29.04.24: review: adjectives [3]; 1st / 2nd declension [3]; Julia: a Latin reader [2]

[i] adjectives

croceus, -a, -um: yellow

iūcundus, -a, -um: pleasant

lātus, -a, -um: wide

Rōmānus, -a, -um: Roman

ruber, rubra, rubrum: red

splendidus, -a, -um: splendid

[ii] other vocabulary

āra, -ae [1/f]: altar

cantō, cantāre [1]: sing

cīcāda, -ae [1/f]: grasshopper

lācerta, -ae [1/f]: lizard

mactō, mactāre [1]: sacrifice

victima, -ae [1/f]: a beast for sacrifice; the term “sacrificial victim” which is how some dictionaries describe this word could lead us into thinking that the text is referring to human sacrifice whereas the reference pertains to blood offerings in terms of animals.

An interesting link to read is:

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=sacrificium-harpers

It goes into detail about sacrificial rituals, and I just quote one small part of it:

"Human sacrifices as a means of expiation were not unknown to the earliest Greek and Roman worship, and continued in certain cases (e. g. at the feast of the Lycaean Zeus and of Iupiter Latiaris) until the imperial period. Where, however, they continued to exist, criminals who were in any case doomed to death were selected, and in many places opportunity was further given them for escape. As a rule, these human sacrifices gave way to symbolical exercises in which the rite either merely suggested the original form, or else for human victims effigies or puppets were substituted."

[A]

1. How is Rome described?

2. How are the streets of Rome described?

3. There was only one temple in the Roman Forum, wasn’t there?

4. Describe the colour(s) of [i] the togas and [ii] the shawls

5. What adjective is used to describe the Roman Forum?

6. All the Roman ruins have gone, haven’t they?

7. There are ugly, unhappy lizards running around, aren’t there?

[B] Match the Latin with the English:

cotīdiē; etiam nunc; nōn iam; nunc; ōlim; quoque; undique

also; at one time (in the past); even now; every day; everywhere; no longer; now

[C] Find the Latin:

[1]

• Roman men [nominative; subject of the sentence] │ used to walk in the Forum.

[2]

• The Romans at one time used to inhabit │ a small town [accusative; direct object]
• The Romans used to sacrifice │ many victims [accusative; direct object]
• There are many roses │ among the ruins [accusative; with preposition]

[3]

• the streets │ of the town [genitive; possession]
• the togas │ of the men [genitive; possession]
• the shawls │ of the women [genitive; possession]
• on the corners │ of the streets [genitive; possession]

[4]

• On the altars the Romans used to sacrifice many victims │ to the Roman gods [dative; indirect object]

[5]

• in the Roman Forum [ablative; with preposition]
• on the altars [ablative; with preposition]
• on the corners [ablative; with preposition]
• The Romans decorate / adorn the streets │ with (by means of) temples and monuments [ablative of means i.e. what was used to perform the action]