05.09.24: Level 2; declension of numbers (1) 1,2,3; 200-900

[1] declension of ūnus, duo and trēs

Image #1: ūnus, -a -um has the same endings as a 1^st / 2^nd declension adjective except in the genitive singular [-īus for all genders] and dative singular [-ī for all genders]:

Image #2: duo, duae, duo

Image #3: In the declension of trēs, all the endings are the same for all genders apart from the neuter nominative and accusative:

[2] After trēs none of the numbers decline until you reach the multiples of 100, and the number mīlle (1000):

quattuor	4
quīnque	5
sex	6
septem	7
octō	8
novem	9
decem	10

ūndecim	11
duodecim	12
tredecim	13
quattuordecim	14
quīndecim	15
sēdecim	16
septendecim	17
duodēvīgintī	18
ūndēvīgintī	19

vīgintī	20
trīgintā	30
quadrāgintā	40
quīnquāgintā	50
sexāgintā	60
septuāgintā	70
octōgintā	80
nōnāgintā	90
centum	100

[3] 200 - 900

Take a look at these numbers in Spanish:

200: doscientos

300: trescientos

400: cuatrocientos

There are three points to note:

[i] cientos is plural

[ii] these numbers have masculine and feminine forms i.e. doscientos and doscientas agreeing with the noun and so they are acting like adjectives

[iii] Those endings -os and -as are derived from Latin -ōs, -ās, but the Latin accusative plural, not the nominative.

The Latin numbers 200 – 900 decline like 1st / 2nd declension adjectives.

Compare:

1st / 2nd declension adjective in the plural

masculine: magnī

feminine: magnae

neuter: magna

Those endings are used with the numbers:

200: ducentī, -ae, -a; CC

300: trecentī, -ae, -a; CCC

400: quadringentī, -ae, -a; CD [100 less than 500]

500: quīngentī, -ae, -a; D

600: sescentī, -ae, -a; DC

700: septingentī, -ae, -a; DCC

800: octingentī, -ae, -a; DCCC

900: nōngentī, -ae, -a; DCCCC / CM [100 less than 1000]

Image #4: 1st / 2nd declension adjective in the plural alongside the declension of ducentī showing that the endings are the same; take a look at the accusatives and there you see where the Spanish numbers come from.

Additional information on all numbers can be found here:

Additional information on the formation of Roman numerals can be found here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals

04.09.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [18]

Rōmānī, postquam Poenōs vīcērunt, bellum contrā cīvitātēs multās gerēbant: in tribus bellīs contrā Macedonēs pugnāvērunt et tandem Macedoniam fēcērunt prōvinciam Rōmānam. In Āfricā Iugurtha, quī Numidiam regēbat, partēs multās vincēbat. Ubi Rōmānī cōpiās ad Āfricam mīsērunt, Iugurtha nōn pugnāvit, sed pecūniam multam imperātōribus Rōmānīs dedit, et pācem fēcit. Posteā, ubi Iugurtha et populus Rōmānus bellum iterum gerēbant, Iugurtha Aulum Albīnum, imperātōrem Rōmānum, superāvit; multōs necāvit aut vulnerāvit; cēterōs sub iugum mīsit. Inde Marius, quem Rōmānī imperātōrem creāvērunt, Iugurtham vīcit et captīvum Rōmam dūxit.

[1]

Macedō, Macedonis [3/m]: Macedonian

Macedonia, -ae [1/f]: Macedonia (see notes)

Numidia, -ae [1/f]: Numidia (see notes)

cēterōs sub iugum mīsit │ literally: he sent the rest under the yoke

iugum, -ī [2/n]: yoke (for oxen or cattle); collar (for a horse)

“A yoke was made of two upright spears with a third fixed across the top at such a height that a man passing underneath had to bow his head. The victors in a battle used to make their captives march, one by one, under the yoke as a sign that they had been defeated.” (Vincent)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Send_under_the_yoke

[2] sentence structure

[i] subordinate clauses of time / temporal clauses

Rōmānī, ¦ postquam Poenōs vīcērunt, ¦ bellum contrā cīvitātēs multās gerēbant

Ubi Rōmānī cōpiās ad Āfricam mīsērunt, ¦ Iugurtha nōn pugnāvit,…

Posteā, ¦ ubi Iugurtha et populus Rōmānus bellum iterum gerēbant, ¦ Iugurtha Aulum Albīnum, imperātōrem Rōmānum, superāvit; …

[ii] relative / adjectival clauses

In Āfricā Iugurtha, ¦ quī Numidiam regēbat, ¦ partēs multās vincēbat.

Inde Marius, ¦ quem Rōmānī imperātōrem creāvērunt, ¦ Iugurtham vīcit …

[3] apposition

… Iugurtha [Aulum Albīnum, ¦ imperātōrem Rōmānum], superāvit; …

[4] in tribus bellīs: see next post

____________________

The Romans, after they defeated the Carthaginians, waged war against many states: in three wars they fought against the Macedonians, and finally made Macedonia a Roman province. In Africa Jugurtha, who ruled Numidia, conquered many parts. When the Romans sent troops to Africa, Jugurtha did not fight, but gave a great deal of money to the Roman commanders, and made peace. Afterwards, when Jugurtha and the Roman people were at war again, Jugurtha overcame Aulus Albinus, the Roman commander; he killed or wounded many; he put the rest under the yoke. Then Marius, whom the Romans made commander, defeated Jugurtha and took the captive / him as a captive to Rome.

____________________

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugurtha

Africa, Numidia, Macedonia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia

By Cattette - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102614031

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)

04.09.24: adverbs [2](3); -ē; -ter (3)

Form the adverb from the adjective; use the examples as a guide. The answers are given below - but try the questions before you look!

fortis, -e > fortiter│bravely        

celer, -is, -e > celeriter │ swiftly             

diligēns > diligenter │carefully

mendāx, mendācis > mendāciter │falsely; deceptively             

[1] brevis, -e

>  __________ │ briefly; shortly 

[2] crūdēlis, -e

>  __________ │ cruelly                

[3] dulcis, -e

>  __________ │ sweetly                

[4] ēlegāns

>  __________ │ elegantly                           

[5] fallāx, fallācis

>  __________ │ deceitfully                                        

[6] ferōx, ferōcis

>  __________ │ fiercely                

[7] fidēlis, -e

>  __________ │ faithfully                            

[8] frequēns

>  __________ │ frequently                                         

[9] gravis, -e

>   __________ │ heavily

[10] hostīlis, -e

>   __________ │ hostilely; like an enemy                             

[11] impatiēns

>   __________ │ impatiently      

[12] tenāx, tenācis

>   __________ │ firmly; tenaciously                       

[13] terribilis, -e

>   __________ │ frightfully; dreadfully                  

[14] vehemēns

>   __________ │ violently            

[15] vulgāris, -e

>   __________ │ commonly; vulgarly    

____________________

1. breviter
2. crūdēliter
3. dulciter
4. ēleganter
5. fallāciter
6. fidēliter
7. ferōciter
8. frequenter
9. graviter
10. hostīliter
11. impatienter
12. tenāciter
13. terribiliter
14. vehementer     
15. vulgāriter           

04.09.24: adverbs [2](2); -ē; -ter (2)

Complete the translations with the appropriate adverb.

1. Cūr mē tam turpiter fallis? │ Why do you deceive me so __________?
2. Graecī tamen tyrannōs nōn amābant, quod saepe crūdēliter administrābant imperium. │ However, the Greeks did not like tyrants because they often __________ managed political power.
3. Horātius fortiter pontem dēfendit. │ Horatius __________ defended the bridge.
4. Imperātor ipse graviter vulnerātus est. │ The commander himself was __________ wounded.
5. Lātē per Graeciam errant. │ They wander __________ through Greece.
6. Magister puerīs dīcit, “dīligenter scrībite!” │ The teacher says to the boys “Write __________!”
7. Mīlitēs miserē perībant. │ The soldiers were perishing __________.
8. Populus nōn libenter vītam et bona tyrannī arbitriō mandat. │ The people do not __________ entrust (their) life and property to the judgement / authority of a tyrant.
9. Prīnceps iūstē regēbat. │ The chief used to rule __________.
10. Sapienter haec relīquistī, sī cōnsiliō, fēlīciter, sī cāsū. (Cicero) │ you have left all this __________, if (you did so) by design; __________, if by accident.
11. Serva carmina pulchrē cantābat. │ The slave girl was singing songs __________.
12. Sōl clārē lūcēbat. │ The sun was shining __________.
13. Subitō autem duo anguēs ē marī ad lītus celeriter pervēnērunt. │ Suddenly, however, two serpents from the sea __________ reached the shore.
14. Verba Mercuriī Aenēam vehementer terruērunt. │ Mercury’s words frightened Aeneas __________.

beautifully; bravely; brightly; carefully; cruelly; disgracefully; justly; luckily; miserably; quickly; seriously; violently / forcefully; widely  / far and wide; willingly; wisely

04.09.24: adverbs [2](1); -ē; -ter (1)

We first focus on the formation of adverbs which are the equivalent of English –ly. These are known as adverbs of manner since they describe how an action was performed.

[i] 1st / 2^nd declension adjectives remove the ending, and -ē is added to the stem

• cār¦us: dear > cār¦ē: dearly
• cert¦us [certain] > certē [certainly]
• laet¦us [happy] > laetē [happily]
• lāt¦us: far; broad > lātē: widely; broadly; far and wide; everywhere
• pulcher, pulchr¦a, -um > pulchr¦ē [beautifully]
• note: bonus > bene: well

One proverb helps you remember this ending:

festinā lentē: hasten slowly [ = the more hurry, the less speed]

[ii] 3^rd declension adjectives form adverbs with the ending –ter; remove the /s/ of the gen. sg. to find the stem to which –ter is added:

• celer > gen. sg. celeri[s] > celeri- > celeri|ter: quickly
• fortis > gen. sg. forti[s] > forti- > fortiter: bravely
• ācer > gen. sg. ācri[s] > ācri- > ācriter: sharply; strongly
• fēlix > gen. sg. fēlīci[s] > fēlīci- > fēlīciter: happily; fortunately
• mendāx > gen. sg. mendāci[s] > mendāci- > mendāciter: falsely; deceptively

fortiter: bravely

fideliter: faithfully

feliciter: happily

[iii] 3^rd declension adjectives ending in –ns are formed by the removal of /s/ of the nom. sg. –ter then being added to the stem; note the shortening of /ē/ > /e/

• dīligēn[s] > dīligen¦ter: diligently; carefully
• libēn[s] > liben¦ter: willingly
• potēn[s] > poten¦ter: powerfully
• prūdēn[s] > prūdenter: wisely; prudently
• sapiēn[s] > sapienter: wisely

[iv] Note that there are adjectives which form their adverbs in irregular ways:

• facilis > facile: easily
• difficilis > difficilē: with difficulty

03.09.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima 10[1]

Nōn procul ā Dubrīs est scopulus altus, unde ōceanum et nāvigia et ōram maritimam spectās. Locus in fābulā commemorātus est, ubi Leir, rēgulus Britannōrum antīquōrum, fortūnam suam mīseram dēplōrat, stultitiam suam culpat, fīliās suās animī ingrātī accūsat. Scopulus ex poētā nōminātus est. Nam in fābulā est locus ubi vir generōsus, amīcus fīdus rēgulī, dē scopulō sē praecipitāre parat; sed fīlius suus vīrum ex perīculō servat. Fīlium fīdum laudō. Nōs puerī locum saepe vīsitāmus.

____________________

Not far from Dover there is a high cliff, from which you (can) look at the ocean and the ships and the coast. The place is commemorated in the story, when Leir, the ruler of the ancient Britons, laments his miserable fortune, blames his foolishness, and accuses his daughters of ingratitude [literally: an ungrateful mind]. The cliff is named after the poet. For in the story there is a place where a noble man, a faithful friend of the ruler, prepares to throw himself off the cliff; but his own son saves the man from danger. I praise the faithful son. We boys often visit the place.

____________________

03.09.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [4](4); 1st / 2nd declension nouns and adjectives: accusative plural (2)

[1]

parvus, -a, -um: small

Nominative plural

In oppidō sunt tabernae parvae. │ There are small shops in the town.

Accusative plural

Tabernās parvās in oppidō videō. │ I see small shops in the town.

[2]

Rōmānus, -a, -um: Roman

Nominative plural

In lūdō sunt discipulī Rōmānī. │ There are Roman students in the school.

Accusative plural

Discipulōs Rōmānōs in lūdō videō. │ I see Roman students in the school.

[3]

antiquus, -a, -um: ancient

Nominative plural

In oppidō sunt templa antiqua. │ There are ancient temples in the town.

Accusative plural

Templa antiqua in oppidō videō. │ I see ancient temples in the town.

Lectiō §21

superō, superāre [1]: conquer; overcome

occupō, occupāre [1]: occupy

pācō, pacāre [1]: pacify; subdue

expugnō, expugnāre [1]: take by storm; assault

vastō vastāre [1]: lay waste; devastate; ravage

These sentences begin to put the cases together:

[1] Nominative and accusative plural

Rōmānī ¦ Gallōs / Germānōs / Britannōs ¦ superant. │[i] The Romans [nominative: subject of the sentence] ¦ conquer ¦ [ii] the Gauls / Germans / Britons [accusative: direct object of the sentence].

____________________

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] Belgās ¦ superant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ conquer ¦ [ii] the Belgae.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] insulās ¦ occupant. │[i] The Romans ¦ occupy ¦ [ii] islands.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] multās insulās ¦ occupant. │[i] The Romans ¦ occupy ¦ [ii] many islands.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] tōtās provinciās ¦ pācant. │[i] The Romans ¦ subdue ¦ [ii] whole provinces.

____________________

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] oppida ¦ occupant. ││[i] The Romans ¦ occupy ¦ [ii] towns.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] plūs quam centum oppida ¦ expugnant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ storm ¦ [ii] more than 100 towns.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] multa castella ¦ expugnant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ storm ¦ [ii] many castles / forts.

____________________

[2] Nominative, accusative and genitive plural

[i] Rōmānī [nominative] ¦ [ii] portās [accusative] ¦ [iii] oppidōrum [genitive] occupant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ occupy ¦ [ii] the gates ¦ [iii] of the towns.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] mūrōs ¦ [iii] oppidōrum ¦ expugnant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ storm ¦ [ii] the walls ¦ [iii] of the towns.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] agrōs ¦ [iii] barbarōrum ¦ vastant. │ [i] The Romans ¦ ravage / devastate / lay waste ¦ [ii] the fields ¦ [iii] of the barbarians.

[i] Rōmānī ¦ [ii] viās ¦ [iii] prōvinciārum ¦ occupant. │ The Romans occupy the roads of the provinces.

Rōmānī Gallōs superant — Rōmānī Germānōs superant — Rōmānī Belgās superant — Rōmānī Britannōs superant — Rōmānī īnsulās occupant — Rōmānī oppida occupant — Rōmānī portās oppidōrum occupant — Rōmānī viās īnsulārum occupant — multa castella expugnant — plūs quam centum oppida expugnant — mūrōs oppidōrum expugnant — agrōs barbarōrum vastant — multās īnsulās occupant —  viās prōvinciārum occupant. Rōmānī tōtās provinciās pācant.

03.09.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [4](3); 1st / 2nd declension nouns and adjectives: accusative plural (1)

[1]

Nominative singular

Quid est hoc? │ What is that?

> Fenēstra est. │ It’s a window.

> Ūna fenestra est. │ There’s one window.

Accusative singular

Quid vidēs? │ What do you see?

> Fenēstram videō. │ I see a window.

> Ūnam fenēstram videō. │ I see one window.

____________________

Nominative plural

Quot fenēstrae sunt? │ How many windows are there?

> Duae / trēs fenēstrae sunt. │ There are three windows.

Accusative plural

Quot fenēstrās vidēs? │ How many windows do you see?

> Duās / trēs fenēstrās videō. │ I see two / three windows.

____________________

[2]

Nominative singular

Quid est hoc? │ What is that?

> Equus est. │ It’s a horse.

> Ūnus equus est. │ There’s one horse.

Accusative singular

Quid vidēs? │ What do you see?

> Equum videō. │ I see a horse.

> Ūnum equum videō. │ I see one horse.

____________________

Nominative plural

Quot equī sunt? │ How many horses are there?

> Duo / trēs equī sunt. │ There are two / three horses.

Accusative plural

Quot equōs vidēs? │ How many horses do you see?

> Duōs / trēs equōs videō. │ I see two / three horses.

[3]

Nominative singular

Quid est hoc? │ What is that?

Hoc est templum. │ That’s a temple.

Unum templum est. │ There’s one temple.

Accusative singular

Quid vidēs? │ What do you see?

> Templum videō. │ I see a temple.

> Ūnum templum videō. │ I see one temple.

____________________

Nominative plural

Quot templa sunt? │ How many temples are there?

> Duo templa sunt. │ There are two temples.

> Tria templa sunt. │ There are three temples.

Accusative plural

Quot templa vidēs? │ How many temples do you see?

> Duo / tria templa videō. │ I see two temples.

Image #1: Note: ūnus, -a, -um does not mean ‘a / an’ in Classical Latin although it did evolve into, for example, French un(e) which does mean that; ūnus, -a, -um was only used to express a number. In Classical Latin there is no indefinite or definite article i.e. no words for ‘a(n)’ or ‘the’.

Note how the numbers 1-3 change according to case and gender.

Image #2:

[A] Lectiō §20: nominative plural

barba, -ae [1/f]: beard

gena, -ae [1/f]: cheek

palma, -ae [1/f]: palm (of the hand)

capillus, -ī [2/m]: hair; can be singular or plural

digitus, -ī [2/m]:finger

humerus,-ī [2/n]: shoulder

lacertus, -ī [2/m]: upper arm

lingua, -ae [1/f]: tongue

nāsus, -ī [2/m]: nose

oculus, -ī [2/m]: eye

bracchium, -ī [2/n]: forearm; arm

collum, -ī [2/n]: neck

labrum, -ī [2/n]: lip

tergum, -ī [2/n]: back

Image #3:

[B] Viva voce

Accusative singular and plural

Quid tangis? │ What are you touching?

Nāsum tangō │ I’m touching (my) nose

[i] Which pupil (1^st to 15^th) is touching …

• two shoulders
• two forearms
• the tongue
• the upper arms
• the hair
• the lips
• the neck
• two cheeks
• the back
• one upper arm
• one lip
• one finger
• one cheek
• four fingers
• eyes

[ii] Who is touching [a] his beard and [b] only one eye!

02.09.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [17]

Scīpiō, quī erat imperātor Rōmānus in Āfricā, Hannibalem prope Zamam vīcit. Ubi Hannibal ex Āfricā excessit, Scīpiō pācem cum Poenīs fēcit. Poenī nāvēs longās, quās Scīpiō incendit, elephantōs, omnēs captīvōs Rōmānīs dedērunt. Inde Scīpiō cum cōpiīs discessit et ad Siciliam nāvigāvit. Postquam mīlitēs Rōmam mīsit, Scīpiō iter per Ītaliam fēcit et Rōmam pervēnit. Argentum multum cīvitātī, quadringentōs assēs mīlitibus dedit. Propter victōriās Rōmānī Scīpiōnem ‘Āfricānum’ appellāvērunt.

Sentence structure

What types of clauses are in italics?

Scīpiō, quī erat imperātor Rōmānus in Āfricā, Hannibalem prope Zamam vīcit.

Poenī nāvēs longās, quās Scīpiō incendit, elephantōs, omnēs captīvōs Rōmānīs dedērunt.

Ubi Hannibal ex Āfricā excessit, Scīpiō pācem cum Poenīs fēcit.

[a] Postquam mīlitēs Rōmam mīsit, ¦ [b] Scīpiō iter per Ītaliam fēcit ¦ et [c] Rōmam pervēnit. 

____________________

Scipio, who was the Roman commander in Africa, defeated Hannibal near Zama. When Hannibal left Africa, Scipio made peace with the Carthaginians. The Carthaginians gave long ships, which Scipio set on fire, the elephants, and all the captives to the Romans. From there Scipio left with his troops and sailed to Sicily. After he sent the soldiers to, Scipio made a journey / marched through Italy and reached Rome. He gave a great deal of silver to the city, (and) four hundred asses to the soldiers. Because of his victories, the Romans called Scipio 'African'.

____________________

“quadringentōs assēs mīlitibus dedit”

as, assis [3/m]: a Roman coin; it had the lowest value and was sometimes referred to in literature with the sense of worthlessness (compare Engl. a penny-worth)

Vīvāmus, mea Lesbia, atque amēmus, │ Let us live, my Lesbia, and let us love,

rūmōrēsque senum sevēriōrum │ And the rumours of rather stern old men

omnēs ūnīus aestimēmus assis! │ Let us value them all at one penny!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Africanus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zama