26.11.26: Level 4; subjunctive (review) [4] Road to Latin (Chesnutt) 49

Caesarī __________ cōnsilia Helvētiōrum __________, Rōmā celeriter profectus est. Magnīs itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit et ad Genavam pervēnit. Mīlitum quam maximum numerum coēgit atque pontem quī erat ad Genavam dēlērī iussit. __________ Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā __________, Helvētiī lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Lēgātī __________  __________ eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere __________.

Caesar __________ __________ Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse, eīs iter dare dubitāvit. __________ autem __________ __________ Helvētiī, neque hominēs bellicōsōs sine inīuriā iter per prōvinciam factūrōs esse exīstimābat. __________ satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā __________, eō tempore contrā Helvētiōs bellum gerere nōluit. Itaque lēgātōs post aliquot diēs revertī iussit.

Interim Caesar et legiō decima rīpam Rhodanī multa mīlia passuum mūrō fossāque mūnīre coepērunt. Mīlitēs, superiōribus proeliīs exercitī, brevissimō tempore rem perfēcērunt. Ubi lēgātī Helvētiī diē cōnstitūtā ad Caesarem revertērunt, sē Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam dare posse negāvit.

__________ Caesar eīs iter __________, __________ Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt. Aliī navibus, aliī vadīs flumen trānsīre ausī sunt. Magnus fuit labor Helvētiōrum at frūstrā ausī sunt. Helvētiī __________ diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere __________, id __________ perficere nōn potuērunt. Tandem, mūnītiōne et mīlitum tēlīs repulsī, cessērunt.

Complete the Latin with the words and phrases listed below; some words are used more than once

[1] When the plans of the Helvetii had been reported to Caesar …

Caesarī __________ cōnsilia Helvētiōrum __________, …

[2] When Caesar was assembling soldiers from the province, …

__________ Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā __________, …

[3] The envoys asked that, with his consent, it be allowed for the Helvetii to make a journey.

Lēgātī __________  __________ eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere __________.

[4] Caesar, since he remembered that the Helvetii had once sent a Roman army under the yoke…

Caesar __________  __________ Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse …

[5] He realized, however, what kind of people the Helvetii were, …

__________ autem __________ __________ Helvētiī, …

[6] Since he did not have a sufficiently large number of soldiers in Gaul …

__________ satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā __________ …

​[7] Although Caesar had not given them a passage, the Helvetii nevertheless began to cross the river by force.

__________ Caesar eīs iter __________, __________ Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt.

[8] Although the Helvetii tried day and night to break through the fortifications, they nevertheless were not able to accomplish it.

Helvētiī __________ diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere __________, id __________ perficere nōn potuērunt.

cōgeret

cōnārentur

cum

essent

licēret

memoriā tenēret

nōn dedisset

nōn habēret

nūntiāta essent

quālēs

rogāvērunt

sēnsit

tamen

ut

____________________

[1] Caesarī cum cōnsilia Helvētiōrum nūntiāta essent, …

[2] Cum Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā cōgeret, …

[3] Lēgātī rogāvērunt ut eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere licēret.

[4] Caesar cum memoriā tenēret Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse …

[5] Sēnsit autem quālēs essent Helvētiī, …

[6] Cum satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā nōn habēret …

[7] Cum Caesar eīs iter nōn dedisset, tamen Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt.

[8] Helvētiī cum diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere cōnārentur, id tamen perficere nōn potuērunt.

25.11.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXX [2] comprehension (2)

THE RIVAL CENTURIONS [2]

Haec cum dīxisset, extrā mūnītiōnēs prōcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cōfertissima vidēbātur inrūpit. Neque Vorēnus quidem tum vāllō sēsē continet, sed Pullōnem subsequitur. Tum Pullō pīlum in hostīs immittit atque ūnum ex multitūdine prōcurrentem trāicit. Hunc percussum et exanimātum hostēs scūtīs prōtegunt et in Pullōnem omnēs tēla coniciunt. Eius scūtum trānsfīgitur et tēlum in balteō dēfīgitur. Hic cāsus vāgīnam āvertit et dextram manum eius gladium ēdūcere cōnantis morātur. Eum ita impedītum hostēs circumsistunt.

[1] “Haec … circumsistunt.”

In which order do the following events take place?

a pierced shield _____

a spear in a belt _____

advancing beyond the fortifications _____

bursting into the most densely packed section of the enemy _____

hurling a javelin _____

inability to draw the sword _____

protecting with shields _____

somebody running forward _____

surrounded by the enemy _____

Vorenus follows Pullo _____

[2] Complete the Latin texts with the words listed below. Note that the order of words in the Latin and English texts may be different.

[A] Then indeed Vorenus, (1) although (2) he is his enemy, (3) nevertheless gives assistance, (3) to him (4) while he is struggling. At once all the crowd turns from Pullo to (6) him. Vorenus fights hand-to-hand with his sword, and, (7) one (man) (8) having been killed, drives back the rest a little. But the unfortunate man, (9) pressing forward too eagerly, his foot (10) slipping, falls.

Tum vēro (4) __________ (5) __________ Vorēnus, (1) __________ (2) __________ inimīcus, (3) __________ auxilium dat. Ad (6) __________ cōnfestim ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, (7) __________ (8) __________, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Sed (9) __________ cupidius īnfēlīx, pede sē (10) __________, concidit.

cum; eī; fallente; hunc; īnstāns; interfectō; labōrantī; sit; tamen; ūnō

[B]

(1) To him again, (2) when surrounded, Pullo gives aid, and (3) both return within the fortifications (4) unharmed, after (5) many (6) had been killed, with the (7) highest praise. Thus (8) each of the enemies gave help (9) to the other, nor could (10) anyone judge between their courage.

(1) __________ rūrsus (2) __________ auxilium dat Pullō, atque (3) __________ (4) __________, (5) __________ (6) __________, (7) __________ cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic inimīcōrum (8) __________ (9) __________ auxilium dedit nec dē eōrum virtūte (10) __________ iūdicāre potuit.

alter; alterī; ambō; circumventō; huic; incolumēs; interfectīs; plūribus; quisquam; summā

____________________

[1]

a pierced shield [7]

a spear in a belt [8]

advancing beyond the fortifications [1]

bursting into the most densely packed section of the enemy [2]

hurling a javelin [4]

inability to draw the sword [9]

protecting with shields [6]

somebody running forward [5]

surrounded by the enemy [10]

Vorenus follows Pullo [3]

[2]

[A] Tum vēro (4) eī (5) labōrantī Vorēnus, (1) cum (2) sit inimīcus, (3) tamen auxilium dat. Ad (6) hunc cōnfestim ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, (7) ūnō (8) interfectō, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Sed (9) īnstāns cupidius īnfēlīx, pede sē (10) fallente, concidit.

[B] (1) Huic rūrsus (2) circumventō auxilium dat Pullō, atque (3) ambō (4) incolumēs, (5) plūribus (6) interfectīs, (7) summā cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic inimīcōrum (8) alter (9) alterī auxilium dedit nec dē eōrum virtūte (10) quisquam iūdicāre potuit.

25.11.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXX [1] comprehension (1)

THE RIVAL CENTURIONS [1]

Illīs in castrīs erant duo centuriōnēs, fortissimī virī, T. Pullō et L. Vorēnus, quōrum neuter alterī virtūte cēdere volēbat. Inter eōs iam multōs annōs īnfēnsum certāmen gerēbātur. Tum dēmum fīnis contrōversiae hōc modō factus est. Diē tertiō postquam Pūblius pervēnit, hostēs, maiōribus cōpiīs coāctīs, ācerrimum impetum in castra fēcērunt. Tum Pullō, cum Rōmānī tardiōrēs vidērentur, “Cūr dubitās,” inquit, “Vorēne? Quam commodiōrem occāsiōnem exspectās? Hic diēs dē virtūte nostrā iūdicābit.”

Illīs in castrīs … factus est..

[1] “Illīs in castrīs … factus est.”

Quote and translate the parts of this introduction that state that:

[i] the two centurions were rivals (2)

[ii] the rivalry was hostile (2)

[iii] the rivalry was resolved (2)

[2] “Diē tertiō … iūdicābit.”

[a] The following statements are false; correct them:

[i] Publius reached the camp on the third day of the attack.

[ii] The Romans had assembled larger forces.

[iii] The Romans made a sudden attack on the enemy.

[iv] Publius was sure that the enemy were slow to act.

[v] Vorenus asked Publius why he was hesitant.

[b] In your own words, explain how Pullus encourages the Romans to take action. (2)

____________________

[1]

[i] quōrum neuter alterī virtūte cēdere volēbat | neither of whom was willling to give way to the other

[ii] īnfēnsum certāmen | hostile rivalry

[iii] fīnis contrōversiae … factus est | an end was made to the dispute

[2]

[a]

[i] the attack happened on the third day after his arrival

[ii] The enemy had assembled larger forces.

[iii] The enemy made a very fierce attack on the Roman camp.

[iv] The Romans seemed rather slow to Pullo.

[v] Pullus asked Vorenus why he was hesitating.

[b] He says that there is no more favourable opportunity (1) and this day will judge their courage (1)

24.11.26: Comenius (1658) LXXV; the Bath [1] text, translation, grammar notes

The Bath | Balneum

He that desireth to be wash’d | quī cupit lavārī

in cold water, | aquā frīgidā,

goeth down into a river, 1. | dēscendit in flūvium, 1.

In a bathing-house, 2. | in balneāriō, 2.

we wash off the filth | abluimus squalōrēs,

either sitting in a tub, 3. | sīve sedentēs in labrō, 3.

or going up | sīve cōnscendentēs

into the hot-house, 4. | in sūdātōrium, 4.

and we are rubbed | & dēfricāmur

with a pumice-stone, | pūmice,

or a hair-cloth, | aut ciliciō,

In the stripping-room, 5. | in apodytēriō, 5.

we put off our clothes, | exuimus vestēs,

and are tyed about | & praecingimur

with an apron, 6. | castulā, 6.

We cover our head | tegimus caput

with a cap, 7. | pīleolō, 7.

and put our feet | & impōnimus pedēs

into a bason, 8. | pelluviō, 8.

The bath-woman, 9. | balneātrīx, 9.

reacheth water in a bucket, 10. | ministrat aquam situlā, 10.

drawn out of the trough, 11. | haustam ex alveō, 11.

into which it runneth | in quem dēfluit

out of pipes, 12. | ē canālibus, 12.

The bath-keeper, 13. | balneātor, 13.

lanceth with a lancet, 14. | scarificat scalprō, 14.

and by applying | & applicandō

cupping-glasses, | cucurbitās,

he draweth the blood | extrahit sanguinem

betwixt the skin and the flesh, | subcutāneum,

which he wipeth away | quem abstergit

with a spunge, | spongiā.

[1] Grammar notes

[i] passive voice

quī cupit lavārī | he who desires to get washed

dēfricāmur | we are rubbed

praecingimur | we are tied about

[ii] ablative of means / instrument

quī cupit lavārī aquā frīgidā | he who desires to get washed in [by means of] cold water

dēfricāmur pūmice aut ciliciō | we are rubbed with a pumice-stone, or a hair-cloth

praecingimur castulā | we are tied about with an apron

tegimus caput pīleolō | we cover the head with a cap

balneātor scarificat scalprō | The bath-keeper lanceth with a lancet

(sanguinem) abstergit spongiā | He wipes away the blood with a sponge

[iii] present active participle

abluimus squalōrēs, sīve sedentēs in labrō, sīve cōnscendentēs in sūdātōrium

we wash off the filth, either [while] sitting in a tub, or [while] going up into the hot-house

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/present%20active%20participle

[iv] gerund

applicandō cucurbitās

by applying cupping-glasses

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/gerund

23.11.26: Level 1-2 (review): Julia (a Latin Reader) [5] (1)

RŌMULUS ET SABĪNAE (1)

Rōmulus erat Mārtis fīlius. Mārs erat deus bellī et armōrum. Mīlitēs Rōmānī Mārtem adōrābant et in Mārtis ārīs victimās mactābant. Rōmulus igitur mīlitēs et arma vehementer amābat. Urbis Rōmae prīmus rēx erat. Sed virī sōlum urbem habitābant; neque uxōrēs neque sorōrēs habēbant.

Itaque Rōmulus tōtum populum convocāvit, et "Ō cīvēs," inquit, "nūllās fēminās habēmus, sed Sabīnī cīvitātem fīnitimam habitant. Sabīnī fēminās multās et fōrmōsās habent. Sabīnōs igitur cum fēminīs ad lūdōs invītābimus, et virginēs raptābimus."

Rōmānī igitur Sabīnōs ad lūdōs magnōs invītāvērunt. Pāx erat inter Rōmānōs et Sabīnōs. Itaque Sabīnī ad lūdōs Rōmānōrum libenter properāvērunt. Nec scūta nec gladiōs nec hastās apportāvērunt. Cum Sabīnīs, virginēs multae et fōrmōsae properāvērunt.

arma, -ōrum [2/n pl.]: arms

bellum, -ī [2/n]: war

gladius, -ī [2/m]: sword

Rōmulus, -ī [2/m]: Romulus, the founder of Rome

Sabīnus, -ī [2/m]: a Sabine (neighbour of the Romans)

cīvis, -is [3 m./f.]: citizen

cīvitās, -ātis [3/f]: state

Mars, Martis [3/m]: Mars, god of war

mīles, -itis [3/m]: soldier

pāx, pācis [3/f]: peace

rēx, rēgis [3/m]: king

soror, sorōris [3/f]: sister

urbs, urbis [3/f]: city

uxor, uxōris [3/f]: wife

virgō, -inis [3/f]: virgin

fīnitimus, -a, -um: neighbouring

formōsus, -a, -um: beautiful

prīmus, -a, -um: first

invītō, invītāre [1]: invite

____________________

Romulus was the son of Mars. Mars was the god of war and of arms. The Roman soldiers worshipped Mars and sacrificed victims on the altars of Mars. Therefore Romulus loved soldiers and weapons very much. He was the first king of the city of Rome. But the men lived in the city alone; they had neither wives nor sisters.

And so Romulus called together the whole people and said, “O citizens, we have no women, but the Sabines live in a neighbouring state. The Sabines have many beautiful women. Therefore we shall invite the Sabines with the women to games, and we shall carry off the maidens.”

And so the Romans invited the Sabines to great games. There was peace between the Romans and the Sabines. Therefore the Sabines gladly hurried to the games of the Romans. They brought neither shields nor swords nor spears. With the Sabines, many beautiful maidens hurried.