03.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [9](5); reading [4]; §44 Novum Proelium; §45 Interrogātiō

§44 NOVUM PROELIUM

In proeliīs Britannī esseda habent. Magnae sunt rotae essedōrum. Rotae essedōrum nostrōs vulnerant. Sonus rotārum equōs Rōmānōrum perturbat. Essedum duās rotās et duōs equōs habet. Auriga in essedō est. Britannī esseda armātīs complent. Armātī 'essedariī' vocantur. Essedāriī longās hastās habent. In essedō nōn manent.  In proeliō pugnant. Ecce! essedum in campō est. In essedō quīnque essedāriī sunt. Aurīga equōs incitat. Aurīga in iugō stat. Ecce! essedāriī in essedō nōn manent. Nunc in proeliō pugnant.

Crassus essedāriōs videt. Magnum pīlum habet Crassus. Ūnus ex essedāriīs magnus est. Magnus essedārius Segovax vocātur. Crassus barbarum videt, sed barbarus Crassum nōn terret. Barbarōs Rōmānum nōn saepe fugat. Crassus nostrōs incitat. Ecce! barbarum vulnerat. Segovax mortuus est. Rōmānī reliquōs essedariōs fugant. Reliquī essedariī nunc in essedō sunt. Aurīga equōs incitat. Rōmānī essedāriōs barbarōrum fugant. Quattuor modo essedāriī in essedō sunt. Nam Segovax mortuus est. Quam impavidī sunt Rōmānī, quam impavidus est Crassus!

Vocbulary

iugum, -ī [2/n]: yoke 

rota, -ae [1/f]: wheel

sonus, -ī [2/m]: sound

The author makes a distinction in this text between:

[i] aurīga, -ae [1/m]: charioteer, the man who drives the chariot and spurs on the horses

[ii] essedārius, -ī [1/m]: soldiers on the chariot who fight in the battle

Notes

[1]

vocat: he / she calls > vocātur: he / she is called

vocant: they call > vocantur: they are called

These are examples of the passive form of the verb. The grammatical term passive voice refers to when the subject of the sentence isn’t performing the action, but is experiencing the action. In Latin, some parts of the passive are easy to recognise: for the 3^rd person singular and plural present tense, -ur is added to the end of the verb.

[2]

Ūnus ex essedāriīs: literally “one out of the charioteers” = one of  the charioteers

§45: interrogātiō

Below are the questions for this text in Latin and English. Complete the questions with the words listed below each section. The full text is given at the end, but try the exercise first.

Section #1

[1] What do the Britons have in battles? │ __________ in proeliīs habent Britannī?

[2] How many wheels does a chariot have? │  __________ rotās habet __________?

[3] Are the wheels of the chariots large? │  __________ rotae __________ __________?

[4] How many horses does a chariot have? │ Quot equōs __________ essedum?

[5] Quis in iugō stat? │ __________ stands at the yoke?

[6] Where do the charioteers stand? │ __________ __________ essedāriī?

[7] Where does the chariot driver stand? │  Ubi __________ aurīga?

[8] How many charioteers are in the chariot? │ Quot __________ in essedō sunt?

[9] Why do the charioteers not stay in the chariot? │ __________ essedariī in __________ nōn manent?

[10] Do the charioteers have weapons? │  __________ essedāriī arma?

cūr; essedariī; essedō; essedōrum; essedum; habentne; habet; magnae; quid; quis; quot; stant; stat; sunte; ubi

Section #2

[11] Who sees the charioteers? │ Quis __________ videt?

[12] How many charioteers are large? │ Quot essedāriī __________ sunt?

[13] Does Crassus see the large charioteer? │ __________ Crassus __________ __________?

[14] Does the barbarian frighten Crassus? │ __________ barbarus Crassum?

[15] Who injures the barbarian? │  Quis barbarum __________?

[16] Who is dead? │ Quis mortuus __________?

[17] Where are the rest of the charioteers now? │ Ubi nunc reliquī essedāriī __________?

[18] What does the chariot driver do? │ Quid __________ aurīga?

[19] Where is the chariot driver standing? │ Ubi stat __________?

[20] How many charioteers are now in the chariot? │ Quot essedārīī __________ in essedō sunt?

aurīga; essedariōs; essedārium; est; facit; magnī; magnum; nunc; sunt; terretne; videtne; vulnerat