19.05.26: Level 1 (review); Ubi labōrat …? [2]

[i] Ubi labōrat servus? │ Where does the slave work?

in hortō │ in the garden

servus in hortō labōrat

hortus > in hortō

[ii] Ubi labōrat agricola? │ Where does a farmer work?

in agrō │ in a field

agricola in agrō labōrat

ager > in agrō

[iii] Ubi labōrat āctor?  │ Where does an actor work?

in theātrō │ in a theatre

āctor in theātrō labōrat

theātrum > in theātrō

[iv] Ubi labōrat lanista? │ Where does a gladiator trainer work?

in amphitheātrō│ in an amphitheatre

lanista in amphitheātrō labōrat

amphitheātrum > in amphitheātrō

[v] Ubi labōrat sacerdōs? │ Where does a priest / priestess work?

in templō│ in a temple

sacerdōs in templō labōrat

templum > in templō

[vi] Ubi labōrat medicus? │ Where does a doctor work?

in valētūdināriō │ in a hospital

medicus in valētūdināriō labōrat

valētūdinārium > in valētūdināriō

Notes:

[1] Nouns that end in -us in this presentation, and nouns that end in -um are 2^nd declension. Although they have different nominative case forms, they are grouped together because they are almost identical in the endings that they use.

Again, the nouns are put into the ablative case with the preposition in, but, this time, the ending is different.

hortus [masculine]: garden > in hortō: in the garden

templum [neuter]: temple > in templō: in the temple

A noun that ends in -er e.g. ager is also masculine 2^nd declension; nouns of this type take the same endings as any other 2^nd declension noun except that some of them lose /e/ before the ending is added:

ager > in agrō

[2] lanista: the owner, manager, and chief trainer of a gladiatorial school

lūdus gladiātōrius: lanista in lūdō gladiātōriō labōrat

However, as shown in the presentation, he would also accompany gladiators to the games

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator#Schools_and_training

[3] valētūdinārium: hospital; sickbay; very often refers to a military / field hospital

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=valetudinarium-harpers

Video #1: Oliver Reed in the role of Proximo, the lanista in the movie “Gladiator”, a chilling episode

“I do not pay good money for you for your company. I paid it so I could profit from your death.”

Image #1: The remains of the lūdus gladiātōrius near the Colosseum, Rome

Image #2: The remains of the valētūdinārium at Novae, Bulgaria

18.05.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [39] dependent uses [1] purpose [v] + quī / quō / ubi (ii) practice

[1] Complete the Latin sentences with the words listed below:

[i] They sent a messenger to warn the senate [ = who would warn …]

Nūntium mīsērunt __________ senātum __________.

[ii] He has sent a legion to defend the city. [ = who is to defend …]

Legiōnem mīsit __________ urbem __________.

[iii] He sent a legion to defend the city. [ = who would defend …]

Legiōnem mīsit __________ urbem __________.

[iv] He gave me wine to drink. [ = which I would drink]

Mihi vīnum dedit __________ __________.

[v] He sent soldiers to kill the enemy. [ = who would / were to kill …]

Mīlitēs mīsit __________ hostēs __________.

[vi] He runs in order to arrive more quickly [ = so that he may arrive more quickly]

Currit __________ celerius __________.

[vii] They located the camp where the soldiers would be safe.

Castra posuērunt __________  mīlitēs tūtī __________.

quae; quae; quī; quī; quō; quod; ubi

adveniat; biberem; dēfendat; dēfenderet; essent; interficerent; monēret

[2] Translate the sentence using one phrase from [A] and one phrase from [B]

[i] He has sent soldiers to capture the city.

[ii] The soldiers came to the fields to attack the city.

[iii] He left the cavalry in the camp to work.

[iv] He sent men to announce this.

[v] He used to write books for others to read [ = which others would read]

[vi] He worked quickly in order to finish the work more easily [ = so that he might finish …]

[vii] He’s looking for a place to sleep [ = where he may sleep]

[A]

Ad agrōs militēs venērunt

Celeriter labōrāvit

Equitēs in castrīs relīquit

Librōs scrībēbat

Locum quaerit

Mīlitēs mīsit

Virōs mīsit

[B]

quī hoc nūntiārent

quī labōrārent

quī urbem capiant

quī urbem peterent

quō facilius perficeret opus

quōs aliī legerent

ubi dormiat

____________________

[1]

[i] Nūntium mīsērunt quī senātum monēret.

[ii] Legiōnem mīsit quae urbem dēfendat.

[iii] Legiōnem mīsit quae urbem dēfenderet.

[iv] Mihi vīnum dedit quod biberem.

[v] Mīlitēs mīsit quī hostēs interficerent.

[vi] Currit quō celerius adveniat.

[vii] Castra posuērunt ubi mīlitēs tūtī essent.

[2]

[i] Mīlitēs mīsit quī urbem capiant.

[ii] Ad agrōs militēs venērunt quī urbem peterent.

[iii] Equitēs in castrīs relīquit quī labōrārent.

[iv] Virōs mīsit quī hoc nūntiārent.

[v] Librōs scrībēbat quōs aliī legerent.

[vi] Celeriter labōrāvit quō facilius perficeret opus.

[vii] Locum quaerit ubi dormiat.

18.05.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [38] dependent uses [1] purpose [v] + quī / quō / ubi (i)

There are other ways in which purpose can be expressed:

[1] quī, quae, quod + subjunctive

[i] Instead of saying ut + subjunctive, Latin often uses quī, quae, quod + subjunctive when the purpose is closely tied to a specific noun, especially a person.

Mittitur L. Dēcidius Saxa ¦ quī locī nātūram perspiciat. │ Lucius Decidius Saxa is sent ¦ to examine the ground [literally: Lucius Decidius Saxa is sent¦ who would examine …].

Cūriō praemittit equitēs ¦ quī prīmum impetum sustineant │ Curio sends forward cavalry ¦ to withstand the first attack.

Mīsī legātōs ¦ quī pācem peterent │ I sent ambassadors ¦ to seek peace [literally: … ambassadors ¦ who would seek peace

[ii] ut + subjunctive can also be used, although there is a slight difference in focus:

Either: Caesar mīlitēs mīsit ut senātōrem necārent; the focus is on the purpose of the action i.e. why the soldiers were sent

Or: Caesar mīlitēs mīsit quī senātōrem necārent; the focus is on who was to perform the action

If there were a need to distinguish them in translation:

Caesar mīlitēs mīsit ¦ ut senātōrem necārent │ Caesar sent soldiers ¦ to kill the senator (focus on the purpose)

Caesar mīlitēs mīsit quī senātōrem necārent │ Caesar sent soldiers ¦ who would / who were to kill the senator (focus on who is intended to perform the action)

[iii] Again, note the time sequences i.e. the tense of the verb in the main clause will determine the tense of the subjunctive verb:

[a]

Ēligit [present indicative] mīlitēs ¦ quī pontem custōdiant [present subjunctive] │ He chooses soldiers ¦ to guard the bridge.

Quaerit [present indicative] magistrum ¦ quī puerōs doceat [present subjunctive] │ He is looking for a teacher ¦ to teach the boys.

Mittimus [present indicative] mīlitēs ¦ quī castra defendant [present subjunctive] │ We send soldiers ¦ to defend the camp.

Exiērunt [perfect indicative = English present perfect] senātōrēs quī pācem ab hostibus petant [present subjunctive] │ The senators have gone out ¦ to seek peace from the enemy.

[b]

Dux mīlitēs dēlēgit [perfect indicative] ¦ quī urbem dēfenderent [imperfect subjunctive] │ The general chose soldiers ¦ to defend the city.

Parēns fīlium ad magistrum dūxit [perfect indicative]  ¦ quī eum docēret [imperfect subjunctive] │ The parent led the boy to a teacher ¦ to teach him / … who would teach him.

Rēx lēgātōs mīsit [perfect indicative]  ¦ quī foedus facerent [imperfect subjunctive]  │ The king sent envoys ¦  to make a treaty / … who would make a treaty.

Exiērunt [perfect indicative = English simple past] senātōrēs quī pācem ab hostibus peterent [imperfect subjunctive] │ The senators went out ¦ to seek peace from the enemy.

[iv] Although this type of purpose clause generally refers to a specific person who is (was) to perform the action, it may also be used with an inanimate noun:

Scrībēbat ōrātiōnēs ¦ quās aliī dīcerent. │ He wrote speeches for other men to deliver [ = … speeches ¦ which other men would deliver].

Dux pontem aedificāvit quī exercitum trānsferret │ The general built a bridge ¦ to move the army across [ = …bridge ¦ which would carry across …].

Parāvit arma ¦ quae hostēs terrērent │ He prepared weapons ¦  to frighten the enemy [ = weapons ¦ which would terrify …].

[2] quō + subjunctive

The ablative form quō + subjunctive expresses purpose when a comparative adverb is expressed, an English example being:

I climbed on top of the wall ¦ so that I could see more easily.

Scūtum dēiēcit ¦ quō celerius fugeret. │ He threw away (his) shield ¦ in order that / so that he might escape more quickly.

Mīlitēs mīsit ¦ quō facilius urbem caperent. │ He sent soldiers ¦ so that they might capture the city more easily.

Lentē loquitur ¦ quō melius intellegāmus. │ He is speaking slowly ¦ so that we may understand better.

Lentē loquēbātur ¦ quō melius intellegerēmus. │ He was speaking slowly ¦ so that we might / would / could understand better.

[3] ubi + subjunctive

Ubi is used with the subjunctive to express the intended purpose of a place i.e. it is not describing the place, but what may be done there.

Dēversōrium quaerō ¦ ubi pernoctem. │ I’m looking for an inn to spend the night [ = where I may spend the night].

Amīcus quaerēbat locum ¦ ubi sedēret. │ (My) friend was looking for a place to sit [ = where he might / could sit].

Domum ēlēgērunt ¦ ubi manērent. │ They chose a house to stay in [ = where they might stay].

Latin Tutorial: clauses of purpose

17.05.26: Level 3 (review); a Second Latin Reader (Vincent) [6]: the Death of Orgetorix

Language focus: passive

Propter eās rēs Orgetorīx ab Helvētiīs est accūsātus atque ipse, ut Helvētiī putant, sibi mortem cōnscīvit. Sed Helvētiī post eius mortem cōpiās omnēs ē fīnibus suīs dūcere cōnstituērunt. Inde oppida omnia, aedificia incensa sunt atque omne frūmentum, praeterquam quod sēcum portābant. Postea Rauricī et Tulingī et Latovicī et Boiī, quī trāns Rhēnum incoluerant, impetum contrā Gallōs facere cōnstituērunt.

____________________

For these reasons Orgetorix was accused by the Helvetii and he himself, as the Helvetii think, took his own life. But after his death the Helvetii decided to lead all their forces out of their territory. Then all the towns and buildings were set on fire, and all the grain, except what they were carrying with them. Afterwards the Raurici and the Tulingi and the Latovici and the Boii, who had lived across the Rhine, decided to make an attack against the Gauls.

16.05.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [27] [iii]: reading and comprehension (3) higher level (2)

Part 3

Nox iam appropinquat et lūx diēī post collēs cēlātur. Ex summō colle nauta et fīlius eius nūbēs spectant. Omnēs rēs nātūrā silent, quod tempus paene est hominēs animāliaque dormīre. Hispānia est terra grāta. Collēs sunt pulchrī. Populus Hispānus est amīcus. Cibus est bonus. Ubīque laetitia incolārum vidētur. Quamquam Hispānia est terra bona et nōta, Carolus et Maria laetitiam nunc sentiunt quod crās domum ībunt. Prīmā lūce Hispāniam relinquent.

What image of modern Spain is given in the text? (12)

To answer a question such as this, bear in mind the term “marshalling”: selecting, organising, and presenting information from the text in a clear and purposeful way.

Statement + evidence from the text

The text presents Spain as:

(1) beautiful and peaceful

[i] naturally calm and silent (omnēs rēs nātūrā silent)

[ii] hills described as beautiful (collēs sunt pulchrī)

(2) pleasant and welcoming

[i] described as a pleasant land (terra grāta)

[ii] friendly people (populus Hispānus est amīcus)

(3) enjoyable to live in or visit

[i] good food (cibus est bonus)

[ii] happiness seen everywhere among the inhabitants (ubīque laetitia incolārum vidētur)

(4) attractive, but not home for the visitors

Quamquam Hispānia est terra bona et nōta, Carolus et Maria laetitiam nunc sentiunt quod crās domum ībunt.

[i] Although Spain is described as good and well known …

[ii] Carolus and Maria are happy to be returning home

15.05.26: Level 1 (review); Ubi labōrat …? [1]

Ubi labōrat …? │ Where does …. work?

[i] Ubi labōrat ¦ coquus? │ Where does a cook work?

in culīnā │ in a kitchen

coquus in culīnā labōrat │ a cook works in a kitchen

culīna > in culīnā

[ii] Ubi labōrat cōnsul? │ Where does a consul work?

in cūriā │ in the Senate House

cōnsul in cūriā labōrat

cūriā > in cūriā

[iii] Ubi labōrat iūdex? │ Where does a judge work?

in basilicā │ in the law court

iūdex in basilicā labōrat

basilica > in basilicā

[iv] Ubi labōrat magister? │ Where does a teacher work?

in scholā │ in a school

magister in scholā labōrat

schola > in scholā

[v] Ubi labōrat vēnditor? │ Where does a seller work?

in tabernā │ in a shop

vēnditor in tabernā labōrat

taberna > in tabernā

[vi] Ubi labōrat bibliopōla? │ Where does a bookseller work?

in tabernā librāriā│ in a bookshop

bibliopōla in tabernā librāriā labōrat

taberna librāria > in tabernā librāriā

Notes:

[1] culīna > in culīnā

The Latin noun you find in a dictionary or vocabulary list is given in the nominative case; the noun changes its ending depending on its function in a sentence.

All the nouns in the presentation belong to the 1^st declension i.e. they all take the same endings.

All the sentences put the nouns ending in -a into the ablative case with the preposition in [in; on].

The difference is slight: the short /a/ sound of the nominative case becomes long in the ablative case i.e. ā. In edited texts this is marked with a macron, a line above the vowel. In original Latin literature that was almost never indicated.

This distinction is not crucial for meaning, since the preposition in already makes the function clear. It mainly affects pronunciation.

It is not of the greatest importance to get that right; if you want to practise the structures of Latin by speaking the language, then the priority is to speak and not to worry too much about whether you sound like a Roman poet!

If you want an approximation, then say the word banana [ba-nA-na; /bəˈnɑː.nə/] where the English pronunciation makes the first and third syllables closer to /u/ as in ‘but’. However, the middle vowel is longer and has the distinct /a/ sound as in father which is the equivalent of Latin ā. I would not lose too much sleep over it.

[2] coquus in culīnā labōrat │ a cook works in a kitchen

The verb is normally at the end of a Latin sentence, but this is by no means a hard and fast rule; coquus labōrat in culīnā [i.e. like the English word order] is also correct.

[3]

cōnsul: a chief magistrate in the Roman Republic, and a political title given during the Roman Empire. The Romans used two different ways of expressing the year, and sometimes both are written in the same text. One of these was consular dating: two consuls were elected each year, serving together, each with veto power over the other's actions. Roman years were customarily denoted according to the names of the two consuls who held office that year.

cōnsulāris: somebody who had previously held the office of consul

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul

[4]

basilica: a large multi-purpose public building which could also function as a law court

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica

Image #1: Marcus Tullius Cicero, the most famous consul of Rome

Image #2: the basilica of Pompeii