02.06.26: Vincent and the Passport Cover [3]

Referring to: 

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2026/06/020626-vincent-and-passport-cover-1.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/986724907272111

Vincent uses the expression syngraphus viātōrius to describe a passport. This is listed at the Neo-Latin Lexicon:

https://neolatinlexicon.org/latin/passport/

syngraphus, -ī [2/m]: [i] written contract; [ii] passport

syngraphus viātōrius

viātōrius, -a, -um: of / belonging to a journey

It is specifically referred to in the play The Captives / Captīvī by Plautus. Although not a passport in the way we imagine it, it clearly refers to a written document allowing the person to travel:

HEGIO

Sequere mē, viāticum ut dem ā trapēzītā tibi, eadem opera ā praetōre sūmam syngraphum.

• Follow me so that I can give you your travelling expenses from the banker;  I’ll get a passport from the praetor at the same time.

TYNDARUS

Quem syngraphum?

• What passport?

HEGIO

Quem hic ferat sēcum ad legiōnem, hinc īre huic ut liceat domum.

• One which he may carry with him to the legion, so that he may be permitted to leave here and go home.

02.06.26: Vincent and the Passport Cover [2]

Referring to: 

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2026/06/020626-vincent-and-passport-cover-1.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/986724907272111

[i] Vincent uses two of three key words:

hic (masculine); haec (feminine); hoc (neuter): this

• haec pictūra |  this picture
• hoc dōnum | this gift
• Quid est hoc? | What is this?

+ Note that these words will change depending on what function they are performing in the sentence:

sī hanc taeniolam … spectās | if you are watching this video

[ii] Est tegumentum syngraphī viātōriī. | It’s a passport cover.

Latin needs no word to express ‘it’ – although they do exist. ‘Est’ = (s)he / it is, or, depending on context, ‘this is …’

[iii] Two very useful phrases for the beginning stage:

X mihi placet | X is pleasing to me = I like X

• Hoc dōnum mihi placet | This gift is pleasing to me = I like this gift
• Hoc dōnum mihi valdē placet | This gift is very much pleasing to me = I really like this gift

X mē dēlectat | X delights me = I really like X

• Haec pictūra mē dēlectat: | I really like this picture [literally: This picture delights me]

[iv] Latin, like other languages, has a wide range of prepositions, words such as ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘with’ etc. It is useful to become familiar with those as you go along.

+ Nouns change depending on the preposition that is used. However, begin with recognition of meaning rather than going into too much depth.

• hoc dōnum ab amīcō quōdam accēpī | I have just received this gift from a friend …
• dē … urbe Saigōniā | about / concerning the city of Saigon
• in scūtō | on the shield [in Latin in can mean ‘in’ or ‘on’]
• per mare | across the sea

[v] -ter is a marker for adverbs:

• celeriter crēvit Saigōnia | Saigon has grown quickly

+ But not all adverbs are formed in that way; some are words in their own right:

• modo: just
• bene: well
• paulātim: gradually
• nōnne?:  surely?

nōnne is used if you expect a positive reply

Saigōnia … maxima urbs Vietnamiae facta est, nōnne? | Saigon has become the biggest city in Vietnam, hasn’t it?

[vi] Handy set phrase:

grātiās tibi agō | (I) thank you

[vii] grātiās tibi agō, amīce, … | thank you, (my) friend

amīcus: friend (male)

The ending of nouns in -us changes to -e when you are addressing the person directly; in grammar this is known as the vocative case.

[viii]

sī hanc taeniolam nunc spectās! | If you are now watching this video!

In scūtō vidēmus nāvem | On the shield we see a ship

These are both present tense verbs:

spectō, -āre (watch) is a first conjugation verb

videō, -ēre (see) is a second conjugation verb

Verbs take considerable time to study, and there are many posts in the group on verbs; the link below gives you the main ones:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/469185822359358/

02.06.26: Vincent and the Passport Cover [1]

To reinforce the language (rather than it staying in a dusty old book) Vincent shows you that Latin can [i] be spoken and [ii] refer to everything that applies to your own life, even ‘off-beat’ topics such as passport covers!

However, if you are starting out in Latin, you need to have some perspective. Vincent’s Latin is fluent and, within one short presentation, he will use a range of expressions, some of which are at a basic level whereas others climb higher. As always, take note of the ‘Levels’ that title most posts in the group.

It could not have come at a more opportune moment since I am about to publish a series of connected posts entitled ‘step-by-step’; they will start here on June 20^th. Those posts will show that learning a language, any language, is not based upon being overwhelmed – and intimidated – by a range of concepts at one time. You don’t build a house by starting with the roof tiles – you start with the foundations and work up – slowly – adding ‘bricks’ of knowledge as you go along.

In Vincent’s video I will highlight basic concepts that are useful for beginners.

Modo hoc dōnum ab amīcō quōdam accēpī … | I have just received this gift from a (certain) friend …

… et mihi valdē placet. | … and I like it very much [literally: it is very much pleasing to me]

Itaque vōbīs ostendere velim. | Therefore, I would like to show it to you (all).

Quid est hoc? | What is this?

Est tegumentum syngraphī viātōriī. | It is a passport cover.

Haec pictūra mē dēlectat: | I really like this picture [literally: This picture delights me]:

Lepida enim est versiō iōcōsa … | For it is an amusing version …

veteris īnsignis Saigōniēnsis. | … of the old emblem of Saigon.

In scūtō vidēmus nāvem secundīs ventīs per mare nāvigantem. | On the shield we see a ship sailing across the sea with favourable winds.

Utrimque tigrēs adsunt | On either side there are tigers.

et lemma est Paulātim crescam. | And the motto is “I shall grow gradually.”

Agitur dē ipsā urbe Saigōniā. | It’s about the city of Saigon itself.

Paulātim? | Gradually?

Immō celeriter crēvit Saigōnia … | On the contrary, Saigon has grown rapidly …

… et maxima urbs Vietnamiae facta est, nōnne? | … and has become the largest city in Vietnam, hasn’t it?

Bene, grātiās tibi agō, amīce, … | Well, thank you, (my) friend, …

… sī hanc taeniolam nunc spectās! | … if you are watching this video now!

Those highlighted points are discussed in the next post.

12.12.26: Level 4; literature; Vulgate [4]: Jesus sentenced to death [ii] Luke 23.20-25

Luke 23.20-25

(20) Iterum autem Pīlātus locūtus est ad eōs, volēns dīmittere Iēsum.

• And again Pilate, wanting to release Jesus, spoke to them.

(21) At illī succlāmābant, dīcentēs: Crucifīge, crucifīge eum.

• But they kept on shouting, saying “Crucify him, crucify him.”

(22) Ille autem tertiō dīxit ad illōs: Quid enim malī fēcit iste? nūllam causam mortis inveniō in eō: corripiam ergō illum et dīmittam.

• And he said to them for a third time: “What evil has this man done? I find in him no grounds for death [i.e. a death sentence]: therefore, I shall chastise and release him.

(23) At illī īnstābant vōcibus magnīs postulantēs ¦ ut crucifīgerētur: et invalēscēbant vōcēs eōrum.

• But, in loud voices, they continued to insist, demanding ¦ that he be crucified: and their voices grew stronger and stronger.

(24) Et Pīlātus adiūdicāvit fieri petītiōnem eōrum.

• And Pilate ruled [i.e. gave a legal ruling] that their demand be carried out.

(25) Dīmīsit autem illīs eum quī propter homicīdium et sēditiōnem missus fuerat in carcerem, quem petēbant: Iēsum vērō trādidit voluntātī eōrum.

• He released the man who had been thrown into prison for insurrection and murder, whom they asked for, but he handed over Jesus to their will.

Notes:

[i] locūtus est < loquor, loquī, locūtus sum: speak; deponent verb:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/deponent%20verbs

[ii] indirect command + subjunctive

postulantēs ut crucifīgerētur

• demanding that he (should) be crucified

[iii] accusative-infinitive construction

Et Pīlātus adiūdicāvit fieri [infinitive] petītiōnem [accusative] eōrum.

Literally: Pilate adjudged their request ¦ to be done

>  Pilate ruled that their demand be carried out.

[iv] Pilate’s repeated attempts to quell the crowd: iterum; tertiō

[v] While the ‘baseline’ translation of the imperfect tense is “was / were doing something”, it also has iterative force implying that the same action happened repeatedly:

• illī succlāmābant: they kept on shouting
• illī īnstābant: they continued to insist

[vi] Again, the inchoative form of the verb suggests an escalation of the action:

• invalēscēbant vōcēs eōrum: their voices were growing stronger and stronger / were becoming louder and louder

[vii] This crowd is not making deferential requests – but uncompromising demands:

• Crucifīge, crucifīge eum!
• postulantēs ut crucifīgerētur

Does this suggest – and it is purely a personal interpretation – that Pilate, despite his political position, is ultimately weak? Roman governors existed to impose Roman authority, not negotiate with mobs. I cannot imagine that Caesar would have been subjected to such insolent and vociferous demands – and I do imagine that he would have dealt with it in a very different way.

[viii] Verse 25: Iēsum vērō trādidit voluntātī eōrum

i.e. the will of the crowd – rather than the legal will of Rome – prevailed

The informal phrase: “Caught between a rock and a hard place” depicts Pilate’s position, and the Vulgate well expresses it. On the one hand, Pilate should uphold Roman Law, for it is stated repeatedly that he sees no crime – and certainly not one that would warrant the most ignominious, prolonged and excruciating capital punishment of crucifixion. However, the collective, unremitting power of the crowd and religious officials overwhelms him; Judaea was not an easy province to control, and one does wonder whether – back in Rome – the last thing they wanted was more trouble for which Pilate would be held responsible. Later – in correspondence with the Emperor Trajan – we will look at the same challenges faced by Pliny the Younger as governor of Bithynia. In the end, Pilate does not act from a moral and legal standpoint, but out of political expediency and self-protection.

At illī succlāmābant, dīcentēs: Crucifīge, crucifīge eum.

11.12.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXIII [2] comprehension (2)

THE STORMING OF A CITY [2]

Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec. Prīmum turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint; vīneae fīunt quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant. Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde agger ab eā parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vīneīs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; arietibus quī sub vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistīs, catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum coniciuntur. Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt, signō datō mīlitēs inruunt et oppidum expugnant.

[1] In which order are the following first referred to?

battering rams _____

bolt-throwing machine _____

mantlets [note: vertical and portable screens to protect soldiers’ forward movement] _____

rampart _____

screens to protect soldiers from missiles overhead _____

siege engines _____

siege towers _____

stones _____

[2] What is the function of the siege towers? (1)

[3] What can the soldiers approach using the mantlets? (1)

[4] What do the soldiers do while protected by the overhead screens? (1)

[5] Where is the rampart built? (1)

[6] How are the battering rams protected? (1)

[7] Give the names of two specific devices for hurling projectiles. (2)

[8] At what point is the signal for attack given? (2)

____________________

[1]

battering rams [5]; arietēs

bolt-throwing machine [7]; ballistīs

mantlets [2]; vīneae

rampart [6]; agger

screens to protect soldiers from missiles overhead [3]; pluteī

siege engines [4]; tormenta

siege towers [1]; turrēs

stones [8]; lapidēs

[2] to enable soldiers to reach the top of the walls

[3] the wall

[4] operate siege engines

[5] on the side where the approach is easiest

[6] placed under the mantlets

[7] ballistae (bolt-throwers) (1); catapults (1)

[8] after towers and rampart match wall height (1) and the walls have been broken through (1)

11.12.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXIII [1] comprehension (1)

THE STORMING OF A CITY [1]

Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sē contulit. Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs eius regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs bellum īnferre. Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nātūrā et arte mūnītum erat. Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs altō. Ā lateribus duōbus situm, praeruptō fastīgiō ad plānitiem vergēbat; ā quārtō tantum latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar. Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.

• fastīgium, -ī [2/n]: slope
• vergō, -ere [3]: turn; lie

[1] “Pūblius plūrīs diēs …. erat facilis.”

[i] When did Publius return to Caesar’s camp? (1)

[ii] Why did Caesar decide to make war on the Gauls? (2)

[iii] What damage was done before reaching the town?

[iv] Describe the town’s defences. (8)

[2] “Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar.”

What does this statement reveal about Caesar’s character? (2)

[3] “Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.”

What task was Publius given? (1)

____________________

[1]

[i] after staying several days in Germania

[ii] the Gauls refused to give hostages (1) and were unwilling to supply grain to his army (1)

[iii] fields devastated (laid waste) (1); villages burned (1)

[iv]

very strongly fortified (1)

by both nature (1) and construction (1) [ = by its natural / geographical location; by the way in which it was built]

25-foot-high wall (1)

steep slopes (1) on two sides (1)

only one easy approach (1) on the fourth side (1)

[v] very determined (1); despite the difficulty, he decides to attack (1)

[vi] prepare everything necessary for the attack

10.12.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [35] (3)

Fuistisne umquam Rōmae? Scītisne multās rēs dē rē pūblicā Rōmānā? Pauca dē hīs omnibus Maria in scholā discit. Nunc in grāmine iacet. Umbra arboris est grāta quod est aestās. Ex librō haec legit:

Prīmō rēgēs Rōmam regēbant. Posteā Rōma duōs cōnsulēs habēbat. Eī rem pūblicam regēbant. Cōnsul erat prīmus magistrātus Rōmae et multa officia habēbat. Cōnsulēs haec officia numquam neglegēbant nisi perfidī erant. Multī cōnsulēs erant virī magnae virtūtis. Bella cum hostibus terrā marīque gerēbant. Aliī pācem petēbant. Hīs temporibus Rōmae sonitus armōrum atque pedum mīlitum nōn audiēbātur. Fēlīx erat rēs pūblica, ut saepe dīcitur, cuius cōnsul pācem petēbat. Sī umquam rēs pūblica ab hostibus in bellō premēbātur, cōnsulēs erant imperātōrēs exercitūs et summum imperium habēbant.

Alius magistrātus reī pūblicae Rōmānae erat quaestor. Nōn erat prīmus magistrātus et eius officia nōn erant tanta. Ūnum ex officiīs quaestōris erat pecūniās pūblicās servāre.

Ōlim, ubi urbs ā cīvibus malīs premēbātur, cōnsul urbem vigilibus atque mīlitibus mūnīvit. Illō tempore neque somnus cīvium bonōrum neque vītae magistrātuum erant tūtae. Sub umbrā noctis paucī quī eum necāre volēbant ad tēctum cōnsulis prōcēdēbant. Cōnsul sē atque urbem dīligenter dēfendit. Fēlīx erat Rōma quae ā tantō perīculō ā cōnsule servāta est.

Maria linguam Latīnam discere cupit quod haec est lingua huius gentis maximae. “Ipsa quae cōnsul dīxit legere poterō,” inquit puella. “Cōnsulem quī tantum perīculum ex urbe expulit semper memoriā tenēbō.”

[1] Find the Latin:

[i] afterwards

[ii] always

[iii] at first

[iv] at that time

[v] at these times

[vi] by land and sea

[vii] ever

[viii] never

[ix] now

[x] often

[xi] once; at one time

[2] Identify the case and number of the following words in bold from the text:

[i] Fuistisne umquam Rōmae?

[ii] Pauca dē hīs omnibus

[iii] rēgēs Rōmam regēbant.

[iv] Posteā Rōma duōs cōnsulēs habēbat.

[v] multa officia habēbat

[vi] sonitus armōrum atque pedum mīlitum

[vii] imperātōrēs exercitūs

[viii] magistrātus reī pūblicae

[ix] vītae magistrātuum

[x] semper memoriā tenēbō

[3] Identify the clause type in bold from the list below

[i] Umbra arboris est grāta quod est aestās.

[ii] Cōnsulēs haec officia numquam neglegēbant nisi perfidī erant.

[iii] Fēlīx erat rēs pūblica … cuius cōnsul pācem petēbat.

[iv] Ōlim, ubi urbs ā cīvibus malīs premēbātur, consul …

conditional clause

relative / adjectival  clause

subordinate clause of time (temporal clause)

subordinate clause of reason (causal clause)

____________________

[1]

[i] posteā

[ii] semper

[iii] prīmō

[iv] illō tempore

[v] hīs temporibus

[vi] terrā marīque

[vii] umquam

[viii] numquam

[ix] nunc

[x] saepe

[xi] ōlim

[2]

[i] locative singular

[ii] ablative plural

[iii] nominative plural

[iv] accusative plural

[v] accusative plural

[vi] genitive plural

[vii] genitive singular

[viii] genitive singular

[ix] genitive plural

[x] ablative singular

[3]

[i] subordinate clause of reason (causal clause); quod est aestās | because it’s summer

[ii] conditional clause (nisi: unless; if … not …); nisi perfidī erant | unless they were dishonest / if they were not dishonest

[iii] relative / adjectival  clause; … cuius cōnsul pācem petēbat | whose consul sought peace

[iv] subordinate clause of time (temporal clause); ubi urbs ā cīvibus malīs premēbātur | when the city was being pressed / overwhelmed by evil citizens

09.12.26: Level 1-2 (review): Julia (a Latin Reader) [7] (1)

HORĀTIUS PUER (1)

...carmina nōn prius

audīta Mūsārum sacerdōs

virginibus puerīsque cantō.

Horātius, Carmina, III.i.2-4

Fābulam dē Horātiō, poētā praeclārō, nunc vōbīs nārrābō. Āpūlia regiō est Italiae. Multās silvās, multōs et amoenōs campōs habet. In prātīs herbōsīs multī gregēs, multa equōrum boumque armenta errant.

Hīc ōlim Horātius habitābat, parvulus adhūc et mātrī patrīque cārus. Forte servōs, forte patrem mātremque fefellit, et sōlus per prāta amoena errābat. Grātī puerō erant flōrēs et herba et rūra dīvīna. Mox autem puer, lūdō et errōribus fessus, in valle herbōsā iacuit et animum somnō profundō laxāvit. Intereā parentēs sollicitī puerum dīligenter quaerēbant. Et parentēs et servī vehementer timēbant.

"Lupī saevī," inquiunt, "et ursī silvās incolunt. Lupus fortasse puerum etiam nunc crūdēliter necat." Itaque diū et dīligenter puerum quaerēbant.

Vocabulary XVII

[i]

Apūlia, -ae [1/f]: Apulia, a district of Italy

armentum, -ī [2/n]: herd

bōs, bovis [3 m/f]: ox

error, -ōris [3/m]: wandering

flōs, flōris [3/m]: flower

grex, gregis [3/m]: flock

Horātius, -ī [2/m]: Horatius, a brave Roman

lupus, -ī [2/m]: wolf

parēns, -entis [3 m/f]: parent

poēta, -ae [1/m]: poet

rēgiō, -ōnis [3/f]: region, district

rūs, rūris [3/n]: country

servus, -ī [2/m]: slave

ursus, -ī [2/m]: bear

vallis, -is [3/f]: valley

[ii]

fallō, -ere [3]: deceive, escape the notice of

incolō, -ere [3]: inhabit, dwell in

quaerō, -ere [3]: seek, look for

[iii]

amoenus, -a, -um: pleasant; lovely

praeclārus, -a, -um: splendid; famous

saevus, -a, -um: savage; cruel

sollicitus, -a, -um: anxious

sōlus, -a, -um: alone; only

[iv]

crūdēliter: cruelly

fortasse: perhaps

vōs: you (plural)

____________________

I, a priest of the Muses, sing songs not heard before to maidens and boys.

Now I shall tell you a story about Horace, a famous poet. Apulia is a region of Italy. It has many forests and many beautiful fields. In the grassy meadows many flocks and many herds of horses and cattle wander.

Here once Horace used to live, still a little boy and dear to his mother and father. By chance he slipped away from the slaves, perhaps from his father and mother too, and wandered alone through the pleasant meadows. Flowers and grass and the divine countryside were pleasing to the boy. But soon the boy, tired by play and wandering, lay down in a grassy valley and relaxed his mind in deep sleep. Meanwhile his anxious parents were carefully searching for the boy. Both parents and slaves were greatly afraid.

“The savage wolves,” they say, “and bears inhabit the forests. A wolf perhaps is even now cruelly killing the boy.” And so for a long time and carefully they were searching for the boy.

08.12.26: Level 4; literature; Vulgate [3]: Jesus sentenced to death [i]; Luke 23.13-19

Luke 23.13-19

(13) Pīlātus autem, convocātīs prīncipibus sacerdōtum, et magistrātibus, et plēbe, …

• And Pilate with the chief priests, and the magistrates, and the common people having been summoned [ = And Pilate, after he had summoned …] …

(14) dīxit ad illōs: Obtulistis mihi hunc hominem, quasi ¦ āvertentem ¦ populum, et ecce ego cōram vōbīs interrogāns, nūllam causam invēnī in homine istō ex hīs in quibus eum accūsātis.

• … said to them: “You have brought me this man, as ¦ one who was perverting ¦ the people, and look, questioning him before you / in your presence [cōram: face-to-face / publicly] I have found in this man no grounds for the things of which you accuse him.

(15) Sed neque Hērōdēs: nam remīsī vōs ad illum, et ecce nihil dignum morte āctum est eī.

• But neither did Herod, for I sent you back to him* [i.e. I sent your demand to him] and, look, nothing worthy of / deserving of death was done by him.

*Translations normally rework this to “He sent him back to us” which, grammatically, is not what the Latin actually says.

(16) Ēmendātum ergō illum dīmittam.

• Therefore, I shall release him after he has been chastised.

(17) Necesse autem habēbat dīmittere eīs per diem fēstum ūnum.

• For of necessity he had to release one to them on a feast day / public holiday.

(18) Exclāmāvit autem simul ūniversa turba, dīcēns: Tolle hunc, et dīmitte nōbīs Barabbam:

• But the entire crowd shouted out at the same time, saying: “Take away this man, and release Barabbas to us.”

(19) quī erat propter sēditiōnem quandam factam in cīvitāte et homicīdium missus in carcerem.

• And he / this man had been sent to jail on account of a certain insurrection carried out in the city, and murder.

Notes:

[i] nihil (a) dignum morte (b) āctum est eī

(a) dignus, -a, -um [+ ablative]: worthy of

(b) nihil dignum morte āctum est eī: nothing worthy of death was done by him; it is more common to read ab eō to convey the agent i.e. the person by whom something was done. Here the dative pronoun is used, a feature of Late / Biblical Latin.

[ii] habēbat dīmittere: he had to release; the use of habeō + the infinitive to express obligation is a Late Latin feature; CL would use debeō, -ēre [2]

[iii] quī erat … missus: and he / this man had been sent …

Connecting relative:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/connecting%20relative

[iv] quandam < quīdam: a certain (indefinite adjective); it may not be translated since it simply refers to an unspecified incident e.g. quīdam rēx: a certain king

i.e. Barabbas was convicted of some insurrection (or other), but which one is irrelevant.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/09/291125-level-3-indefinites-11-quidam-i.html

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/09/291125-level-3-indefinites-12-quidam-ii.html

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/09/291125-level-3-indefinites-13-quidam.html

[v] Verse 18: Exclāmāvit autem simul ūniversa turba

The verse very well conveys the power of the crowd acting as a single voice and with a powerful and immediate rejection of Pilate’s proposal.

dīmitte nōbīs Barabbam

07.12.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXII [3] (1) subjunctive; (2) indirect statement; (3) participial constructions

PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY; ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS 

Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre obsidēsque inter sē dare atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse. Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs proficīscī, ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs mittere. Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra mōvit. Ab utrōque rēs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret.

Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit. Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit. Ille dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,” inquit; “nec quisquam est huius Germāniae quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem adierit. Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. Sunt bovēs quī ūnum cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs. Hae nūllōs crūrum articulōs habent. Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt. Arborēs habent prō cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī appellantur. Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs. Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.”

(1) review: subjunctive

[i] cum-clauses: circumstantial

cum ibi morārētur, …

• while he was lingering / remained there, …

[ii] purpose

Caesar cōnstituit … proficīscī, ut eōs … opprimeret, …

• Caesar decided to set out, in order to overwhelm them ...

[iii] result

nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur;

• for Caesar reached the enemy’s territory so quickly that no time was given for mustering forces.

… quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur (1) ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam (2) scīret aut initium aut fīnem.

• … which was said to be of such great size (1) that no one could cross it, (2) nor would anyone know either its beginning or its end.

et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō … dare audēret.

And Labienus inflicted such severe punishment on the Germans that no one … dared … to give …

• [iv] characteristic

nec quisquam est huius Germāniae (1) quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem (2) adierit.

• Nor is there anyone in this Germany (1) who knows its beginning or (2) has reached its end.

(2) review: indirect statement

[1] Two principal clauses with constructions that regularly signal indirect statements:

… Caesar litterīs (1) certior fīēbat ¦ et per explōrātōrēs (2) cognōscēbat | Caesar (1) was informed by letter(s) and (2) learned from scouts …

[2] 4 indirect statements all dependent upon the principal clauses:

plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus (1) studēre … | (that) several states of Gaul were eager for revolution

et contrā populum Rōmānum (2) coniūrāre … | and were conspiring against the Roman people

obsidēsque inter sē (3) dare … | and were giving hostages among themselves

atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē (4) coniūnctūrōs esse. | and (that) certain Germans as well were going to join themselves with them.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/indirect%20statement

(3) review: participial constructions

Translate the following extracts focussing on the constructions in bold:

[i] Ille dē silvā dīcēns, … inquit;

[ii] Caesar cōnstituit … proficīscī, ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, …

[iii] Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit …

[iv] ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs

[v] … atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt.

[vi] Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā …

____________________

At the beginning of summer, Caesar was being informed by letters and was learning through scouts that several states of Gaul were eager for revolution, were conspiring against the Roman people, were giving hostages among themselves, and that certain Germans as well were going to join themselves with them. Moved by these letters and reports, Caesar decided to set out against the Gauls as quickly as possible, in order to crush them while they were unprepared, and to send the legate Labienus into Germany with two legions of infantry and two thousand cavalry.

Accordingly, after the grain supplies had been arranged, he moved camp. The operation succeeded well on both sides; for Caesar reached the enemy’s territory so rapidly that no time was given for assembling forces; and Labienus inflicted such severe punishment on the Germans that no one of that people dared thereafter to give assistance to the Gauls.

This journey into Germany was also made by Publius, and while he stayed there he saw many remarkable things. He especially admired a vast forest, which was said to be of such great size that no one could cross it, nor did anyone know either its beginning or its end.

On this matter he had learned more from a certain soldier who, having been captured by the Germans at one time, lived there for many years. Speaking about the forest, he said: “This forest is of infinite extent; and there is no one in this part of Germany who knows its beginning or has reached its end.

Many kinds of animals are born there which are not found in other places. There are oxen which have a single horn; there are also animals called elks. These have no joints in their legs. Therefore, if by chance they fall down, they cannot by any means get up again. They use trees as resting places; they lean against them and, thus supported, take their rest.

There is a third kind of animal called urus. These are slightly smaller than elephants. They are very powerful and very fast. They spare neither man nor wild beast.”

07.12.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXII [2] comprehension (2)

PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY; ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS  [2]

Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit. Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit. Ille dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,” inquit; “nec quisquam est huius Germāniae quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem adierit. Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. Sunt bovēs quī ūnum cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs. Hae nūllōs crūrum articulōs habent. Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt. Arborēs habent prō cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī appellantur. Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs. Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.”

[1] “Hoc iter … adierit.”

How is the vastness of the forest emphasised? (3)

[2] “Nascuntur … parcunt.”

Write brief notes on what is said about the following:

[a] the animals in general (2)

[b] oxen (1)

[c] elks (4)

[d] aurochs (4)

[3] How do we know that much of the information given about the forest and the animals is hearsay? (2)

____________________

[1] nobody could cross it (1); nobody knew where it started or ended (1); described as being of infinite size (1)

[2]

[a] animals in general: many species born there (1) which are not found elsewhere (1)

[b] oxen: one horn

[c] elks: no joints in their legs (1); cannot get up (1) if they fall (1); rest by leaning against trees (1)

[d] aurochs: slightly smaller than elephants (1); very strong (1); very fast (1); spare neither humans nor other wild animals / beasts (1)

[3]

The forest was said (dīcēbātur) to be of such a great size … (1)

Caesar had learned more from a soldier (1)

07.12.26: Level 3+ (review); Dooge LXXII [1] comprehension (1)

PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY; ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS  [1]

[A]

Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre obsidēsque inter sē dare atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse. Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs proficīscī, ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs mittere.

[1] “Initā aestāte … coniūnctūrōs esse.”

[i] How was Caesar informed about events in Gaul? (2)

[ii] What were the details of this information? (5)

[2] “Hīs litterīs … opprimeret,”

What action did Caesar take?

[3] “et Labiēnum … mittere.”

To what do the numbers [i] 2 and [ii] 2000 refer? (2)

[B] Complete this section of the Latin text with the words and phrases listed below; note differences in the Latin and English word order

Therefore, after the grain supplies (1) had been arranged, he moved camp. The operation (2) was carried out well (3) on both sides; for Caesar reached the enemy’s territory (4) so rapidly (5) that no time (6) was given (7) for assembling forces; and Labienus inflicted such severe punishment on the Germans that (8) no one (9) of that people (10) dared thereafter to give assistance to the Gauls.

Itaque rē frūmentāriā (1) __________ castra mōvit. (3) __________ rēs bene (2) __________; nam Caesar (4) __________ celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit (5) __________ spatium cōpiās (7) __________ nōn (6) __________; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut (8) __________ (9) __________ eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare (10) __________.

ab utrōque; audēret; cōgendī; comparātā; darētur; ex; gesta est; nēmō; tam; ut

____________________

[A]

[1]

[i] by letters (1); through scouts / spies (1)

[ii]

several states of Gaul (1) were …

eager for revolution (1)

conspiring against the Roman people (1)

exchanging hostages (1)

certain Germans were planning to join them (1)

[2] set out against the Gauls (1) as quickly as possible (1); to crush them (1) while they were unprepared (1)

[3]

[i] 2 legions of infantry

[ii] 2000 cavalry

[B]

Itaque rē frūmentāriā (1) comparātā castra mōvit. (3) Ab utrōque rēs bene (2) gesta est; nam Caesar (4) tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit (5) ut spatium cōpiās (7) cōgendī nōn (6) darētur; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut (8) nēmō (9) ex eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare (10) audēret.

06.12.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [35] (2)

[3]

Alius magistrātus reī pūblicae Rōmānae erat quaestor. Nōn erat prīmus magistrātus et eius officia nōn erant tanta. Ūnum ex officiīs quaestōris erat pecūniās pūblicās servāre.

Ōlim, ubi urbs ā cīvibus malīs premēbātur, cōnsul urbem vigilibus atque mīlitibus mūnīvit. Illō tempore neque somnus cīvium bonōrum neque vītae magistrātuum erant tūtae. Sub umbrā noctis paucī quī eum necāre volēbant ad tēctum cōnsulis prōcēdēbant. Cōnsul sē atque urbem dīligenter dēfendit. Fēlīx erat Rōma quae ā tantō perīculō ā cōnsule servāta est.

Maria linguam Latīnam discere cupit quod haec est lingua huius gentis maximae. “Ipsa quae cōnsul dīxit legere poterō,” inquit puella. “Cōnsulem quī tantum perīculum ex urbe expulit semper memoriā tenēbō.”

[i] What was one duty of the quaestor? (1)

[ii] Translate: “ōlim … servāta est.”

[iii] Why does Maria like Latin? (3)

[iv] What will she remember? (3)

____________________

[3]

[i] maintaining the public finances

[ii] Once, when the city was being oppressed by wicked citizens, the consul fortified the city with guards and soldiers. At that time, neither the sleep of the good citizens nor the lives of the magistrates were safe. Under the cover (shadow) of night, a few men who wanted to kill him were advancing toward the consul’s house. The consul carefully defended himself and the city. Fortunate was Rome, which was saved from such great danger by the consul.

[iii] the language of a very great / the greatest people (1) will be able to read (1) what the consul said (1)

[iv] the consul who drove out (1) such a great danger (1) from the city (1)

05.12.26: Level 1-2 (review): Julia (a Latin Reader) [6] (2)

MĀRS RŌMULUM IN CAELUM VOCAT (2)

Caelum iterum serēnum erat. Iam Rōmānī in Campō Mārtiō iterum ambulābant, sed rēgem nusquam vidēbant. Mox autem Iūlius, iuvenis Rōmānus, per viam Rōmānam iter ad urbem tenēbat. Subitō ā sinistrā, magnum et serēnum, Rōmulum prope viam vidēbat. Vehementer timuit – capillī in capite horruērunt.

Sed Rōmulus verbīs benignīs, "Ō Iūlī," inquit, "nūlla est causa timōris. Nunc Quirītēs nūmen meum adōrābunt et Rōmulum Quirīnum vocābunt. Templa et ārās aedificābunt, et ad ārās dōna apportābunt. Semper artem bellī et arma cūrābunt, et corpora in armīs dīligenter exercēbunt. Ita Quirīnus Populum Rōmānum servābit."

Itaque Iūlius Rōmulī dicta populō nārrāvit, et Quirītēs templum rotundum aedificāvērunt. In templō rotundō Quirīnī nūmen adōrābant.

[i]

ars, artis [3/f]: art

caput, capitis [3/n]: head

causa, -ae [1/f]: cause

iter, itineris [3/n]: journey

Iūlius, -ī [2/m]: Julius, a Roman

nūmen, -inis [3/n]: a divine power

Quirīnus, -i [2/m]: Quirinus, the name of Romulus after he was deified

Quirītēs, -ium [3/m/pl]: Quirites, a name of the Roman people

sinistra, -ae [1/f]: left hand

timor, -ōris [3/m]: fear

[ii]

horreō, -ēre [2]: shudder, bristle

servō, -āre [1]: keep, save

[iii]

rotundus, -a, -um: round

[iv]

autem: but

ā sinistrā: on the left

____________________

The sky was calm again. Now the Romans were again walking on the Campus Martius, but they saw their king nowhere. Soon, however, Julius, a Roman youth, was making his way along a Roman road toward the city. Suddenly, on the left, he saw Romulus near the road, great and calm. He was greatly afraid—his hair stood on end on his head.

But Romulus spoke with kind words: “O Julius,” he said, “there is no cause for fear. Now the Romans will worship my divine power and will call Romulus Quirinus. They will build temples and altars, and will bring gifts to the altars. They will always care for the art of war and for weapons, and will train their bodies carefully in arms. Thus Quirinus will protect the Roman people.”

And so Julius reported the words of Romulus to the people, and the Romans built a round temple. In the round temple they worshipped the divine power of Quirinus.