[i] 2nd declension nouns in -um are neuter. The others in -us are mostly masculine.
[ii] The declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the
ending of the genitive singular. This should always be learned along with the
nominative and the gender.
puella, puellae [1/f]: girl; the genitive case (puellae)
indicates that the noun belongs to the first declension; this listing is often
abbreviated to puella, -ae
servus, servī [2/m]: slave
templum,templī [2/n]: temple
the -ī of the genitive case (servī; templī) indicates
that the nouns belong to the second declension; again, these are often
abbreviated to servus, -ī; templum, -ī
G. Quis, Mārce, est lēgātus gerēns (bearing) pīlum et tubam?
M. Lēgātus, Galba, est Sextus.
G. Ubi Sextus habitat?
M. In oppidō Sextus cum fīliābus habitat.
G. Amantne oppidānī Sextum?
M. Amant oppidānī Sextum et laudant, quod magnā cum
cōnstantiā pugnat.
G. Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? Cūr nōn cēnam parat?
M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equō lēgātī aquam et frūmentum dat.
G. Cūr nōn servus Sextī equum dominī cūrat?
M. Sextus et servus ad mūrum oppidī properant. Oppidānī bellum parant.
Vocabulary
[i] Nouns
bellum, -ī, n., war (re-bel)
cōnstantia, -ae, f., firmness, constancy, steadiness
dominus, -ī, m., master, lord (dominate)
equus, -ī, m., horse (equine)
frūmentum, -ī, n., grain
lēgātus, -ī, m., lieutenant, ambassador (legate)
Mārcus, -ī, m., Marcus, Mark
mūrus, -ī, m., wall (mural)
oppidānus, -ī, m., townsman
oppidum, -ī, n., town
pīlum, -ī, n., spear (pile driver)
servus, -ī, m., slave, servant
Sextus, -ī, m., Sextus
[ii] Verbs
cūrat, he (she, it) cares for, with acc.
properat, he (she, it) hastens
[ii] Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? This is an example of the
vocative case which is used when addressing people (or things) directly i.e.
the equivalent of “Tell me, John” or “Hello, Sarah” The only time this ending
appears in nouns is with 2nd declension singular nouns ending in –(i)us:
Mārcus > Mārce. For all other nouns – both singular and plural – the
vocative is the same as the nominative.
Proper names ending in -ius form a vocative in -ī: Iūlī
Note also: fīlius (son) > mī fīlī (my son)
[A]* Find the Latin:
- Where does Sextus live?
- Who is the ambassador?
- Who is the ambassador bearing a spear?
- Where, Marcus, is your maidservant?
- Do the people in the town love Sextus?
- The people in the town are preparing (for) war.
- My maidservant is giving grain …
- My maidservant is giving grain to the horse.
- My maidservant is giving grain to the horse of the ambassador. [= the ambassador’s horse]
- Sextus and the slave are hurrying towards the wall.
- Sextus and the slave are hurrying towards the wall of the town.
- Sextus lives in a town.
- 4 cases in one sentence:
- Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after / caring for the master’s horse?
- Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after the master’s horse?
- Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after the master’s horse?
- Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after the master’s horse?
[B]** Questions
Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.
- Ubi fīliae Sextī habitant?
- Quem oppidānī amant et laudant?
- Quid ancilla equō lēgātī dat?
- Cuius equum ancilla cūrat?
- Quis ad mūrum cum Sextō properat?
- Quid oppidānī parant?
____________________
*[A]
- Where does Sextus live? │ Ubi Sextus habitat?
- Who is the ambassador? │ Quis … est lēgātus?
- Who is the ambassador bearing a spear? │ Quis … est lēgātus gerēns pīlum?
- Where, Marcus, is your maidservant? │ Ubi, Mārce [vocative case: Marcus is being addressed directly], est ancilla tua?
- Do the people in the town love ¦ Sextus? │ Amantne oppidānī ¦ Sextum (accusative case: direct object i.e. Sextus is “receiving” the action / the people love him)?
- The people in the town are preparing (for) ¦ war. │ Oppidānī ¦ bellum (accusative case: direct object) parant.
- My maidservant is giving ¦ grain … │ Ancilla mea … ¦ frūmentum (accusative case: direct object) dat.
- My maidservant is giving ¦ [i] grain ¦ [ii] to the horse. │ Ancilla mea … ¦ [ii] equō (dative: the horse is the indirect object i.e. the grain is being given to it) … ¦ [i] frūmentum dat.
- My maidservant is giving grain ¦ [i] to the horse ¦ [ii] of the ambassador. [= the ambassador’s horse] │ Ancilla mea …¦ [i] equō (dative: the horse is the indirect object i.e. the grain is being given to it) ¦ [ii] lēgātī (genitive = possession: the ambassador owns the horse)… frūmentum dat.
- Sextus and the slave are hurrying ¦ towards the wall. │ Sextus et servus ¦ ad (preposition followed by the accusative case) mūrum … properant.
- Sextus and the slave are hurrying ¦ [i] towards the wall ¦ [ii] of the town. │ Sextus et servus ¦ [ii] ad (preposition followed by the accusative case) mūrum ¦ [ii] oppidī (genitive: of the town; this still refers to “ownership” even if the noun is an inanimate object) properant.
- Sextus lives ¦ in a town. │ In (preposition followed by the ablative case) oppidō ¦ Sextus … habitat.
- Why isn’t [i] Sextus’ slave [= the slave of Sextus] looking after / caring for ¦ [ii] the master’s horse [= the horse of the master]? │ Cūr nōn [i] servus (nominative: the slave is performing the action) Sextī (genitive: Sextus is the “owner” of the slave) ¦ [ii] equum (accusative: the action is being done to the horse) dominī (genitive: it is the master’s horse) cūrat?
**[B]
- Ubi fīliae Sextī habitant? [Where do the daughters of Sextus live?] > Fīliae in oppidō habitant. Cum Sextō in oppidō habitant.
- Quem oppidānī amant et laudant? [Whom do the townspeople love and praise?] > Oppidānī Sextum amant et laudant.
- Quid ancilla equō lēgātī dat? [What does the maidservant give to the horse of the lieutenant / ambassador?] > Ancilla equō aquam et frūmentum dat.
- Cuius equum ancilla cūrat? [Whose horse does the maidservant care for?] > Ancilla equum Sextī cūrat. / Ancilla cūrat equum lēgātī.
- Quis ad mūrum cum Sextō properat? [Who is hurrying to the wall with Sextus?] > Servus cum Sextō ad mūrum properat.
- Quid oppidānī parant? [What are the townspeople preparing for?] > Oppidānī bellum parant.
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