image #1: classis, -is [3/f]: fleet; turris, -is [3/f]: tower; the relief shows the battle of Actium (31BC) resulting in the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra; on each ship is a turris, -is [3/f] (tower)
image #2: nāvis,
-is [3/f] longa: battle ship; galley; fresco found in the temple of
Isis at Pompeii but the fresco does not depict a ship in a real battle, but
taking part in a naumachia, -ae [1/f], the artificial recreation of a
sea battle for the purpose of entertainment
images #3 and #4: nāvis
onerāria, transport ship;
merchant vessel; the first image is from the external wall of a house in
Pompeii, the second depicting the offloading of goods from a merchant vessel,
the goods then checked and registered
image #5: vēlum,
-ī [2/n]; ship’s sail; floor mosaic with two
approaching ships in the harbour of Portus
image
#6: puppis, -is [3/f]; stern of the ship; mosaic with
stern of trading vessel in Portus
image #7: carīna,
-ae [1/f]: hull / keel of a ship; the hull of a Roman shipwreck, 55 feet in
length
image #8: vitrea: glassware, from vitreus, -a, -um:
made of glass; glassware from a 2,000 year old Roman shipwreck
images #9 and #10: rōstrum, -ī [2/n]: [i] the beak of a
bird or the snout of an animal; [ii] the prow of a ship and also specifically
referring to the battering ram; rostra from Roman warships sunk at the
Battle of the Aegates Islands, off Sicily, against the Carthaginians in 241 BC.
The Romans also used the word ariēs, arietis
[3/m], a ram / male sheep, to refer to battering “rams” used for breaking down
walls and gates in land conflicts
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=aries-harpers
A ram is depicted in image #10, and four are visible in the
bas-relief of the Battle of Actium [image #1]
the rostra are made of iron: ferreus, -a, -um
images #11 – 16:
ancora, -ae [1/f]: anchor; Roman anchors found in Maltese
waters
catēna, -ae [1/f]: chain
fūnis, -is [3/m]: rope; the rope is from Egypt during the
Roman period
lamina, -ae [1/f]: a thin piece of metal, wood, marble etc; one
of the uses of lamina was in the creation of a dēfixiō, dēfixiōnis
[3/f]: curse tablet, a scroll or an inscription often made of lead, the wording
of which was intended to bring harm to a specific person:
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/181024-follow-up-on-previous-post.html
https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/540527341891872/
līnum, -ī [2/n]: flax, linen; from a cache of linen bandages discovered
in Egypt in 1907, part of embalming refuse from the mummification of
Tutankhamun
rōbur, rōboris [3/n]: oak; the image is of a Roman-style ship
built of oak, discovered in Engand
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