblius respondet, “lūdō in peristȳlō, Tullia.” Tum Tullia clāmat, “ubi tū lūdis, Servī?” “ego quoque in peristȳlō lūdō,” respondet Servius. “num in aquā lūditis?” Rogat Tullia. “in aquā nōn lūdimus sed nāviculae nostrae sunt in aquā. Nāviculās ad Graeciam et ad Crētam mittimus,” respondent puerī parvī. “Quid audīs, Pūblī? Quis venit?” Subitō rogat Servius. “Lūcius et Aulus in domicilium veniunt,” respondet Pūblius. “venitne paedagōgus cum puerīs, Pūblī?” “puerī cum paedagōgō veniunt.” “cūr, Lūcī, ā lūdō mātūrē venis?” Clāmat Pūblius. “veniō quod magister est aeger,” respondet Lūcius. “nōnne tū et Aulus in peristȳlum venītis?” Clāmat Servius. “in peristȳlum nōn venīmus. Ad Tulliam venīmus,” puerī respondent.

We can use the verb lūdō, lūdere as an example of a third conjugation verb:

lūdō, -ere [3]: to play; note the difference between 2^nd and 3^rd conjugation infinitives:

respondeō, respondēre [2]: reply; the infinitive ending has a long and stressed ē [re-spon-dḗ-re]

lūdō, lūdere [3]: play; the infinitive ending has a short and unstressed e [lū-dĕ-re]

the 3^rd conjugation is formed by removing the infinitive ending i.e. lūd¦ere > lūd- to which the following endings are added:

lūdō: I play, am playing [the personal ending is added directly to the stem]

lūdis: you (sg.) play [personal ending + stem vowel -i-]

lūdit: he / she / it plays

lūdimus: we play

lūditis: you (pl.) play

lūdunt: they play [personal ending + stem vowel -u-]

Dē equō ligneō

Multī dominī Rōmānī servōs Graecōs habent. Servī Graecī saepe sunt paedagōgī puerōrum Rōmānōrum. Dominī paedagōgōs cum fīliīs ad lūdum mittunt. Paedagōgus Lūcī et Aulī est Graecus. Puerīs fābulās dē Graeciā saepe nārrat. Fābula dē equō ligneō Lūcium et Aulum dēlectat.

"Graecī sunt īrātī quod Troiānī pulchram fēminam Graecam Troiae tenent. Itaque multī armātī ōrās Graeciae relinquunt et Troiam nāvigant. Interim Troiānī arma et frūmentum cōgunt et mūrōs Troiae dīligenter mūniunt. Posteā Graecī mūrōs oppugnant et longum bellum cum Troiānīs gerunt. Sunt multa proelia in ōrīs Troiae sed deī neque Graecīs neque Troiānīs victōriam dant.

"Tandem Graecī magnum equum ligneum aedificant. Noctū multī armātī in equum ascendunt. Tum reliquī Graecī ad īnsulam parvam nāvigant sed equum extrā mūrōs Troiae relinquunt. Māne Troiānī ā Troiae mūrīs equum magnum vident. Portās celeriter aperiunt et ad equum properant. Multī clāmant, 'Est certē dōnum deōrum! Troiānī equum nōn timent sed dēsīderant; itaque equum intrā mūrōs trahunt. Noctū armātī ex equō veniunt. Troiānī Graecōs nōn impediunt quod armātōs nōn audiunt. Ab īnsulā parvā ad Troiae portās reliquī Graecī properant. Tum armātī ad portās veniunt et sociōs intrā mūrōs dūcunt. Sīc Graecī Troiānōs vincunt et Troiam incendunt."

Examples from the texts:

[1] lūdō, -ere [3]: play

Ego quoque in peristȳlō lūdō. │ I’m also playing in the peristyle garden.

Ubi tū lūdis? │ Where are you playing?

Tullia cum līberīs lūdit. │ Tullia is playing with the children.

In aquā nōn lūdimus. │ We’re not playing in the water.

Num in aquā lūditis? │ You’re (pl.) not playing in the water, are you?

Puerī parvī in peristȳlō lūdunt. │ The little boys are playing in the peristyle garden.

[2]

ascendō, ascendere [3]:  to climb

Multī armātī in equum ascendunt. │ Many armed men climb into the horse.

cōgō, cōgere [3]:  to collect; compel, force

Troiānī arma et frūmentum cōgunt. │ The Trojans collect arms and grain.

dūcō, dūcere [3]:  to lead, guide

Armātī … sociōs intrā mūrōs dūcunt. │ The armed men lead (their) comrades inside the walls.

gerō, gerere [3]:  to carry on; wear; bellum gerere [3]:  to wage war

Graecī … longum bellum cum Troiānīs gerunt. │ The Greeks wage a long war with the Trojans.

incendō, incendere [3]:  to burn, set fire to

Graecī … Troiam incendunt. │ The Greeks set fire to Troy.

mittō, mittere [3]:  to send

Nāviculās ad Graeciam et ad Crētam mittimus. │ We are sending the little ships to Greece and Crete.

Dominī paedagōgōs cum fīliīs ad lūdum mittunt. │ The masters send the tutors with (their) sons to school.

relinquō, relinquere [3]:  to leave, abandon

Multī armātī ōrās Graeciae relinquunt. │ Many armed men leave the shores of Greece.

trahō, trahere [3]:  to drag, draw

Equum intrā mūrōs trahunt. │ They drag the horse inside the walls.

vincō, vincere [3]:  to conquer, subdue, overcome

Graecī Troiānōs vincunt. │ The Greeks conquer the Trojans.

19.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [32]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (1) texts, vocabulary, exercise

[present tense of verbs of third and fourth conjugations]

These two texts introduce two verb conjugations. In this post, simply read the texts for understanding; in the next two posts we will look at the conjugations in more detail.

In peristȳlō

Peristȳlum līberōs Tulliae dēlectat. Puellae statuās saepe ōrnant. Aulus et Lūcius ibi student. Puerī parvī in peristȳlō libenter lūdunt quod in peristȳlō est aqua. Puerī parvī nāviculās ligneās habent. Tullia in peristȳlō saepe sedet et lūdōs līberōrum spectat. Interdum Tullia cum līberīs lūdit. Hodiē Publius et Servius domī sunt sed Lūcius et Aulus in lūdō sunt. Ā domiciliō Tullia clāmat, “ubi es, Pūblī? Quid agis?” Pūblius respondet, “lūdō in peristȳlō, Tullia.” Tum Tullia clāmat, “ubi tū lūdis, Servī?” “ego quoque in peristȳlō lūdō,” respondet Servius. “num in aquā lūditis?” Rogat Tullia. “in aquā nōn lūdimus sed nāviculae nostrae sunt in aquā. Nāviculās ad Graeciam et ad Crētam mittimus,” respondent puerī parvī. “Quid audīs, Pūblī? Quis venit?” Subitō rogat Servius. “Lūcius et Aulus in domicilium veniunt,” respondet Pūblius. “venitne paedagōgus cum puerīs, Pūblī?” “puerī cum paedagōgō veniunt.” “cūr, Lūcī, ā lūdō mātūrē venis?” Clāmat Pūblius. “veniō quod magister est aeger,” respondet Lūcius. “nōnne tū et Aulus in peristȳlum venītis?” Clāmat Servius. “in peristȳlum nōn venīmus. Ad Tulliam venīmus,” puerī respondent.

Exercise

Respondē Latīnē:

1. Quid puellae agunt? │ What do the girls do?
2. Quid Aulus et Lūcius agunt?
3. Quid puerī parvī libenter agunt?
4. Quid Tullia interdum agit?
5. Quid Tullia clāmat?
6. Quid Pūblius respondet?
7. Quid Tullia rogat?
8. Quid puerī parvī respondent?
9. Quid Servius rogat?
10. Quid Lūcius et Aulus agunt?
11. Venitne paedagōgus?
12. Quid clāmat Pūblius?
13. Quid Lūcius respondet?
14. Quid clāmat Servius?
15. Quid puerī respondent?

Vocabulary

aeger, aegra, aegrum: sick, ill

ibi: there, in that place

ligneus, -a, -um: wooden

mātūrē: early

subitō: suddenly

agō, agere [3]: to do, drive

lūdō, lūdere [3]:  to play, frolic

mittō, mittere [3]:  to send

audiō, audīre [4]: to hear, listen to

veniō, venīre [4]: to come

Dē equō ligneō

Multī dominī Rōmānī servōs Graecōs habent. Servī Graecī saepe sunt paedagōgī puerōrum Rōmānōrum. Dominī paedagōgōs cum fīliīs ad lūdum mittunt. Paedagōgus Lūcī et Aulī est Graecus. Puerīs fābulās dē Graeciā saepe nārrat. Fābula dē equō ligneō Lūcium et Aulum dēlectat.

"Graecī sunt īrātī quod Troiānī pulchram fēminam Graecam Troiae tenent. Itaque multī armātī ōrās Graeciae relinquunt et Troiam nāvigant. Interim Troiānī arma et frūmentum cōgunt et mūrōs Troiae dīligenter mūniunt. Posteā Graecī mūrōs oppugnant et longum bellum cum Troiānīs gerunt. Sunt multa proelia in ōrīs Troiae sed deī neque Graecīs neque Troiānīs victōriam dant.

"Tandem Graecī magnum equum ligneum aedificant. Noctū multī armātī in equum ascendunt. Tum reliquī Graecī ad īnsulam parvam nāvigant sed equum extrā mūrōs Troiae relinquunt. Māne Troiānī ā Troiae mūrīs equum magnum vident. Portās celeriter aperiunt et ad equum properant. Multī clāmant, 'Est certē dōnum deōrum! Troiānī equum nōn timent sed dēsīderant; itaque equum intrā mūrōs trahunt. Noctū armātī ex equō veniunt. Troiānī Graecōs nōn impediunt quod armātōs nōn audiunt. Ab īnsulā parvā ad Troiae portās reliquī Graecī properant. Tum armātī ad portās veniunt et sociōs intrā mūrōs dūcunt. Sīc Graecī Troiānōs vincunt et Troiam incendunt."

dōnum, -ī [2/n]: gift, offering

Graecus, -a, -um: Greek

Graecus, -ī, [2/m]: a Greek

interim: meanwhile, in the meantime

porta, -ae [1/f]: gate

reliquus, -a, -um: remaining, rest of

socius, sociī, [2/m]: companion, comrade, ally

Troia, -ae [1/f]: Troy

Troiānus, -a, -um: Trojan

Troiānus, -ī, [2/m]: a Trojan

victōria, -ae [1/f]: victory

__________

aedificō, aedificāre [1]: to build

oppugnō, oppugnāre [1]: to assault, besiege, storm

__________

ascendō, ascendere [3]:  to climb

cōgō, cōgere [3]:  to collect; compel, force

dūcō, dūcere [3]:  to lead, guide

gerō, gerere [3]:  to carry on; wear; bellum gerere [3]:  to wage war

incendō, incendere [3]:  to burn, set fire to

relinquō, relinquere [3]:  to leave, abandon

trahō, trahere [3]:  to drag, draw

vincō, vincere [3]:  to conquer, subdue, overcome

__________

aperiō, aperīre [4]:  to open

impediō, impedīre [4]:  to hinder, impede

mūniō, mūnīre [4]:  to fortify, defend

16.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [31]; Domicilium Urbānum [iv] vocabulary review; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives

[1] [image #1] Match the adjectives in Column A with the opposites in Column B

[2] [image #2] Put the adjectives under the appropriate heading of colour, nationality, physical size, possession

albus, -a, -um; altus, -a, -um; Americānus, -a, -um; Britannus, -a, -um; Ītalicus, -a, -um; lātus, -a, -um; longus, -a, -um; meus, -a, -um; noster, -tra, -trum; Rōmānus, -a, -um; ruber, -bra, -brum; tuus, -a, -um; vester, -tra, -trum

[3] [image #3] label the images

adultus, -a, -um; amīcus, -a, -um; armātus, -a, -um; dēfessus, -a, -um; 

piger, -gra, -grum; pulcher, -chra, -chrum

​[4] Fill in the missing pairs of letters

1. am_____us, -a, -um: spacious
2. b_____us, -a, -um: good
3. _____rus, -a, -um: dear
4. _____ārus, -a, -um: famous
5. _____trēmus, -a, -um: most remote
6. fi_____us, -a, -um: strong
7. _____ātus, -a, -um: pleasing
8. ​p_____nus, -a, -um: full
9. pr_____imus, -a, -um: next to
10. t_____tus, -a, -um: covered

cā-; cl-; -ēc-; ex-; gr-; -lē-; -on-; -ox-; -pl-: -rm-

16.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [30]; Domicilium Urbānum [iii] links

28.02.24: introduction to adjectives

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/introduction-to-adjectives-refer-to.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/398762196068388/

07.03.24: more on 1st / 2nd declension adjectives

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/070324-more-on-1st-2nd-declension.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/403090272302247/

07.03.24: further practice with adjectives

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/070324-further-practice-with-adjectives.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/403104742300800/

07.03.24: colour adjectives

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/070324-colour-adjectives.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/403206128957328/

07.03.24: describing hair [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/070324-describing-hair-1.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/403509502260324/

07.03.24: describing hair [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/070324-describing-hair-2.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/403591418918799/

07.03.24: describing hair (.pdf)

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/479628251315115/

08.03.24: describing character; adverbs and adverbial phrases of frequency

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/080324-describing-character-adverbs-and.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/403616835582924/

08.03.24: more on character

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/080324-more-on-character.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/403630608914880/

19.04.24: summary of 1st / 2nd declension adjectives

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/190424-summary-of-1st-2nd-declension.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/427341703210437/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBA46LamsWY

21.04.24: Uploaded to files: summary of 1st / 2nd declension adjectives

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/428444286433512/

25.04.24: adjectives functioning as nouns

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/250424-adjectives-functioning-as-nouns.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/430923399518934/

29.04.24: review: adjectives [1]: 1st / 2nd declension [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/290424-review-adjectives-1-1st-2nd.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/433334502611157/

29.04.24: review: adjectives [2]; 1st / 2nd declension [2]; Julia: a Latin reader [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/290424-review-adjectives-2-1st-2nd.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/433357589275515/

29.04.24: review: adjectives [3]; 1st / 2nd declension [3]; Julia: a Latin reader [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/290424-review-adjectives-3-1st-2nd.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/433438282600779/

12.05.24: short revision of 1st and 2nd declension adjectives

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/120524-short-revision-of-1st-and-2nd.html

15.07.24: follow-up on the post on colour adjectives

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/479626981315242/

15.08.24: Level 1; Maxey (10) [2]; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives: nominative / accusative singular and plural

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/150824-maxey-10-2-1st-2nd-declension.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/494412906503316/

15.08.24: Level 1; Maxey (10) [4]: 1st / 2nd declension adjectives; nominative and accusative singular and plural

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/150824-maxey-10-4-1st-2nd-declension.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/497702969507643/

13.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives; adjectives in -er [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/131024-level-1-review-practice-in-cases.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/552015760743030/

15.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives; adjectives in -er [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/151024-level-1-review-practice-in-cases.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/552019107409362/

17.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives; adjectives in -er [3]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/171024-level-1-review-practice-in-cases.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/552028940741712/

20.04.25: Level 1; readings [6] - [11]: review (7); adjectives [ii]; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives [i]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/200425-level-1-readings-6-11-review-7.html

20.04.25: Level 1; readings [6] - [11]: review (8); adjectives [iii]; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives [ii]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/200425-level-1-readings-6-11-review-8.html

23.04.25: Level 1; readings [6] - [11]: review (9); adjectives [iv]; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives [iii]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/230425-level-1-readings-6-11-review-9.html

23.04.25: Level 1; readings [6] - [11]: review (10); adjectives [v]; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives [iv]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/230425-level-1-readings-6-11-review-10.html

26.04.25: Level 1; readings [6] - [11]: review (11); adjectives [vi]; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives [v]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/260425-level-1-readings-6-11-review-11.html

26.04.25: Level 1; readings [6] - [11]: review (12); adjectives [vii]; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives [vi]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/260425-level-1-readings-6-11-review-12.html

16.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [29]; Domicilium Urbānum [ii] grammar

1^st / 2^nd declension adjectives

[1] Adjectives agree with the noun in gender, number and case

[2] Adjectives in Latin are in two groups based upon their endings. Here we are dealing only with one group:

1^st / 2^nd declension adjectives; that term is used because the endings of the adjectives are the same as 1^st and 2^nd declension nouns, but it is important to note from the start that those adjectives can be used with nouns of other declensions, but will still retain the same endings i.e. the declension of the noun does not influence the endings, for example:

Via [1^st declension noun] longa [1^st / 2^nd declension adjective]: the endings happen to be the same

Hortus [2^nd declension noun] magnus [1^st / 2^nd declension adjective]: the endings happen to be the same

However:

Iter (journey: a 3^rd declension neuter singular noun) longum [1^st / 2^nd declension adjective]: the adjective continues to agree in gender, number and case and retains its own adjective ending

Urbs (city: a 3^rd declension feminine singular noun) magna

[3] agricola, -ae [1/m]: although agricola is a first declension noun – and most 1^st declension nouns are feminine – this noun is masculine and so the adjective will have masculine endings:

multī [masculine] agricolae │ many farmers

Similarly:

[i] poēta, -ae [1/m]: poet

• Laeca est poēta [masculine] clarus. │ Laeca is a famous poet.

[ii] incola, -ae can be masculine or feminine; here, the agreement is masculine:

• multī incolae │ many inhabitants

[4] in an adjective + noun phrase, the adjective usually follows the noun, but that is not a hard and fast rule because Latin word order can be flexible:

• Servī [noun] ¦ bonī [adjective] │ the good [adjective] ¦ slaves [noun]

[5] the -us ending of the 1^st / 2^nd declension adjective, again like the noun, has a vocative singular ending in -e: bone:

• Esne dēfessus, serve ¦ bone? │ Are you tired, good ¦ servant?

As with the noun declensions, there is no plural ending, nor is there a separate vocative form for any other adjective ending.

Note: the vocative singular of meus > mī: Salvē, amīce mī! │ Hello, my friend!

[6] 1^st / 2^nd declension adjectives in the nominative case are listed as follows:

• magnus, -a, -um [magnus, magna, magnum]: big; great

As with nouns, there are also adjectives which, in the nominative singular, end in -er; similarly, those adjectives may [i] retain the -e throughout the declension, or [ii] lose the -e as soon as an ending is added, for example:

[i] miser, -a, -um [miser, misera, miserum]: miserable; wretched; the /e/ is retained through the declension

• līber, -a, -um: free

[ii] piger, -ra, -rum [piger, pigra, pigrum]: lazy; the /e/ is lost when endings are added

• pulcher, -ra, -rum [pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum]: beautiful

Examples:

Singular

[1] Nominative

masculine: -us; feminine: -a; neuter: -um

• Sextus est servus [noun] ¦ bonus [adjective]. │ Sextus is a good ¦ slave.
• Maria nōn est pigra. │ Maria is not lazy.
• Peristȳlum ¦ pulchrum est.  │ The peristyle garden is beautiful.

[2] Genitive

masculine / neuter: -ī; feminine: -ae

• Servī … dominī ¦ Rōmānī dīligenter labōrant. │ The slaves of the Roman ¦ master work well.
• Maria est serva dominae ¦ benignae. │ Maria is the slave of a kind ¦ mistress.

[3] Dative

masculine / neuter: -ō; feminine: -ae

• Proximī templō ¦ antīquō sunt multī virī. │ Many men are next to the ancient ¦ temple.
• Domicilium est dominae ¦ Rōmānae grātum. │ The dwelling is pleasing to the Roman ¦ mistress.

[4] Accusative

masculine: -um; feminine: -am; neuter: -um

• Servum ¦ bonum saepe laudat. │ He often praises the good ¦ slave.
• Multam ¦ pecūniam habet. │ He has much (a lot of) ¦ money.
• Domicilium ¦ pulchrum amant. │ They love the beautiful ¦ dwelling.

[5] Ablative

masculine / neuter: -ō; feminine: -ā

• In domiciliō ¦ pulchrō habitant. │ They live in a beautiful ¦ dwelling.
• Agricola in casā ¦ rusticā habitat.  │ The farmer lives in a country (rustic) ¦ cottage.

Plural

[6] Nominative

masculine: -ī; feminine: -ae; neuter: -a

• Servī ¦ bonī … dīligenter labōrant. │ The good ¦ slaves work hard.
• Altae ¦ columnae peristȳlum circumstant. │ Tall ¦ columns surround the peristyle garden.
• Domicilia ¦ pulchra dominīs Rōmānīs semper sunt grāta. │ Beautiful ¦ dwellings are always pleasing to the Roman masters.

[7] Genitive

masculine / neuter: -ōrum; feminine: -ārum

• Cornēlius est dominus multōrum ¦ servōrum. │ Cornelius is the master of many ¦ [male] slaves.
• Tullia est domina multārum ¦ servārum. │ Cornelia is the mistress of many ¦ [female] slaves.

[8] Dative

all genders: -īs

• Domicilia pulchra dominīs ¦ Rōmānīs semper sunt grāta. │ Beautiful dwellings are always pleasing to the Roman ¦ masters.

[9] Accusative

masculine: -ōs; feminine: -ās; neuter: -a

• Cornēlius multōs et bonōs ¦ servōs habet. │ Cornelius has many (and) good ¦ slaves.
• Viās ¦ urbānās timent. │ They fear the city (urban) ¦ streets.
• Magna ¦ domicilia ¦ urbāna habent. │They have large urban ¦ dwellings.

[10] Ablative

all genders: -īs

• In casīs ¦ rūsticīs habitant. │ They live in country ¦ cottages.