Wednesday, July 2, 2025

09.10.25: Level 2; Reading (review): [21] Tyrants, enemies, foreign rulers

Note: these readings marked as 'review' highlight aspects of the language that have been covered in depth in previous posts. Some brief explanation will be given together with links to all the main posts that dealt with the topic.

“Tandem Syrācūsānī fīlium Dionȳsiī tyrannī fugāvērunt, et Athēnīs virī intrepidī fīliīs Pīsistratī īnsidiās parāvērunt. Hipparchum necāvērunt, Hippiās fugam capessīvit. Mox autem patria mea in summō perīculō fuit; iam Persae cum magnīs cōpiīs adībant, oppida et templa dēlēbant. Sed nōs ē patriā exiimus, fēminās līberōsque in īnsulam propinquam trānsportāvimus. Tum ā deīs auxilium petīvimus, arma capessīvimus Persāsque superāvimus, quamquam cōpiae nostrae parvae, Persārum cōpiae magnae fuērunt.”

Tum Mārcus: “Vōbīs summam glōriam parāvistis, quod tot adversāriōs tantā victōriā superāvistis.”

Et Dēmarātus: “Tum concordia Graecōrum magna erat, neque Graecī cum Graecīs pugnābant. Mox autem aliī aliōs lacessīvērunt, multīs bellīs dēbilitāvērunt, postrēma praeda Philippī, Alexandrī, Rōmānōrum fuērunt. Fuimus virī līberī!”

Mārcus autem: “Multa nārrāvistī, amīce, ego quoque iam multa nārrāvī. Iuvat nārrāre, sed etiam ambulāre iuvat. Itaque nunc ambulābimus.”

Image #1: the text reviews the formation of the perfect tense with the perfect tense endings added to the stem of the 3rd principal part of the verb:

laudō, laudāre, laudāv¦ī

laudāv¦ī: I (have) praised

laudāvistī: you (sg.) (have) praised

laudāvit: he / she / it (has) praised

laudāvimus: we (have) praised

laudāvistis: you (pl.) (have) praised

laudāvērunt: they (have) praised

Image #2: the text focuses on those verbs which have -v- as the perfect tense stem. However, the image is simply a reminder that perfect tense stems can often not be predicted and have to be learned from the third principal part of the verb, but whatever that stem is, the same perfect tenses endings are always added.

Image #3: perfect tense of sum, esse

The following link contains all the main posts on the topic of the perfect tense:

https://mega.nz/file/WQtmyLQL#pRb1pfjewQtMCIAyiApva9LHKPTakittNaCdQ1RC7po

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