13.10.5: Level 3; DĒ GALLIĀ OMNĪ I and I​I; irregular verbs [16]: [ii] eō, īre; ferō, ferre; fīō, fierī; notes

[1] Chesnutt’s vocabulary lists the fourth principal part as the perfect passive participle:

afficiō, -ere, afficī, affectus: to afflict, trouble, weaken

dēpōnō, -ere, dēposuī, dēpositus: to put aside, lay down

incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptus: to begin, undertake

intellegō, -ere, intellēxī, intellectus: to understand

iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus: to order, bid

reddō, -ere, reddidī, redditus: to give again, give back, return

[2] However, not all verbs in Latin have a perfect passive participle in which case (and mostly) the fourth principal part is listed either as the supine:

https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/06/level-3-supine-1.html

or, as in this text, the future active participle:

https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/06/level-3-grammar-of-things-to-come-dies.html

eō, īre, iī/īvī, itūrus: to go

adeō, adīre, adiī, aditūrus: to come near, approach; visit

exeō, -īre, exiī, exitūrus: to go out, withdraw, depart

subeō, -īre, subiī, subitūrus: to go under, undergo, suffer

The conjugation of eō, īre and its compounds has been discussed several times before; the link to all the main posts is here:

https://mega.nz/file/SZ0HHKqS#xRaNKtCcyzJqX-Jm332y_PxMtYcJng2Z5ubNrOo_xCQ

Some verbs, comparatively very few, are without certain principal parts, for example:

incolō, -ere, incoluī, ---, to inhabit, dwell

[3] Take careful note of the forms, (fussy) spelling and varied meanings of ferō, ferre and its compounds since a series of posts will be looking at these in detail.

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus: to bear, bring, carry

afferrō, afferre, at¦tulī, al¦lātus: to bring to, convey

cōnfere, cōnferre, contulī, collātus: to collect, gather

A point to note is that the verbs can refer to a literal / physical action or to an abtract / figurative idea, for example:

differō, differre, distulī, dīlātus: [i] to carry away; [ii] differ

inter sē differre: to differ from one another

īnferō, īnferre, intulī, illātus: to bring in

bellum īnferre:  to make war

This is particularly the case with ferō, ferre, and a series of posts will examine the differences in greater detail.