[1] personal pronouns: 1st / 2nd person
- ego: I; tū: you sg
- nōs: we; vōs: you pl
(2) Unlike, for example, French and German, tū is used
when talking to one person and vōs to more than one person regardless
of status.
(3) For the 1st and 2nd person plural
there are two forms listed:
[i] nostrum / vestrum: used in partitive constructions
i.e. ‘of us’ and ‘of you’ to represent the whole group from which
a smaller part is being selected.
ūnus nostrum | one of us
multī vestrum | many of you
Mīrum vidērī nēminī vestrum volō, spectātōrēs
(Plautus) │ I don’t want to seem strange to any of you, spectators
[literally: I want to seem strange to none of you]
Compare: nōs omnēs prōfectī sumus | we all
set out; Latin uses the nominative nōs omnēs because the whole group is the
subject of the verb, rather than a subset from a larger group as in the
partitive genitive nostrum (of us); the alternative English translation
i.e. “all of us set out” can misleadingly suggest a partitive structure
in Latin, but Latin expresses it directly as “we all set out.”
[ii] nostrī / vestrī: used in objective genitive
constructions:
He worked hard for ¦ [i] the love [ii] of his
family. (English may also use ‘for’ e.g. He was motivated by [i] hatred
[ii] for his enemies)
In the examples below the objects of the love
and hatred are ‘family’ and ‘enemies’ In Latin, these are expressed
in the genitive case, this construction known specifically as the objective
genitive.
amor patriae: love of / for the fatherland
odium hostium: hatred of / for the enemies
… utrum contrā nōs faciat an prō sē, [i] amōre [ii] alterīus
an [i] odiō [ii] nostrī. (Seneca the Younger) │ …
whether he acts against us or for himself, and whether [i] because of love [ii]
for another or [i] out of hatred [ii] for us
[2] personal pronouns: 3rd person
- is, ea, id: (s)he, it, him, her, them
The 3rd person personal pronouns were reviewed
under the heading of ‘demonstratives and related forms’
https://adckl.blogspot.com/p/reference-tables-demonstratives.html
[3] reflexive pronouns; 3rd person
- sē: himself; herself; itself; themselves
(1) A reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of the
clause e.g. he washes himself.
ad pugnam sē parāvērunt │ they prepared themselves
for the battle
Iuppiter sibi dedit fōrmam taurī. │ Jupiter
gave himself the form of a bull [= the form of a bull to himself]
(2) sē may be reduplicated for emphasis: sēsē
Sēsē castrīs tenēbant. (Caesar)
│ They kept themselves in the camp.
(3) Latin does not have separate reflexive pronouns for the 1st
/ 2nd person singular and plural; it uses the personal pronouns
listed in [1] above.
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/280924-level-2-ora-maritima-24-and-25-7.html
(4) As mentioned in the reference section “demonstratives and
related forms” [ipse, ipsa, ipsum]:
https://adckl.blogspot.com/p/reference-tables-demonstratives.html
English uses the suffix -self in two different ways:
[i] He’s getting himself all worried =
reflexive i.e. he’s worrying himself, he is doing that to himself
[ii] He’ll need to do that himself = not reflexive
but emphatic stressing that he will do it alone
English does not distinguish between the two, but Latin does.
[i] sē is reflexive:
ad pugnam sē parāvērunt │ they prepared themselves
for the battle
[ii] ipse etc. is not used as a reflexive, but
to emphasise:
Agricola ipse hoc fēcit. │ The farmer himself did it.
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