16.03.25: Level 3; Dē diē ac nocte [2]

Dē diē ac nocte

Lūx diēs vocātur. Obscūritās nox appellātur. Manē aurōra rubēscit. Stēllae ēvānēscunt. Lūcēscit. Diēs fit. Sōl oritur. Illam partem caelī Orientem appellāmus. Diēs ad labōrem datur. Sōl tōtō diē in caelō lūcet. Mediō diē sōl altus in caelō vidētur. Illam partem caelī Merīdiem vocāmus. Medius diēs et merīdiēs dīcitur. Multō diē advesperāscit. Sōl occidit. Illam partem caelī Occidentem dīcimus. Post occāsum sōlis caelum obscūrum fit. Stēllae iterum lūcēscunt. Nox fit. Nox ad quiētem datur. Vesperī lūna plēna ab oriente oritur. Haec tōtā nocte in caelō lūcet. Mediā nocte alta in caelō vidētur. Māne ab occidente occidit. Stēllae quoque ab oriente orīrī videntur. Hae aut ab occidente cadunt, aut ortū sōlis ēvānēscunt.

Four types of verb:

[i] active verbs 

[ii] passive verbs

[iii] deponent verbs

[iv] inchoative verbs; those are the verbs with the tell-tale -sc- in the stem that show change / the beginning of a change i.e. x is becoming y.

And …

[v] the verb: fiō (to become); more on this verb in a later post

[A] Complete the translations with the words listed below.

1. Lūx diēs vocātur. │ The light __________ day.
2. Obscūritās nox appellātur.  │ The darkness __________  night.
3. Manē aurōra rubēscit. │ In the morning the dawn __________ red.
4. Stēllae ēvānēscunt. │ The stars __________ [= are fading away i.e. a process of change].
5. Lūcēscit. │It is __________ light.
6. Diēs fit. │It is __________ day.
7. Sōl oritur. │ The sun is __________.
8. Illam partem caelī Orientem appellāmus. │ __________ that part of the sky the East.
9. Diēs ad labōrem datur. │ The day __________ (over) to work.
10. Sōl tōtō diē in caelō lūcet. │ The sun __________ all day in the sky.

becoming; disappear; getting; is called; is called; is given; rising; shines; turns; we call

[B] Complete the translations with the words listed below.

1. In the middle of the day the sun is seen high in the sky. │ Mediō diē sōl altus in caelō __________.
2. We call that part of the sky the South. │ Illam partem caelī Merīdiem __________ [2 possibilities].
3. The middle of the day is also called noon. │ Medius diēs et merīdiēs __________.
4. Late in the day it starts to become evening. │ Multō diē __________.
5. The sun is going down / setting. │ Sōl __________.
6. We call that part of the sky the West. │ Illam partem caelī Occidentem __________ [2 possibilities].
7. After sunset the sky becomes dark. │ Post occāsum sōlis caelum obscūrum __________.
8. The stars begin to shine again. │ Stēllae iterum __________.
9. It becomes night. │ Nox __________.
10. The night is given (over) to rest. │ Nox ad quiētem __________.

advesperāscit; datur; dīcimus; dīcitur; fit; fit; lūcēscunt; occidit; vidētur; vocāmus

[C] Complete the translation of the rest of the text; some words are used more than once.

Vesperī lūna plēna ab oriente oritur. │ In the [1] __________ a full [2] __________ [3] __________ from the [4] __________.

Haec tōtā nocte in caelō lūcet. │ It [5] __________ in the [6] __________ the whole [7] __________.

Mediā nocte alta in caelō vidētur. │ At [8] __________ it [9] __________ high in the [10] __________.

Māne ab occidente occidit. │ In the [11] __________ it [12] __________ from the [13] __________.

Stēllae quoque ab oriente orīrī videntur. │ [14] __________ are also [15] __________ [16] __________ from the [17] __________.

Hae aut ab occidente cadunt, aut ortū sōlis ēvānēscunt. │ These either [18] __________ from the [19] __________ or [20] __________ at [21] __________.

east; evening; fade away; fall; goes down; is seen; midnight; moon; morning; night; rises; rising; seen; shines; sky; stars; sunrise; west

15.03.25: Level 2; Grammar Review; 3rd declension nouns [6]

ariēs, ari __ is [3/m]: __________

carnifex, carnif __ is [3/m]: __________

homō, hom __ is [3/m]: __________

lepus, lep __ is [3/m]: __________

sermō, sermō __ is [3/m]: __________

sacerdōs, sacerdō __ is [3 m/f]: __________

fax, fa __ is [3/f]: __________

fraus, frau __ is [3/f]: __________

genus, gen __ is [3/n]: __________

ōs, ō __ is [3/n]: __________

-c-; -d-; -er-; -et-; -ic-; -in-; -n-; -or-; -r-; -t-

butcher; conversation; deceit; hare; man; mouth; priest(ess); ram; torch; type

14.03.25: H & B; level 2; reading; the first aeronauts

Daedalus artifex erat per omnem Graeciam nōtus. Templa aedificāvit, deum imāginēs mīrās et pulchrās fingēbat. Tum, quod sorōris fīlium necāverat, ā iūdicibus damnātus est et ad Crētam īnsulam discessit. Diū cum Īcarō fīliō captīvus in īnsulā tenēbātur. Tandem ālās fīnxit. ‘Marī undique,’ inquit, ‘velut carcere impedīmur: nāvēs nōn habēmus: arte tamen via aperiētur. Sī patris cōnsiliō pārēbis, per āera salūtem petēs.’ Tum ālās ad humerōs cērā dēligāvit. Statim Īcarus in āera ascendit: mox, quoniam prope sōlem volābat, cēra liquēscēbat, puer īnfēlīx in mare cecidit et poenās audāciae morte persolvit. Daedalus autem incolumis in Ītaliam volāvit ubi templum aedificāvit ālāsque Apollinī dēdicāvit.

[1] Lines 1 – 2 (Daedalus … fingēbat)

What information is given about Daedalus? (6)

[2] Lines 2 – 4; translate (10)

[i] Tum, quod ¦ [ii] sorōris fīlium ¦ [i] necāverat, ¦ [iii] ā iūdicibus ¦ [iv] damnātus est ¦ et [v] ad Crētam īnsulam ¦ [vi] discessit. [vii] Diū ¦ [viii] cum Īcarō fīliō ¦ [vii] captīvus ¦ [ix] in īnsulā ¦ [vii] tenēbātur. [x] Tandem ālās fīnxit.*

[3] Lines 4 – 5 (Marī … petēs)

[i] With what is the sea compared and why? (3)

[ii] How does Daedalus think they can escape? (1)

[iii] Why must the son follow the father’s advice? (2)

[4] Lines 6 – 8 (Tum … persolvit)

[i] How were the wings attached? (2)

[ii] What did Icarus immediately do? (1)

[iii] What happened to Icarus and why? Discuss not only the physical reasons for this but also the human failing which was the underlying factor. (4)

[5] Lines 8 – end (Daedalus … dēdicāvit)

How did the story end for Daedalus? Give details. (3); Daedalus autem incolumis in Ītaliam volāvit ¦ ubi templum aedificāvit ¦ ālāsque Apollinī dēdicāvit.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarus

____________________

*Then, because he had killed (his) son’s sister, he was condemned by (the) judges and departed to the island of Crete. For a long time he was held captive on the island with (his) son Icarus. Finally he made wings.

13.03.25: Level 1; readings [1] - [5]: review (3)

Those first five short texts focus on the following aspects of Latin grammar:

[1] the first and second conjugations of Latin verbs

[2] the nominative and accusative case of the first and second declension of Latin nouns

The posts here will not deal with these in any detail since they have been discussed many times in earlier posts.

Below are ‘index cards’ that summarise the key points covered.

12.03.25: Level 3; deponent verbs (5)(i); imperfect and future tenses; 1st and 2nd conjugation

[i] The imperfect and future tense of the deponent verbs are formed in exactly the same way as the passive verbs.

[ii] The deponent verbs are passive in form but active in meaning. Therefore, sequebar means ‘I was following’ and sequar ‘I shall follow’; below are examples of deponent verbs in the imperfect and future tenses.

[iii] Look for the signs!

Although it’s been mentioned many times before, it is worth remembering that, when staring directly in the face of Latin declension and, here, conjugations, they can look intimidating. Take them apart to see what they are telling you:

image #1: three pieces of information are given

[1] from the infinitive comes the stem to which other endings are added

[2] a tense marker; here you have the imperfect and the future tenses for the 1^st and 2^nd conjugations

[3] finally, the personal endings

image #2: the personal endings for all deponent / passive verbs in the imperfect and future tenses are the same:

-r

-ris

-tur

-mur

-minī

-ntur

image #3 (i): imperfect: all conjugations; -ba- / -bā- are the tense markers which are added to the stem of the verb in this example:

cōnor, cōnā¦rī, cōnātus sum [1/dep]: try

cōnā- = stem

cōnā¦ba¦r: I was trying

cōnābāris: you (sg.) were trying

cōnābātur: he/she/it was trying

cōnābāmur: we were trying

cōnābāminī: you (pl.) were trying

cōnābantur: they were trying

image# 3 (ii): future; 1^st / 2^nd conjugations; -bo- / -bi- / -bu-; note the difference in the 2^nd person singular*

cōnā¦bo¦r: I shall try

*cōnāberis: you (sg.) will try

cōnābitur: he/she/it will try

cōnābimur: we will try

cōnābiminī: you (pl.) will try

cōnābuntur: they will try

Images #4 and #5 show the exact same forms for the 2^nd conjugation deponent verb: pollicēor, pollicē¦rī, pollicitus sum [2/dep]: promise, the only difference being the stem vowel -ē-:

11.03.25: Level 3; dē diē ac nocte [1]

A text might be labelled as ‘level 3’ not because it is particularly difficult but rather shows specific features of the language working together in this case different verb types. For the moment, just become familiar with the text and review vocabulary. 

Dē diē ac nocte

Lūx diēs vocātur. Obscūritās nox appellātur. Manē aurōra rubēscit. Stēllae ēvānēscunt. Lūcēscit. Diēs fit. Sōl oritur. Illam partem caelī Orientem appellāmus. Diēs ad labōrem datur. Sōl tōtō diē in caelō lūcet. Mediō diē sōl altus in caelō vidētur. Illam partem caelī Merīdiem vocāmus. Medius diēs et merīdiēs dīcitur. Multō diē advesperāscit. Sōl occidit. Illam partem caelī Occidentem dīcimus. Post occāsum sōlis caelum obscūrum fit. Stēllae iterum lūcēscunt. Nox fit. Nox ad quiētem datur. Vesperī lūna plēna ab oriente oritur. Haec tōtā nocte in caelō lūcet. Mediā nocte alta in caelō vidētur. Māne ab occidente occidit. Stēllae quoque ab oriente orīrī videntur. Hae aut ab occidente cadunt, aut ortū sōlis ēvānēscunt.

[1] vocabulary [i]; match the Latin and English expressions:

1. māne
2. mediā nocte
3. mediō diē
4. merīdiēs
5. multō diē
6. ortū sōlis
7. post occāsum sōlis
8. tōtā nocte
9. tōtō diē
10. vesperī

after the sun sets; at mid-day; at midnight; for the whole day; for the whole night; in the evening; in the morning; late in the day; mid-day; when the sun rises

[2] vocabulary [ii]; find from the passage the antonyms (opposites) of the following words*:

1. advesperascit
2. diēs
3. labor
4. lūna
5. lux
6. occāsus 
7. ab occidente
8. oritur
9. vesperī

[3] The questions here are not chronological i.e. the answers in the text are not in the same order as the questions; you have to “look around” the entire text!**

1. What are seen rising from the east? 
2. What colour is the dawn?
3. What happens late in the day?
4. When is the moon seen high in the sky?
5. When do the stars disappear?
6. When does the sky become dark?
7. Where does the moon rise from?
8. Where is the sun seen at midday?

__________

* 

advesperascit │ lūcēscit; diēs │ nox; labor │ quiēs; lūna │ sōl; lux│ obscūritās; occāsus │ ortus; ab occidente  │ ab oriente; oritur │ occidit; vesperī │ māne

**

Stēllae quoque ab oriente orīrī videntur.

Māne aurōra rubēscit. [< ruber, -ra, rum]

Multō diē advesperāscit.

Lūna … Mediā nocte alta in caelō vidētur.

Stēllae … ortū sōlis ēvānēscunt. [or: Māne … Stēllae ēvānēscunt.]

Post occāsum sōlis caelum obscūrum fit.

Vesperī lūna plēna ab oriente oritur.

Mediō diē sōl altus in caelō vidētur.

10.03.25: Level 2; Grammar Review; 3rd declension nouns [5]

pulvis, pulv __ is [3/m]: __________

pectus, pect __ is [3/n]: __________

crux, cru __ is [3/f]: __________

aestās, aestā __ is [3/f]: __________

comes, com __ is [3 m/f]: __________

lapis, lapi __ is [3/m]: __________

iūdex, iūd __ is [3/m]: __________

virgō, virg __ is [3/]: __________

mūs, mū __ is [3 m/f]: __________

speculātor, speculāt __ ris [3/m]: __________

-c-; -d-; -er-; -ic-; -in-; -it-; -ō-; -or-; -r-; -t-

breast; companion; cross; dust; judge; mouse; spy; stone; summer; young woman

09.03.25: H & B; level 2; reading; the fate of M. Manlius

M. Mānlius, quod Capitōlium ē perīculō servāverat, Capitōlīnus ā cīvibus vocātus est. Posteā pauperum causam contrā patriciōs dēfendit. Statim patriciī Mānlium, sīcut anteā Sp. Cassium et Sp. Maelium, accūsāvērunt. “Rēgnum,’ clāmābant, ‘appetit.’ Itaque Cornēliī Cossī iussū vīnctus est et in carcerem ductus. Tum plēbēiī sordidātī in viās pūblicās veniēbant, prope arma prō vindice sūmēbant: patriciī propter timōrem līberāvērunt. Statim Mānliī audācia augēbātur: apertē iam plēbēiōs ad vim et arma vocāvit. Tum etiam ā tribūnīs plēbis accūsātus est. Frūstrā Mānlius pectus nūdāvit, vulnera ostendit, ā dīs immortālibus auxilium petīvit : hominis īnfēlīcis verba sine misericordiā audiēbantur. Ā iūdicibus damnātus est et mortī inhonestae trāditus. Nam dē saxō Tarpēiō, ubi Capitōlium servāverat, ā tribūnīs plēbis dēmissus est. Nēmō posteā ē Mānliā gente Mārcus vocātus est. 

[A]

[1] Lines 1  - 3 (M. Mānlius … appetit); explain why the following three statements are false:

[i] Manlius’ real name was Capitolinus. (3)

[ii] He supported the Patricians. (2)

[iii] He was the first to be accused of wanting to be a king. (2)

[2] Lines 4 – 6; translate (10)

Itaque Cornēliī Cossī iussū vīnctus est et in carcerem ductus. Tum plēbēiī sordidātī in viās pūblicās veniēbant, prope arma prō vindice sūmēbant: patriciī propter timōrem līberāvērunt.

[i] Itaque ¦ [ii] Cornēliī Cossī iussū ¦ vīnctus est ¦ [iii] et in carcerem ductus. ¦ [iv] Tum plēbēiī sordidātī ¦ [v] in viās pūblicās ¦ [vi] veniēbant, ¦  [vii] prope arma ¦ [viii] prō vindice ¦ sūmēbant: ¦ [ix] patriciī ¦ [x] propter timōrem ¦ līberāvērunt.

[3] Lines 6 - 9 (Statim …audiēbantur)

Statim Mānliī audācia augēbātur: apertē iam plēbēiōs ad vim et arma vocāvit. Tum etiam ā tribūnīs plēbis accūsātus est. Frūstrā Mānlius pectus nūdāvit, vulnera ostendit, ā dīs immortālibus auxilium petīvit : hominis īnfēlīcis verba sine misericordiā audiēbantur.

How does this extract illustrate that Manlius “went too far” in his actions against the patricians? Give your own views with reference to the Latin text (10)

[4] Lines 9 to end (Ā iūdicibus … vocātus est)

In what way was Manlius’ demise ironic and humiliating?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpeian_Rock

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus

[B] Match the English with the Latin in the wordcloud

• afterwards
• against
• almost
• also; even
• because
• for; because
• for; on behalf of
• immediately
• in vain
• just like
• nobody
• now; already
• on account of
• on the command (of)
• openly
• previously
• then
• therefore

Marcus Manlius executed by being tossed from the Tarpiean Rock;  Beccafumi, Siena (1532-35)

08.03.25: Level 1; readings [1] - [5]: review (2)

Latin is crammed with “little words”, very often adverbs that state, for example, where, when or how often an action takes places, or words that connect sentences or ask questions. These words appear so frequently that it’s important to recognise them. One way is to try to group them based on related ideas e.g. time. Match the English with the Latin words and phrases in the wordclouds.

Wordcloud #1

• what
• when (not used as a question)
• where
• who
• why
• because
• for i.e. because

__________ 

• for a long time
• no longer
• not yet
• now
• suddenly
• today
• then

Wordcloud #2

• of course
• perhaps
• however
• but
• therefore

__________

• and
• also; even
• not
• and not
• not only … │ … but also …
• neither … │… nor…

__________

• very much
• especially
• so many

07.03.25: Level 2; Grammar Review; 3rd declension nouns [4]

artifex, artif __ is [3/m]: __________

custōs, custō __ is [3/m]: __________

eques, equ __ is [3/m]: __________

imber, imb __ is [3/m]: __________

lūx, lū __ is [3/f]: __________

nix, ni __ is [3/f]: __________

vēritās, vēritā __ is [3/f]: __________

carmen, carm __ is [3/n]: __________

lītus, līt __ is [3/n]: __________

mūnus, mun __ is [3/n]: __________

-c-; -d-; -er-; -ic-; -in-; -it-; -or-; -r-; -t-; -v-

craftsman; gift; guard; horseman; light; rain; shore; snow; song; truth

06.03.25: Level 3; deponent verbs (4)

Find the Latin in the word cloud:

(the sun) rises

he / she sets out

he / she threatens

I am angry

I linger

I wander

they promise

they return

they use

we follow

we lie

we return

you (pl.) encourage

you (pl.) fear

you (pl.) try

you (sg.) admire

you (sg.) go out

you (sg.) speak

cōnāminī; ēgrederis; hortāminī; īrāscor; loqueris; mentīmur; minātur; mīrāris; moror; oritur; pollicentur; proficīscitur; regredimur; revertuntur; sequimur; ūtuntur; vagor; verēminī

06.03.25: Level 3; reading; the four seasons [4]; winter

Dē hieme

Hieme sōl humilis ab austrō vidētur. Merīdiē vix calēscit. Brevissimī diēs, noctēs longissimae sunt. Nam ad occāsum properat sōl hībernus; nox hīberna morātur ac tardātur. In diēs frīgēscit. Terra frīgore et pruīnā rigēscit. Tempestās perfrīgida fit.

Prīmā hieme nix in altīs montibus esse incipit. Cōpia nivis in diēs crēscit. Omnia loca superiōra paulātim nive albēscunt. Flūmina et lacūs rigent gelū. Post paulō īnferiōra quoque loca nive alba sunt. Caelum iam serēnum iam nūbibus obscūrum est.

Tum dēmum summa* hiems in terram ruit. Ventī per terrās turbine flant. Omnia furōre tempestātis miscentur. Nox ātra terrae impendet. Hiems omnia nive cingit. Multōs diēs tempestās furit. Posteā fragor ventōrum cadit. Boreās nūbēs fugat atque caelum serēnat. Omnia silent. Tum sōl, lūna et lūcida sīdera omnēs agrōs silvāsque nive candidās dēspiciunt.

Vocabulary                                                                     

humilis, -e: low

vidētur: (it) is seen

occāsus, -ūs [4/m]: (here) West

morātur: lingers

tardātur: is delayed

incipiō, -ere; incēpī [3-iō]: begin

superior [m/f], -ius [n]: higher

rigeō, -ere; - [2]: become solid; stiffen

īnferior [m/f], -ius [n]: lower

summa* hiems: the depth of winter

ruō, -ere; ruī [2]: rush; tumble; fall

turbō, -īnis [3/m]: whirlwind; tornado

furor, -ōris [3/m]: rage; madness; fury

miscentur: (they) are mixed

āter, ātra, -um: black; dark

impendeō, -ere; - [2] + dat: hang over

cingō, -ere; cīnxī [3]: surround

furō, -ere; furuī [3]: rage; rave

fragor, -ōris [3/m]: noise; din

boreās, -ae [1/m]: North wind

dēspiciō, -ere; dēspexī [3]: look down on

*summus, -a, -um: [i] highest; greatest [ii] top - although summus is an adjective, it is often translated into English as a noun ‘the top of’ i.e. conveying the highest point either physically or with abstract concepts:

Cōnsul ipse vir summae dignitātis fuit. │ The consul himself was a man of the greatest worth.

summī et infimī │ the highest and the lowest (people)

Summā celeritāte ad silvam contendit. │He made for the forest with the utmost speed.

Avēs in summīs arboribus erant. │ The birds were in the treetops.

Poēta versōs summā vōce recitābat. │The poet was reciting the verses at the top of voice.

Novum templum in summō monte aedificaverunt. │ They’ve built a new temple on the top of the mountain.

Summā aestāte sōl maximē ārdet. │The sun burns the most at the height of summer.

Erat hiems summa, tempestās perfrīgida, imber maximus. (Cicero) │ It was the depth of winter, the weather was very cold, and the rain was very heavy.

[A]

1. How is the sun described in the first sentence?
2. What is the weather like at noon?
3. In what direction is the sun hurrying?
4. What happens to the ground?
5. “Tempestās perfrīgida fit.” [i] Does tempestās refer to a storm? [ii] What is the function of the prefix per- in “perfrīgida”?
6. When and where does the snow first begin to appear?
7. How do the higher places change?
8. What happens to the rivers and lakes?         
9. Describe the sky.
10. How does the writer convey the force of the winds?
11. Why does the night seem threatening?
12. “Multōs diēs tempestās furit. Posteā fragor ventōrum cadit. Boreās nūbēs fugat atque caelum serēnat. Omnia silent.” Explain in your own words how the weather changes.
13. How are the fields and forests described?

[B] Find the Latin for:

• a little while after
• afterwards
• at one time … at another …
• day by day
• finally
• for; because
• scarcely; hardly
• then

05.03.25: Review of 4th declension nouns [3]; links to previous posts on the 4th declension

13.04.24: P.T. Barnum’s greatest show on earth

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423701170241157/

13.04.24: the greatest 4th declension noun on earth!

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423860346891906/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-greatest-4th-declension-noun-on.html

13.04.24: the greatest abbreviation in Rome

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423701870241087/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-greatest-abbreviation-in-rome.html

13.04.24: 4th declension; vocabulary [1] - “exploring” vocabulary

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423862540225020/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-4th-declension-vocabulary-1.html

13.04.24: 4th declension; vocabulary [2]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423865213558086/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-4th-declension-vocabulary-2.html

13.04.24: 4th declension; vocabulary [3]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423870953557512/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-4th-declension-vocabulary-3.html

13.04.24: 4th declension nouns; vocabulary [4]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423871433557464/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-4th-declension-nouns-vocabulary-4.html

13.04.24: 4th declension nouns; vocabulary [5] military

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423873760223898/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-4th-declension-nouns-vocabulary.html

13.04.24: 4th declension nouns; vocabulary [6]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423874973557110/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-4th-declension-nouns-vocabulary-6.html

13.04.24: 4th declension nouns; derivatives and borrowings

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423882426889698/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-4th-declension-nouns-derivatives.html

13.04.24: domus

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/423891043555503/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-domus.html

13.04.24: practice for the 4th declension [1]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/424215126856428/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-practice-for-4th-declension-1.html

13.04.24: practice for the 4th declension [2]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/424216323522975/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-practice-for-4th-declension-2.html

13.04.24: Schoolbook sentences [2]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/424218646856076/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-schoolbook-sentences-2.html

13.04.24: Examples of 4th declension nouns in context

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/424219933522614/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/130424-examples-of-4th-declension-nouns.html

14.04.24: reading the 4th declension

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/424498983494709/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/140424-reading-4th-declension.html

05.03.25: review of 4th declension nouns [2]

Label the images

adventus, -ūs [4/m]

exercitus, -ūs [4/m]

impetus, -ūs [4/m]

lacus, -ūs [4/m]

magistrātus, -ūs [4/m]

reditus, -ūs [4/m]

manus, -ūs [4/f]

cornu, -ūs [4/n]

genu, -ūs [4/n] 

05.03.25: Review of 4th declension nouns [1]

Identify the seven 4^th declension nouns; they have all appeared in the recent texts. If you’re not sure, the only way you can identify them is by the genitive singular in -ūs which will be listed in vocabularies and dictionaries.

adventus

exercitus

hortus

impetus

iūs

lacus

locus

magistrātus

manus

mūs

pectus

pondus

reditus

vellus

05.03.25: H & B; level 2; reading; the quest of the Golden Fleece

Ōlim cum Argonautīs, virīs multīs et intrepidīs, Iāsōn, quod ā patruō missus erat, ē Graeciā in Asiam nāvigāvit aureum vellus ab Aeētā* rēge petēbat. ‘Vellus dabō,’ respondit rēx, ‘sī sōlus taurōs arātrō iūnxeris, dentēs dracōnis in agrō sēveris.’ Mēdēa autem, rēgis fīlia, Iāsonis amōre superāta est: ubi patris verba audīvit magnō timōre movēbātur. Tamen cōnsilium Iāsonī dēdit. ‘Taurī,’ inquit, ‘ingentia cornua, aēneōs pedēs habent ; ex ōre flammās spīrant: ubi dentēs dracōnis sēveris, virī armātī ē terrā surgent tēlīsque oppugnābunt: dēnique aureum vellus dracō cūstōdit. Mēdēae tamen magicīs artibus omnia perīcula superābis.’ Sīc Jāsōn rēgis iussīs pāruit: aureum vellus ad nāvem portāvit, cum Mēdēā et Argonautīs discessit. Magna erat rēgis īra: nāvem parat, comitēs ad arma vocat. Mēdēa tamen parvum frātrem in nāvem dūxerat: ubi ōram relīquērunt, frātrem necāvit, corpus in multās partēs dīvīsit, membra in mare iactāvit. Rēx diū puerī īnfēlīcis membra colligēbat: itaque Iāsōn et Mēdēa incolumēs ad Graeciam nāvigāvērunt.

*Aeētēs or Aeta: King of Colchis

[A]

[1] Lines 1 – 2; translate (10)

Ōlim cum Argonautīs, virīs multīs et intrepidīs, Iāsōn, quod ā patruō missus erat, ē Graeciā in Asiam nāvigāvit aureum vellus ab Aeētā rēge petēbat.

[2] Lines 2 – 3 (Vellus … sevēris)

Under what conditions would the king give Jason the fleece? (5)

[3] Lines 3 – 5 (Mēdēa … dedit)

[i] Who was Medea? (1)

[ii] How did she feel about Jason? (2)

[iii] How did she react to what her father had said? (2)

[iv] How did she help Jason? (1)

[4] Lines 5 – 8 (Taurī … superābis)

[i] How are the bulls described? (3)

[ii] What will happen when the seeds are sown? (4)

[iii] What is the last obstacle? (2)

[iv] How does Medea think they will overcome these dangers? (2)

[5] Lines 8 – 9 (Sīc … discessit)

How do we know that Jason was successful? (3)

[6] Lines 9 – 10 (Magna … vocat)

How did the king react? (4)

[7] Lines 10 – end (Mēdēa … nāvigāvērunt)

How are Jason and Medea able to escape to Greece? Give details. (7)*

[i] Mēdēa tamen parvum frātrem in nāvem dūxerat: ¦ [ii] ubi ōram relīquērunt, ¦ [iii] frātrem necāvit, ¦ [iv] / [v] corpus ¦ in multās partēs ¦ dīvīsit, ¦ [vi] membra in mare iactāvit. ¦ [vii] Rēx diū puerī īnfēlīcis membra colligēbat: (itaque Iāsōn et Mēdēa incolumēs ad Graeciam nāvigāvērunt.)

[B] Look at these two extracts from the text:

[i] ‘Vellus dabō, … ¦ sī sōlus taurōs arātrō iūnxeris, dentēs dracōnis in agrō sēveris.’

[ii] ‘Ubi dentēs dracōnis sēveris, ¦ virī armātī ē terrā surgent.

[a] What tenses are being used?

dabō; surgent: __________

iūnxeris; sēveris: __________

[b] Compare and contrast the verbs in the Latin text with the English translations of the entire sentences.

[c] What type of clauses (in italics) are [i] and [ii]?**

Image #1: Representation of Jason, recovering the Golden Fleece after triumphing over the sleeping dragon. From “Mythology of Youth” by Pierre Blanchard 1803.

Image #2: Jason killing the fire-breathing bulls

Image #3: Depiction of King Aeetes (1487)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes

Image #4: Depiction of Medea (1866)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medea

Image #5: “Mēdēa tamen parvum frātrem in nāvem dūxerat: ubi ōram relīquērunt, frātrem necāvit, corpus in multās partēs dīvīsit, membra in mare iactāvit”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absyrtus

Film excerpts from Jason and the Argonauts (1963)

“ubi dentēs dracōnis sēverīs, virī armātī ē terrā surgent tēlīsque oppugnābunt”

“aureum vellus dracō cūstōdit”

____________________

*[7]

[i] M. led her little brother onto the ship

[ii] They left the shore and ¦ [iii] M. killed her brother

[iv] She cut up his body ¦ [v] into many pieces and ¦ [vi] threw the pieces into the sea

[vii] king spent a long time collecting the body parts

**[B]

[a] dabō; surgent: future tense; iūnxeris; sēveris: future perfect

[b] Latin uses a future perfect tense to emphasise an action that will have been completed where English would use either a present or, more emphatically, perfect tense:

Vellus dabō [future = English], … ¦ sī sōlus taurōs arātrō iūnxeris [future perfect ≠ Engl.], dentēs dracōnis in agrō sēveris. [future perfect ≠ Engl.]’

Literally: I shall give you the fleece ¦ if alone you will have joined the bulls to the plough (and) will have sown dragon’s teeth in the field.

> Engl: I shall give (you) the fleece … ¦ if you alone have joined the bulls to the plough (and) have sown the dragon’s teeth in the field.

Similarly:

Ubi dentēs dracōnis sēveris [future perfect ≠ Engl.], ¦ virī armātī ē terrā surgent [future = English]

Literally: When you will have sown the dragon’s teeth, ¦ armed men will rise from the ground.

> Eng: When you have sown the dragon’s teeth, ¦ armed men will rise from the ground.

[c] [i] conditional clause; [ii] clause of time (temporal clause)

04.03.25: Level 1; readings [1] - [5]: review (1)

Hīc est Mārcus, ibi est Titus. Titus in Colossēō sedet et gaudet, nam Aemilia iam adest. Mārcus dolet, nam Cornēlia cessat.  Iam Aemilia rogat: "Ubi est Cornēlia?" Subitō Mārcus vocat: "Ibi Cornēlia est, ibi stat!" Rīdet et gaudet.

Nunc Mārcus et Cornēlia, Aemilia et Titus sedent et gaudent, nam Lūcius et Gāius appropinquant; rīdent et salūtant. Cornēlia nārrat: “Hodiē etiam Tullia et Claudia adsunt. Ecce! Ibi sedent.” Gāius rogat: “Cūr Quīntus nōn adest?” Tum Mārcus: “Quīntus aegrōtat, sed ibi sunt Titus et Aemilia! Lūdus nōn sōlum mē dēlectat, sed etiam…” Subitō Aemilia vocat: “Ecce elephantus, ecce sīmia!” Claudia et Cornēlia et Aemilia gaudent et rīdent.

Mārcus nōn rīdet, sed murmurat: “Elephantus! Sīmia! Ubi sunt Syrus et Barbātus? Cūr tuba nōn sonat?” Tum amīca: “Fortasse adversāriī hodiē nōn pugnant.” Etiam populus murmurat, quod Syrus et Barbātus nōndum adsunt; subitō autem tubae sonant, populus tacet, adversāriī intrant, stant, salūtant. Nunc populus gaudet et clāmat, et Mārcus vocat: “Mē neque elephantī neque sīmiae, sed lūdī et gladiī et tubae dēlectant.” Amīcī et amīcae rīdent.

Iam Barbātus Syrum temptat. Gladiī crepant, populus adversāriōs incitat, nam pugnae turbam valdē dēlectant. Etiam Mārcus gaudet et clāmat, nam lūdōs et pugnās libenter spectat; Cornēliam autem lūdī nōn dēlectant: itaque sedet et tacet. Mārcus amīcam rogat: “Cūr pugna tē nōn dēlectat?” Cornēlia nōn respondet. Subitō Syrus adversārium temptat, vulnerat. Turba clāmat, sed Cornēlia lacrimās nōn iam tenet. Neque Mārcum nunc lūdus dēlectat.

Mārcus forum amat; nam ibi tot aedificia, templa, monumenta sunt. Monumenta et templa et aedificia Mārcus libenter spectat; imprīmīs autem rōstra Mārcum invītant. Ibi diū stat et auscultat. Et Cornēliam forum dēlectat, nam ibi tot tabernae sunt. Cornēliam tabernae invītant. Gaudet, cum aurum et argentum videt. Mārcus autem cōgitat: “Cūr Cornēlia gaudet et rīdet, cum aurum et argentum spectat? Certē aurum et argentum Cornēliam dēlectant, certē dōna exspectat!”

[1] Match the questions with the answers:

1. Quis adversārium vulnerat?
2. Quis aegrōtat?
3. Quis in Colossēō sedet?
4. Quis nōn respondet?
5. Quis rogat: “Cūr Quīntus nōn adest?”
6. Quis rogat: “Ubi est Cornēlia?”
7. Quis vocat: “Ibi Cornēlia est!”
8. Quis Syrum tempat?

Aemilia; Barbātus; Cornēlia; Gāius; Mārcus; Quīntus; Syrus; Titus

[2] Match the questions with the answers:

1. Quid Cornēlia exspectat?
2. Quid Cornēliam dēlectat?
3. Quid Mārcus libenter spectat?
4. Quid nōn sonat?

dōna; forum; lūdōs et pugnās; tuba

[3] Match the questions with the answers:

1. Cūr Cornēlia gaudet?
2. Cūr Cornēlia sedet et tacet?
3. Cūr Mārcus forum amat?
4. Cūr populus adversāriōs incitat?
5. Cūr forum Cornēliam dēlectat?
6. Ubi sedet Titus?
7. Ubi sunt aedificia et monumenta?
8. Quae animālia sunt in Colosseō?

ibi tot monumenta sunt; in Colosseō; aurum spectat; lūdī Cornēliam nōn dēlectant; elephantus et sīmia; pugnae populum dēlectant; in forō; ibi tot tabernae sunt

[4] Complete the Latin sentences with the verbs listed below.

1. All the spectators are waiting for the opponents. │ Omnēs spectātōrēs adversāriōs __________.
2. Cornelia doesn’t hold back (her) tears. │ Cornēlia lacrimās nōn __________.
3. Cornelia is a Roman girl. │ Cornēlia puella Rōmāna __________.
4. Cornelia is quiet. │ Cornēlia __________.
5. He likes looking at the momuments. │ Monumenta libenter __________.
6. He stands in the forum for a long time. │ In forō diū __________.
7. Marcus is happy because he sees an elephant. │ Mārcus __________ quod elephantum  __________.
8. Marcus is sitting in the Colosseum. │ Mārcus in Colosseō __________.
9. Marcus is waiting for Cornelia. │ Mārcus Cornēliam __________.
10. Quintus isn’t there / present because he’s ill. │ Quīntus nōn __________ quod __________.
11. The friends are sitting in the Colosseum. │ Amīcī in Colosseō __________.
12. The gladiators enter, stand in the Colosseum and greet the people. │ Gladiātōrēs __________, __________, populum __________.
13. The opponents are holding swords. │ Adversāriī gladiōs __________.
14. The opponents are not yet there. │ Adversāriī nōndum __________.
15. The spectators are quiet when the trumpets sound. │ Spectātōrēs __________ cum tubae __________.
16. There are many buildings in the forum. │ In forō __________ multa aedificia.
17. They look at the buildings. │ Aedificia __________.

adest; adsunt; aegrōtat; est; exspectant; exspectat; gaudet; intrant; salūtant; sedent; sedet; sonant; spectant; spectat; stant; stat; sunt; tacent; tacet; tenent; tenet; videt