30.07.25: topic; the fruits of the earth [11]; Comenius (1658); the dressing of gardens (extract) [iii]: notes and vocabulary III and IV

III: The Gardener diggeth in a Garden-plot, with a Spade, or Mattock, and maketh Beds, and places wherein to plant Trees, on which he setteth Seeds and Plants.

Hortulānus (Olitor), fodit in Viridāriō, Ligōne, aut Bipāliō, facitque Pulvīnōs, ac Plantāria, quibus īnserit Sēmina & Plantās.

IV: The Tree-Gardener planteth Trees, in an Orchard and grafteth Cyons* in Stocks.

Arborātor, plantat Arborēs, in Pōmāriō, īnseritque Surculōs, Vīvirādīcibus.

*cyon: obsolete spelling of ‘scion’: shoot, twig containing buds

[4] hortulānus, -ī [2/m]: gardener

(h)olitor, (h)olitōris [3/m]: gardener; vegetable grower; herb / vegetable seller

a feminine form exists (although not from the Classical period): (h)olitrīx, (h)olitrīcis [3/f]

[5] fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossus [3-iō]: dig (up); also: mine, quarry

[6] viridārium, -ī [2/n]: in Classical Latin it refers to a plantation of trees or pleasure-garden / park

[7] two references to garden tools:

[i] ligō, ligōnis [3/m]: hoe; the translation describes it as a ‘spade’ i.e. as any instrument with a flat blade used for digging; the word can also mean a mattock, a tool similar to a pickaxe, a grub-axe

There are other Latin words used to describe these tools:

• batillum, -ī [2/n]: shovel; shovel for coal, firepan
• dolābra, -ae [1/f], pick-axe
• pāla, -ae [1/f]: spade; shovel
• sarculum, -ī [2/n]: hoe

[ii] bipālium, -ī [2/n]: double mattock (see image)

It is not always easy precisely to identify the objects which the vocabulary refers to; a similar issue occurs when finding images that represent specific types of Roman crockery and dishes:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/408980231713251/

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/496565872954686/

The images below are all of Roman origin and, I think, best convey what the vocabulary is referring to.

[9] pulvīnus, -ī [2/m]: [i] cushion, pillow [ii] a raised border, bank, (here) bed i.e. a garden plot

[10] plantārium, -ī [2/n]: a nursery garden; as the translation states: a place wherein to plant

[11] serō, -ere, sēvī, satus [3], and īnserō, -ere, īnsēvī, īnsitus [3]: sow, plant

nōs frūgēs serimus, nōs arborēs (Cicero) │ we sow the crops and trees

[12] sēmen, sēminis [3/n]: seed

[13] planta, -ae [1/f]: plant

[14] arborātor, arborātōris [3/m]: (rare in Classical Latin) a pruner of trees, a ‘tree-gardener’

[15] plantō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: plant

coepit autem dīcere ad plēbem parabolam hanc homō plantāvit vīneam et locāvit eam colōnīs et ipse peregrē fuit multīs temporibus (Vulgate) │ He began to tell the people this parable. "A man planted a vineyard, and rented it out to some farmers, and went into another country for a long time.

[16] arbor, -is [3/f]: tree

[17] pōmārium, -ī [2/n]: orchard; also: pomētum, -ī [2/n]

The last sentence refers to grafting, the joining together of plants parts

[18] surculus, -ī [2/m]: shoot, sprig, sprout, twig

[19] vīvirādix, vīvirādicis [3/f] < vīvus (living) +‎ rādīx (root), a cutting which has a root; the English translation refers to the plant onto which the sprout is grafted