31.01.25; level 2; crime and punishment [10]; reading [3]

[1] homō enim vidēlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vōcem cōnsulis ferre nōn potuit; simul atque īre in exsilium iussus est, pāruit (Cicero)

for that evidently timid, or even excessively bashful man could not bear the voice of the consul; as soon as he was ordered to go into banishment, he obeyed

īre in exsilium ¦ iussus est │ he was commanded ¦ to go into exile

in exsilium missus est │ he was sent into exile

[2] Again, different uses of the passive all appear in the same extract:

… [i] obvolūtum caput est ōciusque [ii] rapī extrā portam iussus.  ita in castra [iii] perdūcitur extemplōque [iv] impositus in nāvem et Carthāginem [iv] missus (Livy) │ … his head was muffled up and orders were given for him to be carried off more quickly outside the city gate. In this way he was brought into the camp and then at once put on board a ship and sent to Carthage.

[i] obvolvō, -ere, obvolvī, obvolūtus [2]: wrap; cover all over; smother

[ii] rapiō, -ere, rapuī, raptus [3-iō]: carry off; snatch; grab

rapere │ to carry off > present passive infinitive: rapī │ to be carried off

[iii] and [iv] two features to note here when you start to read original Latin prose:

[iii] the use of the present tense to give a greater sense of immediacy to past events:

in castra perducitur │ he was brought into the camp [literally: he is brought …]

[iv] the omission of the verb esse in perfect passive constructions

… extemplōque ¦ impositus [est] ¦ in nāvem et Carthāginem ¦ missus [est] │and was immediately put on board a ship and sent to Carthage