Latin for Learners: 11.07.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [4]: MORE ON RELATIVE CLAUSES AND PRONOUNS QUĪ, QUAE, QUOD

Thursday, June 20, 2024

11.07.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [4]: MORE ON RELATIVE CLAUSES AND PRONOUNS QUĪ, QUAE, QUOD

Translation in the comments

Alba Longa, quam Aenēās aedificāvit, erat in Latiō. Incolae Latiī erant agricolae et nautae. Numitor erat rēx Albae Longae, sed Amūlius rēgnum occupāvit. Rōmulus et Remus, quī erant fīliī Silviae, erant puerī parvī. Puerōrum patruus, quī nunc erat rēx Latiī, puerōs paene necāvit. Sed lupus Rōmulum et Remum servāvit. Post annōs multōs puerī et agricolae Amūlium superāvērunt et oppidum occupāvērunt.

Rōmulus et Remus, quī erant fīliī Silviae, postquam Amūlium superāvērunt, oppidum novum aedificāre voluērunt. Sed erat discordia magna. Inde Rōmulus caelum ab Aventīnō spectāvit; Rēmus caelum ā Palātiō spectāvit. Rēmus sex avēs vīdit, posteā Rōmulus bis sex vīdit. Sed agricolae Rōmulō fāvērunt. Rōmulus, quī nunc erat rēx, mūrōs aedificāvit. Remus rīsit mūrōs, quod nōn erant altī, et Rōmulum irrītāvit. Inde Rōmulus, īrātus, Remum necāvit.

bis: twice; two times

fāveō, -ēre, fāvī [2]: favour; the verb is followed by the dative case

Agricolae Rōmulō fāvērunt. │ The farmers favoured Romulus. [Engl: favoured / were favourable to(wards) Romulus]

rideō, -ēre, rīsī [2]: laugh (at); ridicule; mock

More on relative clauses and pronouns quī, quae, quod; some examples:

[A]

[1]

[i] Rōmulus, ¦ [ii] quī nunc erat rēx, ¦ [i] mūrōs aedificāvit. │ Romulus, who was now the king, built walls.

[i] Main / principal clause: Rōmulus … mūrōs aedificāvit. │ Romulus … built walls.

[ii] Relative clause: …quī nunc erat rēx,… │ … who was now the king …

[2]

Rōmulus [antecedent], ¦ quī [relative pronoun] nunc erat rēx, ¦ … │ Romulus, ¦ who was now the king, ¦ …; the antecedent is the person / thing which the relative pronoun (quī) refers to.

[a] quī is masculine singular agreeing with Romulus

[b] quī is in the nominative case because it refers to the subject of the relative clause i.e. Romulus ¦ who was now the king.

[B]

[1]

[i] Rōmulus et Remus, ¦ [ii] quī erant fīliī Silviae, ¦ [i] erant puerī parvī. │ Romulus and Remus, who were the sons of Silvia, were little boys.

[i] Main / principal clause: Rōmulus et Remus … erant puerī parvī. │ Romulus and Remus … were little boys.

[ii] Relative clause: … quī erant fīliī Silviae … │ … who were the sons of Silvia …

[2]

Rōmulus et Remus [antecedent], ¦ quī [relative pronoun] erant fīliī Silviae ¦ … │ Romulus and Remus, ¦ who were the sons of Silvia ¦ …; Romulus and Remus is the antecedent to which quī refers.

[a] quī is masculine plural agreeing with Romulus et Remus

[b] quī is in the nominative case because it refers to the subject of the relative clause i.e. Romulus and Remus ¦ who were the sons of Silvia …

[C]

[1]

[i] Alba Longa, ¦ [ii] quam Aenēās aedificāvit, ¦ [i] erat in Latiō. │ Alba Longa, which Aeneas built, was in Latium.

[i] Main / principal clause: Alba Longa … erat in Latiō. │ Alba Longa … was in Latium.

[ii] Relative clause: … quam Aenēās aedificāvit … │ … which Aeneas built …

[2]

Alba Longa [antecedent], ¦ quam [relative pronoun] Aenēās aedificāvit ¦ …│ Alba Longa, ¦ which Aeneas built ¦ …; Alba Longa is the antecendent to which quam refers.

[a] quam is feminine singular agreeing with Alba Longa

[b] quam is in the accusative since it is the direct object of the relative clause: Alba Longa ¦ which [direct object: accusative] Aeneas [nominative] built...

[D]

[1]

[i] Templum, ¦ [ii] quod Rōmānī aedificāvērunt, ¦ [i] magnum erat. │ The temple, which the Romans built, was large.

[i] Main / principal clause: Templum …erat magnum. │ The temple … was large.

[ii] Relative clause: … quod Rōmānī aedificāvērunt … │ … which the Romans built …

[2]

Templum [antecedent], ¦ quod [relative pronoun] Rōmānī aedificāvērunt ¦ … │ The temple, ¦ which Aeneas built ¦ …; templum is the antecedent to which quod refers.

[a] quod is neuter singular agreeing with templum

[b] quod is accusative because it is the direct object in the relative clause: The temple ¦ which [direct object: accusative] the Romans [nominative] built.

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Watch out for misreading a word:

Remus rīsit mūrōs, quod nōn erant altī; quod can be the neuter singular of the relative pronoun i.e. which, but it has the other meaning of because which is being used here:

Remus rīsit mūrōs, quod nōn erant altī. │ Remus laughed at the walls, because they were not high.

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Alba Longa, which Aeneas built, was in Latium. The inhabitants of Latium were farmers and sailors. Numitor was the king of Alba Longa, but Amulius usurped the kingdom. Romulus and Remus, who were the sons of Silvia, were little boys. The boys' uncle, who was now king of Latium, almost killed the boys. But the wolf saved Romulus and Remus. After many years the boys and farmers conquered Amulius and occupied the town.

Romulus and Remus, who were the sons of Silvia, after they overcame Amulius, wished to build a new town. But there was a great disagreement. Then Romulus looked at the sky from the Aventine (Hill); Remus looked at the sky from the Palatine (Hill). Remus saw six birds, then Romulus saw six twice. But the farmers favored Romulus. Romulus, who was now king, built the walls. Remus laughed at the walls because they were not high, and he annoyed Romulus. Then Romulus, enraged, killed Remus.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus