26.05.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [42] dependent uses [2] result [iii] Latin Tutorial

The video focusses on the points discussed and practised in the two previous posts, but briefly adds a further construction to recognise.

A result clause may also be introduced by a relative pronoun, which characterizes a person or thing, rather than stating a bare outcome.

Nēmō est tam senex ¦ quī sē annum nōn putet posse vīvere. │ No one is so old ¦ who does not think / that he does not think he can live a year.

However, it is the construction with ut (…nōn) that is by far the most commonly used.

Note the final comparison made in the video between [i] clauses of result and [ii] clauses of purpose

25.05.26: Comenius (1658) XXXV; Sea-fish and Shell-fish … and fish that ‘flie’ (2) illustrations: ‘fishy’ monsters, angry eels, scary skates … and fish-propelled boats

The “sea-monk”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_monk

A fish that looked like a human monk wearing a habit was allegedly found off the coast of Zealand, Denmark in 1546 (or 1549) and variously described at that time as:

monachus, -ī [2/m] maris; piscis, -is maris [3/m]

piscis monachī habitū, a “fish dressed in the habit of a monk”

image #1: illustration of a sea-monk (1572)

Image #2: There are several views as to what this creature actually was including a seal, a walrus, a “merman”, and a hoax. Despite its name, it was highly unlikely to have been the monkfish to which we refer now since it bears no resemblance to those early descriptions. In the mid 19^th century, the Danish zoologist Steenstrup suggested that the sea-monk was a giant squid, and his illustration compared it with two contemporary 16^th century images.

Further images show some examples of Mediaeval and early Renaissance depictions of less than friendly sea-creatures although the Middle Ages did see a use for flying fish.

25.05.26: Level 3 (review); a Second Latin Reader (Vincent) [8]: Opposition by Caesar

Language focus: passive and deponent forms

Itaque Caesar hīs rēbus mōtus ab urbe in Galliam ulteriōrem profectus est atque ad Genāvam pervēnit; numerus magnus mīlitum convocātur atque pons, quī erat ad Genāvam, dēlētur. Helvētiī enim iter per prōvinciam nostram facere cupiēbant, quod nullum aliud iter habēbant. Sed dē Caesaris adventū certiōrēs factī lēgātōs ad eum mittunt: cuius lēgātiōnis Nammeius et Verucloetius erant prīncipēs. Nec tamen respōnsum lēgātīs ā Caesare statim est datum. Mīlitēs enim, quī ē prōvinciā arcessītī erant, nōndum convēnerant.

____________________

And so Caesar, having been moved by these matters, set out from the city into Further Gaul and arrived at Geneva; a great number of soldiers is summoned, and the bridge, which was at Geneva, is destroyed. For the Helvetii were wishing to make a route through our province, because they had no other route. But, having been informed about Caesar’s arrival, they send envoys to him, and Nammeius and Verucloetius were the leaders of . And yet a reply was not given at once by Caesar to the envoys. For the soldiers, who had been summoned from the province, had not yet assembled.

24.05.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [27] [v]: grammar

 Carolus et Maria in Hispāniā sunt. Ibi nūllōs amīcōs habent neque linguam Hispāniae intellegunt. Multa et nōta loca huius terrae tamen vidēre cupiunt. Iam laetitiam magnam sentiunt quod terra est tam pulchra. Ubīque in arboribus sunt avēs. Caelum est semper clārum. Multa oppida parva inter collēs cēlantur. In hīs oppidīs Americānī manēre cupiunt quod ibi quiētem capere possunt. In oppidīs magnīs hominēs semper properant. Semper excitātī sunt.

Ōlim Hispānia rēgēs habēbat. Interdum rēgēs in urbe nōn manēbant, sed rūrī habitābant. Saepe tēctum quod rūrī erat magnum erat. Circum tēctum erat mūrus altus. Hodiē Carolus et eius pater in viā prope mūrum ambulant. Portae sunt apertae, per quās pater fīliusque hortum et tēctum inter arborēs vident.

“Antīquīs temporibus,” inquit pater, “mīlitēs circum iānuam stābant.”

“Cūr hoc fēcērunt?” rogat Carolus.

“Sīc eī rēgēs ā perīculō rapiēbant,” respondet pater. “Saepe rēgēs inimīcōs quī eōs etiam necāre audēbant habēbant. Saepe pictūrās in quibus erant pīla quae paucī ex mīlitibus portābant vīdī. Galeās et gladiōs quoque portābant. Haec erant arma splendida. Signa in quibus erant figūrae avium aut animālium portābantur. Tū exempla bona hōrum signōrum antīquōrum Rōmae vīdistī. Mīlitēs Rōmānī quoque signa in proeliīs portābant. Sīc in mediō proeliō mīlitēs loca sua nōscēbant.”

Nox iam appropinquat et lūx diēī post collēs cēlātur. Ex summō colle nauta et fīlius eius nūbēs spectant. Omnēs rēs nātūrā silent, quod tempus paene est hominēs animāliaque dormīre. Hispānia est terra grāta. Collēs sunt pulchrī. Populus Hispānus est amīcus. Cibus est bonus. Ubīque laetitia incolārum vidētur. Quamquam Hispānia est terra bona et nōta, Carolus et Maria laetitiam nunc sentiunt quod crās domum ībunt. Prīmā lūce Hispāniam relinquent.

Remember: all questions relate to the word / phrase as it appears in the text

[1] Changing verb tenses

Give the first person singular present tense of:

[a] ībunt

[b] possunt

[c] vīdistī

[2] Changing case endings (especially 3^rd declension nouns since the nominative form often differs from its form in other cases)

Give the nominative singular of:

[a] lūce

[b] quiētem

[c] rēgēs

[3] Identifying case and usage

Identify the case and number of the nouns in bold, and explain why those cases are being used:

[a] inter collēs

[b] antīquīs temporibus

[c] figūrae avium

[4] Giving examples; recognising grammar ters

From the text, find one example of each of the following:

[a] a present passive verb

[b] an imperfect active verb

[c] an imperfect passive verb

[5] Identify the clause type (in italics)

[a] Portae sunt apertae, per quās pater fīliusque hortum et tēctum inter arborēs vident.

[b] Omnēs rēs nātūrā silent, quod tempus paene est hominēs animāliaque dormīre.

[6] From the text: what is the case of both of these nouns? Why is this case different from other Latin cases?

rūrī; Rōmae

[1]

[a] eō

[b] possum

[c] videō

[2]

[a] lūx

[b] quiēs

[c] rēx

[3]

[a] accusative plural; governed by the preposition inter (“among / between”)

[b] ablative plural; time when (“in ancient times”)

[c] genitive plural; shows “of” birds

[4] Any one of:

[a] vidētur; cēlantur

[b] stābant; rapiēbant; habēbant; audēbant; portābant; nōscēbant; erat; erant

[c] portābantur

[5]

[a] relative: … per quās pater fīliusque … vident │ …through which the father and son see …

[b] causal: … quod tempus paene est … │ … because it is almost time …

[6] locative; used with names of cities, towns, small islands, and a few common nouns to show place where, without a preposition i.e. it is not used with other nouns:

rūrī: in the countryside

Rōmae: at / in Rome

23.05.26: Level 1 (review); talking about family members

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/26_89.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/397753762835898/

[i]

Estne tibi …? │ Do you have [+ singular noun]?

Estne tibi fīlius? │ Do you have a son? [literally: Is there a son to you?]

Mihi est ūnus fīlius. │ I have a son [literally: To me there is a son]

[ii]

Suntne tibi …? │Do you have [+ plural noun]

Suntne tibi līberī? │ Do you have children? [literally: Are there childen to you?]

Mihi sunt duae fīliae. │ I have two daughters [literally: To me there are two daughters]

Mihi sunt ūnus fīlius et ūna fīlia. │ I have one son and one daughter.

[iii]

Suntne tibi frātrēs vel sorōrēs? │ Do you have brothers or sisters?

Mihi est ūnus frāter. │ I have one brother.

Mihi est ūna soror. │ I have one sister.

Mihi sunt duo frātrēs. │ I have two brothers.

Mihi sunt duae sorōrēs. │ I have two sisters.

[iv]

Mihi sunt duo frātrēs sed ¦ mihi nōn est soror. │ I have two brothers but ¦ I do not have a sister [literally: to me there is not a sister]

[v]

Fīlius ūnicus sum. │ I am an only son.

Fīlia ūnica sum. │ I am an only daughter.