24.01.25: level 1; topic; school [27]; the sky [2]; sun, moon, light and darkness

[1] Dē sōle

Lūmen magnum in caelō vidēmus. Id lūmen candidum est. Id sōl vocātur. Sōl nōn plānus vidētur. Is globōsus vidētur. Sōl nātūrā rotundus est. Is quoque globus vocātur. Sōl parvus vidētur. Magnus autem est. Sphaera magna est. Terra et sōl globī magnī sunt.

[2] Dē lūnā

Aliud lūmen in caelō videō. Id lūmen quoque magnum est. Id nōn candidum est. Suāve est. Id lūmen lūna dīcitur. Lūna nōn plāna vidētur. Ea globōsa vidētur. Lūna rotunda est. Ea quoque globus dīcitur. Lūna magna est. Ea globus est magnus. Terra et lūna magnae sunt. Eae globī magnī sunt.

[3] Dē lūce et tenebrīs

Lūx diēs dīcitur. Nox tenebrae vocātur. Tellūs nōn lūcida est. Ea obscūra est. Lūcem ab sōle accipit. Lūcem quoque ā lūnā accipit. Sōl interdiū terrae lūmen dat. Lūna noctū eī lūmen dat. Is interdiū,  ea noctū terram illūminat. Lūmen sōlis candidum et ārdēns est. Lūmen lūnae suāve est.

[a] Find the Latin:

[i] Nominative

• The light is called day
• It is also called the globe
• They are large spheres

[ii] Genitive

• The light of the sun
• The light of the moon

[iii] Dative

• The sun gives light to the earth

[iv] Accusative

• The sun gives light to the earth

[v] Ablative

• about / concering the light
• about / concering the sun
• about / concering the moon
• It receives light from the sun
• It receives light from the moon

[b] Review 1st / 2nd declension adjective endings; a common error when starting Latin is seeing some connection between 1st / 2nd declension adjectives and 1st / 2nd declension nouns because they share the same endings – but that is where the comparison stops. 1st / 2nd declension adjectives are used with nouns of any declension. Below some nouns from the text are in two groups i.e. 1st / 2nd declension nouns and 3rd declension nouns. Complete each phrase by using the adjectives listed at the very end of the exercise. Each adjective can only be used once.

[i] 1^st / 2^nd declension nouns

• a large globe │ globus __________
• a round moon │ lūna __________
• a spherical moon │ lūna __________
• a large moon │ lūna __________
• large spheres │ globī __________
• the Earth and Moon are large │ terra et lūna __________ sunt

[ii] 1^st / 2^nd declension nouns

sōl, -is [3/m]: sun

tellūs, tellūris [3/f]: earth; the Earth

lūmen, lūminis [3/n]: light

• a round sun │ sōl __________
• the dark Earth │tellūs __________
• the Earth is not bright │ tellūs nōn __________ est
• a large light │ lūmen __________
• a bright white light │ lūmen __________

candidum; globōsa; lūcida; magna; magnae; magnī; magnum; magnus; obscūra; rotunda; rotundus

Notes

is, ea, id; plural: eī, eae, ea

There have already been many posts concerning these words and so below is simply a summary:

These words can have two uses:

[i] as pronouns i.e. he / she / it / they

[ii] demonstratives i.e. this / that / these / those

Latin uses these to refer to someone / something previously mentioned i.e. as in English:

“Have you met the new boss?” > “Yes, I’ve met him.”

is, ea and id agree in gender with the noun they are referring to e.g. is can mean ‘he’ or ‘it’ depending on whether the noun is animate (referring to a living being) or inanimate (referring to an object)

• Sōl [masculine] nōn plānus vidētur. Is globōsus vidētur. │The Sun does look seem flat. It looks spherical.
• Lūna [feminine] nōn plāna vidētur. Ea globōsa vidētur. │ The moon does not look flat. It looks spherical.
• Tellūs [feminine] nōn lūcida est. Ea obscūra est. │ The Earth is not bright. It is dark.
• Lūmen [neuter] magnum in caelō vidēmus. Id lūmen candidum est. Id sōl vocātur. │ We see a large light in the sky. That light is shining white. It is called the Sun.

Latin does not need to use these if it is clear who / what is being referred to. Look at the last sentence of this extract.

• Aliud lūmen in caelō videō. Id lūmen quoque magnum est. Id nōn candidum est. Suāve est. │ I see another light in the sky. That light is also large. It isn’t shining bright. It’s agreeable / pleasant, i.e. the last sentence omits id with no change in meaning.

Two examples from the text show other forms of these words:

• Terra et lūna magnae sunt. Eae globī magnī sunt. │ The earth and the moon are big. They / these are large spheres.
• Sōl interdiū terrae lūmen dat. Lūna noctū eī lūmen dat. │ During the say the Sun gives light to the Earth. The Moon gives light to it at night.

The full declension table is given below:

It is better to become familiar with these as you come across them when reading; two, however, to note straight away are: [i]  eius (his / her / its) and [ii] eōrum / eārum (their) i.e. they function as possessive adjectives.

All previous posts on is, ea, id:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LsKpv7nwA3-rwgzn88bzoOGgPMV8Kqj-/view?usp=sharing

Latin tutorial:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74R9hHFr0JI