Tullia et Claudia
Tullia et fīliae,
Cornēlia et Secunda, rūrī sunt. Claudia Rōmae est. Tullia Claudiam amat; itaque
Tullia cum fīliābus Rōmam properat. Tullia in lectīcā sedet sed fīliae et
servae, Rosa et Anna, ambulant. Ex vīllā in Viam Appiam Tullia et puellae
properant. In Viā Appiā sunt nautae et agricolae. Nautae Rōmā ad ōram
properant. Agricolae ā сasīs Rōmam properant. In viās Rōmae agricolae ūvās
et olīvās portant. Tullia pulchrās ūvās videt et Annae pecūniam dat. Parvae
puellae ūvās pulchrās, et corbulās plēnās rosārum rubrārum et albārum, ad
Claudiam portant.
Claudia domī est et proximae Claudiae sunt ancillae. Ancillae Claudiae
labōrant. Saepe Claudia ancillīs fābulās nārrat. Tullia et filiae Claudiam
salūtant. Rosa et Anna ancillās Claudiae salūtant. Puellae Claudiae rosās et
ūvās dant. Noctū Tullia cum filiābus et servīs Rōmā domum properat.
This text reviews
all the endings and main uses of the first declension
Image: endings
[i] The word declension is
also used for a group of nouns all of which are declined in approximately the
same way. Nearly all the nouns studied so far belong to the first declension.
[ii] There are
five declensions in Latin. To which declension belongs is indicated in
dictionaries and vocabulary lists by including the genitive singular since that
is different for all the five declensions:
puella (nominative),
puellae (genitive singular), often abbreviated to puella, -ae; the declension
and gender of the noun may be included:
puella, -ae [1/f]:
girl
From now on, the
nouns in the vocabulary lists will be given with their nominative and genitive
forms.
[iii] The locative
case, mentioned in the previous post, is generally not listed since it only
applies to certain nouns. Where a noun does have a locative case, it is listed.
[iv] There is one
more case known as the vocative case, used when addressing people directly.
However, apart from one group of nouns in a different declension from the one
we are covering here, the nominative and the vocative are always the same and
so, again, it isn’t listed here.
Image #2: uses
Nominative
[i] the subject of
the sentence, the person or thing performing the action:
- Tullia [nominative singular] in lectīcā sedet │ Tullia is sitting on a sedan
- servae … ambulant [nominative plural] │ the servants are walking
[ii] the predicative
nominative, most often after the verb esse (to be):
- Fēmina est magistra [nominative singular] │ The lady is a teacher
- Puellae Americānae sunt discipulae [nominative plural] │ The American girls are pupils
Genitive
The ‘owner’ or ‘possessor’
of something; it often conveys the English preposition ‘of’:
- Ancillae Claudiae [genitive singular] labōrant │ Claudia’s maidservants [ = the maidservants of Claudia] are working
- corbulās plēnās ¦ rosārum [genitive plural] … portant │ they carry baskets full ¦ of roses
Dative
The indirect
object, the person to whom or for whom something is, for example,
given or said or done
- Tullia … Annae [dative singular] pecūniam dat │ Tullia gives money to Anna
- Claudia ancillīs [dative plural] fābulās nārrat│ Claudia tells stories to the maidservants
Accusative
[i] The direct
object, the person or thing who ‘receives’ or is directly affected by the
action:
- Tullia Claudiam [accusative singular] amat │ Tullia loves Claudia
- agricolae ūvās
[accusative plural] et olīvās [accusative plural] portant │ The farmers
are carrying grapes and olives
[ii] Used with
some prepositions:
- Nautae … ad ōram [accusative singular] properant │ The sailors hurry to(wards) the shore
- In viās [accusative plural] … agricolae ūvās et olīvās portant │ The farmers carry grapes and olives into the streets
Ablative
The ablative case
has many uses one of which is with a large number of prepositions:
- Tullia in lectīcā [ablative singular] sedet │ Tullia is sitting on a sedan
- Ex vīllā [ablative singular]… properant│ They hurry out of the villa
- Agricolae ā сasīs [ablative plural]… properant │ The farmers hurry (away) from the cottages
- Tullia cum servīs [ablative plural] … domum properat │ Tullia hurries home (together) with the slaves
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