Paucīs ante diēbus
Iūlia epistulam accēpit. Amīca Iūliae quae in urbe habitat eam vidēre
maximē vult. Itaque māter Carolī et Mariae ad tēctum amīcae invītātur. Laeta
est quod diū amīcam nōn vīdit. Quamquam via est longa et
paucōs diēs aberit, iter facere cōnstituit.
Tandem omnia sunt
parāta et Iūlia ā casā discēdit et ad urbem prōcēdit. Nunc nēmō est in casā.
Omnēs absunt. Pater in nāvigiō est. Per noctēs Carolus cum Cassiō, Maria cum
Helenā manet. Itaque nocte nēmō domī est. “Eruntne omnia tūta?” rogat Maria.
“Ita,” respondet māter, quod Claudius saepe hūc ex oppidō veniet et
casam dēfendet. Nōn est necesse timēre. Deinde iānuam casae claudit.
In urbe amīca
Iūliam salūtat. Laetae sunt hae amīcae ubi dē temporibus quibus erant
puellae colloquium habent. Amīca urbem suam laudat et multa loca Iūliae
mōnstrāre vult. In ūnō aedificiō sunt tēla et rēs antīquae bellī. Iūlia haec
laudat et dē fīliō suō putat. Tēla quibus lēgātī et centuriōnēs, quī centum
mīlitēs dūcēbant, sē et cīvitātem dēfendērunt, Iūlia laudat. Corōnam, quam
dux fortis excēpit, videt. Diū inter rēs antīquās Iūlia et amīca manent.
Deinde iterum per viās urbis īre volunt. Iūlia dōna ad fīlium fīliamque ferre
vult. Dōna erunt grāta. Quod Carolus et comitēs eius bellum saepe in hortō
gerunt, Iūlia hastās et quaedam alia tēla fert. Hīs tēlīs enim puerī sē ab
hostibus dēfendent. Hastae sunt longae et gravēs, sed mīlitem bene dēfendunt.
Difficile est hās iacere. Difficile est hās excipere et iterum ad hostēs
mittere. Dē hīs omnibus Iūlia putat et laeta est.
Tandem “Valēte” Iūlia et amīca eius dīcunt, et Iūlia domum
prōcēdit. Magnā cum laetitiā puer puellaque mātrem in oppidō accipiunt. Ubi
omnēs casae appropinquant, Maria, “Aliquis ante iānuam nostram stat!”
inquit. Omnēs ad casam currunt.
“Claudius sum,” inquit vir; “casam tuam, Iūlia, dēfendō.
Herī nocte in viā ambulābam. Subitō lūcem in casā vīdī et aliquem ibi esse
scīvī. Quod latrōnēs timēbam, fīnitimōs celeriter vocāvī. Ego et paucī
fīnitimī latrōnēs ē casā expulimus. Quīdam ē latrōnibus vulnerātī sed nōn
interfectī sunt. Posteā paucī captī sunt. Per reliquam noctem hīc mānsimus, quod
iānua claudī nōn potest. Heu! Paucae rēs ē casā portātae sunt.”
Iūlia Claudiō grātiās agit ubi ille ā casā discēdit.
Pecūnia quae erat in mēnsā reperīrī nōn potest. Latrōnēs hanc habent,
sed parva est et māter nōn est maesta. Iterum omnēs sunt laetī quod nunc
omnēs domī sunt.
Key points for review:
[1] a clause is group of words that contains a finite
verb i.e. a verb that has a subject and tense and expresses either (a) a
complete or (b) a partial idea:
[i] simple and compound sentences
I live in Rome
This is a complete idea; it can be fully inderstood
and can stand alone as a complete sentence with no additional information
required; in grammar this is known as a simple sentence.
Paucīs ante diēbus Iūlia epistulam accēpit.
- A few days previously Julia received a letter.
[ii] Two or more complete ideas, i.e. they could stand alone
as separate sentences, can be combined:
(1) I live in Rome. (2) I work in a bank.
> (1) I live in Rome, ¦ and (2) I work in a bank.
In grammar this is known as a compound sentence, the
two sentences combined by a coordinating conjunction.
(1) Amīca urbem suam laudat ¦ (2) et multa loca
Iūliae mōnstrāre vult.
- Her friend praises the city ¦ (2) and wants to show
Julia many places.
(1) Latrōnēs hanc habent, (2) sed parva est (3) et
māter nōn est maesta.
- (1) The thieves have it, (2) but it is small (3) and
the mother is not sad.
[2] Complex sentences:
[i] … because I work there: this is a partial
idea; it cannot be fully understood nor can it stand alone, but must be related
to some other clause in the sentence e.g. I live in Rome ¦ because I work there.
- … quod diū amīcam nōn vīdit │ … because she
has not seen her friend for a long time.
Standing alone, it makes no sense; it needs another clause
to clarify the meaning:
(1) Laeta est ¦ (2) quod diū amīcam nōn
vīdit.
- (1) She is happy ¦ (2) because she has not
seen her friend for a long time.
[ii] A sentence that contains (1) a complete idea and (2) a partial
idea is divided into (1) a principal / main clause, and (2) a subordinate
clause; in grammar this is known as a complex sentence:
(1) I live in Rome [main, or principal clause] ¦ (2) because
I work there [subordinate clause].
- (1) Laeta est [main, or principal clause] ¦ (2) quod
diū amīcam nōn vīdit [subordinate clause].
(1) She is happy [main, or principal clause] ¦ (2) because
she has not seen her friend for a long time [subordinate clause].
(1) Iterum omnēs sunt laetī [main, or principal
clause] ¦ (2) quod nunc omnēs
domī sunt [subordinate clause].
- They are all happy again [main, or principal
clause] ¦ (2) because they are
now all at home [subordinate clause].
[3] Subordinate clauses have grammatical names that define
the information they give. In general they are easy to identify since they have
distinctive “markers” that introduce them:
[A] subordinating conjunctions; they do not decline
[i] Subordinate clause of time (also known as a
temporal clause) indicates when something takes place:
(1) Iūlia Claudiō grātiās agit [main, or principal
clause] ¦ (2) ubi ille ā casā discēdit
[subordinate clause of time].
- Julia thanks Claudius [main, or principal clause] ¦
(2) when he leaves the house [subordinate clause of time].
[ii] Subordinate clause of reason (also known as a
causal clause) indicates why something takes place:
(1) Laeta est [main, or principal clause] ¦ (2) quod diū amīcam nōn vīdit [subordinate
clause of reason].
- (1) She is happy [main, or principal clause] ¦ (2) because
she has not seen her friend for a long time [subordinate clause of
reason].
[iii] concessive clause = English “although”
(2) Quamquam via est
longa et (b) paucōs diēs aberit [concessive clauses], ¦ (1) iter facere cōnstituit
[main, or principal clause].
- Although the way is long and (although)
he will be away for a few days [concessive clauses] ¦ (1) she decided
to make the journey [main, or principal clause].
[B] relative
pronouns: quī, quae, quod (which
/ that)
These
introduce relative / adjectival clauses that most often relate to / describe something
or someone that has been previously mentioned; what has been previously
mentioned is known as the antecedent:
(1) Amīca
Iūliae [antecedent] ¦ (2) quae in urbe habitat [relative / adjectival
clause]¦ (1) eam vidēre maximē vult.
- (1) Julia’s
friend [antecedent] ¦ (2) who lives in the city [relative / adjectival
clause] ¦ (1) very much wants to see her.
(1) Pecūnia [antecedent]
¦ (2) quae erat in mēnsā
[relative / adjectival clause] ¦ (1) reperīrī nōn potest.
- The money [antecedent]
¦ (2) which / that was on the table [relative / adjectival
clause] ¦ (1) cannot be found.
Relative
pronouns decline; they agree in gender and number with the antecedent, but
decline according to their use in the relative clause:
(1) Pecūnia [antecedent]
¦ (2) quae erat in mēnsā [relative
/ adjectival clause] ¦ (1) reperīrī nōn
potest.
- The money
[antecedent] ¦ (2) which was on the table [relative / adjectival clause]
¦ (1) cannot be found.
(1) Tēla [antecendent]
¦ (2) quibus lēgātī et centuriōnēs… sē et cīvitātem dēfendērunt
[relative / adjectival clause], (1) Iūlia laudat.
- Julia praises the weapons [antecendent] ¦ (2) with which
the lieutenants and centurions defended themselves and the state [relative / adjectival clause].
[4] As this
is heading towards the end of the entire book, the author introduces more
complex sentences to prepare you for original Roman writing where a sentence
can comprise a number of clauses. Compare carefully the numbering of the Latin
and English translations. Both in English and in Latin a clause can be
separated, with another clause embedded within it.
[i]
(1) Laetae
sunt hae amīcae ¦ (2) ubi dē temporibus ¦ (3) quibus erant
puellae ¦ (2) colloquium habent.
- (1) These
friends are happy ¦ (2) when they have a conversation about the times ¦
(3) when / in which they were girls.
[ii]
(1) Tēla ¦
(2) quibus lēgātī et centuriōnēs, ¦ (3) quī centum mīlitēs
dūcēbant, ¦ (2) sē et cīvitātem dēfendērunt, (1) Iūlia laudat.
- (1) Julia
praises the weapons ¦ (2) with which the envoys and centurions, ¦ (3) who
led a hundred soldiers, ¦ (2) defended themselves and the state.
https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/relative%20clauses%3B%20qui%20quae%20quod
https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/sentence%20structure
