07.04.25: Level 3; deponent verbs (9); perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses

[1] The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses of the deponent verbs are formed from the third principal part of the deponent verb, and again a reminder that, while this looks like a perfect passive participle, it is active in meaning:

hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum [1/dep]: urge; encourage

hortātus sum │ I (have) encouraged [not *I was encouraged*]

hortātus eram │I had encouraged

hortātus erō │I shall have encouraged

[2] The participle will agree in gender and number with the subject:

hortāta est │ she encouraged

hortātī sumus │ we encouraged

Complete these extracts from the authors by including [i] the appropriate participle and [ii] the appropriate form of the verb esse; all the words you need are listed at the end of the exercise

[1] To this one then Juno, suppliant, used these words │ Ad quem tum Iūnō supplex hīs vōcibus __________ __________ (Virgil)

[2] Because those who had set off over the Meuse for the purpose of foraging had still not returned │ quod iī quī frūmentandī causā __________ trāns Mosam __________ nōndum redierant (Caesar)

[3] But, if you confess [= will have confessed] the truth to me, you shall be relieved from the chains. │ At sī vērum mī __________ __________, vinclīs exsolvēminī. (Plautus)

[4] However, he ordered all the soldiers to their arms, and urged the king, … to send envoys to Achillas. │ Mīlitēs tamen omnēs in armīs esse iussit rēgemque __________ __________, ut … lēgātōs ad Achillam mitteret (Caesar)

[5] Such unfavorable weather did we always meet with [= literally ‘use’]. │ Ita usque adversā tempestāte __________ __________. (Terentius)

[6] What have they said amongst themselves? Tell me. │ Quid illī __________ __________ inter sē? dīc mihi. (Plautus)

[7] and Lucifer, reminder of our toil, / in splendour had risen upon the lofty sky │ admonitorque operum caelō clārissimus altō Lūcifer __________ __________. (Ovid)

[8] Pomponia, however, also complained about you │ Pompōnia autem etiam dē tē __________ __________ (Cicero)

[9] “Why, I was nearly flogged while I was washing,” he said,“because I tried to go round the bath and recite poetry to the people sitting in it, │ “Nam et dum lavor” ait “paene vāpulāvī, __________ __________; circā solium sedentibus carmen recitāre (Petronius)

[10] “I drove out the garrison.” “I got possession of Claterna.” “The cavalry were routed.” “A battle was fought.” “A good many men were slain.” │ 'dēiēcī praesidium; Claternā __________ __________; fugātī equitēs; proelium commissum; occīsī aliquot.'* (Cicero)

cōnātus; erant; erat; eritis; est; est; est; fassae; hortātus; locūtī; ortus; potītus; profectī; questa; sum; sum; sumus; sunt; ūsa; ūsī

*Note: Apart from finding the deponent verb in the extract above, take a look at the use of the perfect passive participles without the verb esse:

fugātī equitēs │ the cavalry (were) routed

proelium commissum │ a battle (was) fought

occīsī aliquot │ several (were) slain

This was discussed in a previous post i.e. esse is often omitted to make the narrative more concise with a focus on the participles. Similarly, Cicero uses a tricolon – a common feature in his speeches and his writing – which comprises three similarly structured phrases, the final phrase being the most climactic:

[1] fugātī equitēs [2] proelium commissum [3] occīsī aliquot