This text uses many adverbs and adverbial phrases. Adverbs can describe the way in which something is done (HOW) but they also have other functions. They answer the “questions” WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW and HOW LONG / OFTEN something is done. An adverbial phrase is made of two or more words which, separately, are not adverbs but, when together, work as adverbs e.g. English at night.
The
purpose of the notes below is to give you a general introduction to types of
adverbs and how they are formed. You don’t at this stage need to go into this
in depth.
[1] Some
adverbs in Latin are formed by changing the ending of the adjective. Once
that ending is added, there are no further changes:
adjectives
in -us, -a, -um > -ē
laetus,
-a, -um: happy > laetē: happily
Pater
praemium laetē
spectat │ The father looks happily at the reward
Note:
bonus, -a, -um > bene: well
Hodiē nōn
bene labōrābās │ You weren’t working well today.
[2] Many
adverbs are single words with their own forms; these can be conveniently
grouped according to the type of adverb they are, although it isn’t
essential to do that.
Below are
examples from the text.
[i] TIME [a]
when: something is done) [b] frequency: how often something is
done [c] duration: for how long something is done
[a]
hodiē:
today
WHEN: Hodiē magistra
nōn est laeta. │ The teacher is not happy today.
nunc: now
WHEN: Nunc tē sōlum labōrāre cupiō. │
I now want you to work alone.
mox: soon
WHEN: “Cupisne mox bonus esse?” │ “Do
you want to be good soon?”
[b]
interdum:
sometimes
HOW
OFTEN: Interdum hic discipulus nōn est bonus.
│ Sometimes this pupil isn’t good.
semper:
always
HOW
OFTEN: Magistrae semper
grātus esse cupit. │ He always wants to please the teacher [ = be
pleasing to the teacher].
[c]
diū: for
a long time
HOW LONG: Diū puer
lacrimat. │ The boy cries for a long time.
[ii] PLACE:
where something happens
ibi:
there
WHERE: Ibi puer
stat. │ The boy is standing there.
[3] Latin
can use its cases to create adverbs and adverbial phrases. Many of these
need a preposition in English. A few examples are in the text:
aestās:
summer > aestāte: in summer
WHEN: Aestāte puerī in
tabernāculīs habitāre cupiunt. │In summer the children want to
live in tents.
____________________
ūna hōra:
one hour > ūnam hōram: for an / one hour
HOW LONG:
Ūnam hōram puer sōlus cum magistrā manet. │ For an hour
the boy stays alone with the teacher.
____________________
domus:
house > domī: at home
WHERE: Puer
nōn est domī. │ The boy is not at home.
Domus:
house > domum: home(wards) i.e. going home
TO WHERE: “Nunc domum īre cupiō” │ “I want to go home now.”
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