Lectiō §22
Hastae barbarōrum nostrōs vulnerant. Rōmānī multās sagittās habent. Sagittae nostrōrum barbarōs vulnerant. Multa scūta nōn habent barbarī. Hastae barbarōrum equōs perturbant. Nostrī equōs incitant. Caesar nostrōs incitat. Rōmānī multa iūmenta habent. Sed tēla barbarōrum iūmenta perturbant. Sagittae sex iūmenta vulnerant. Barbarī quīnque Rōmānōs vulnerant. Rōmānī decem barbarōs vulnerant. Vulnerant quattuor Gallōs, sex Britannōs. Ecce! Rōmānī barbarōs superant. Rōmānōs nōn saepe superant barbarī.
noster [masc,], nostra [fem.], nostrum [neut.]: our; note:
nostrī [masculine plural] can stand alone to refer to ‘our men’ e.g. our side
in a battle.
iūmentum, -ī [2/n]: a beast of burden i.e. an animal used
for pulling heavy loads e.g. wagons
Find the Latin:
Nominative plural
The barbarians injure five Romans.
Our men spur on the horses.
The spears … disturb the horses.
The arrows … injure the barbarians.
The weapons … disturb the beasts of burden.
Accusative plural
The barbarians injure five Romans.
The spears … disturb the horses.
The arrows … injure the barbarians.
Caesar enourages our (men).
The Romans have many arrows.
The barabarians do not have many shields.
The weapons … disturb the beasts of burden.
The Romans have many beasts of burden.
Genitive plural
the barbarian’s spears [ = the spears ¦ of the
barbarians]
our (men’s) arrows [ = the arrows ¦ of our (men)]
Cases working together
Find the Latin:
The spears [nominative plural] ¦ of the barbarians
[genitive plural] ¦ injure ¦ our men [accusative plural].
The arrows [nominative plural ¦ of our men [genitive plural]
¦ injure ¦ the barbarians [accusative plural].
The weapons [nominative plural] ¦ of the barbarians
[genitive plural] ¦ disturb the beasts of burden [accusative plural].
Word order
The order of words in a Latin sentence often do not follow
the pattern in English because the cases will tell you the subject and the
object of the sentence. Therefore, don’t assume that the first noun you see in
a sentence is the subject:
[1] Rōmānī [nominative case = subject of the sentence] [2] multās
sagittās [accusative case = direct object of the sentence] habent. │ The Romans
have many arrows.
[1] Rōmānī [nominative case = subject of the sentence] [2] barbarōs
[accusative case = direct object of the sentence] superant. │ [1] The Romans overcome [2] the
barbarians.
However:
[2] Multa scūta [accusative case = direct object of the
sentence] nōn habent [1] barbarī [nominative case = subject of the sentence]. │
[1] The barbarians do not have [2] many shields.
[2] Rōmānōs [accusative case = direct object of the
sentence] nōn saepe superant [1] barbarī
[nominative case = subject of the sentence]. │ [1] The Barbarians do not often
overcome [2] the Romans.
Position of the verb
Latin most often puts the verb to the end of the sentence:
Rōmānī multās sagittās habent. │ The Romans have
many arrows.
Barbarī quīnque Rōmānōs vulnerant. │ The Barbarians injure
five Romans.
However, that is not a hard and fast rule; compare the Latin
word order with the English translation:
[1] The barbarians do not often [2] overcome [3] the Romans.
[3] Rōmānōs nōn saepe [2] superant [1] barbarī.
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