04.01.26: follow-up on the previous post; Latin words suffixed with -fer (and -ger)

Referring to:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/LearningLatin/posts/25996390219952714

[i] In his post, Bert uses the noun lēgifer: law-giver

Ō Emmanuel, Rēx et lēgifer noster, exspectātiō gentium, et Salvātor eārum: venī ad salvandum nōs Domine Deus noster

O Emmanuel, our King and Lawgiver, the Expected of the Nations and their Saviour, come to save us, O Lord our God.

[ii] This belongs to a group of compound nouns and adjectives i.e. comprising two parts, the second part being the suffix -fer: -bringing; -bearing; -carrying; the verb: ferō, ferre (bring)

[iii] They are formed as follows:

noun / adjective + -fer

A final stem vowel of the first part of the compound usually inserts /i/ before a consonant.

frūct¦us, -ūs [4/m]: fruit + -fer > frūct-i-fer, -a, -um: fruitful; bearing fruit

Pōma dēcerpuntur ā frūctiferīs arboribus. │ Fruits are plucked from fruit-bearing trees.

ānxius, -a, -um +‎ -fer > ānxifer, -a, -um: distressing; bringing anxiety

(1) All the nouns, regardless of their original gender, will be 2^nd declension masculine when -fer is added.

aquila, -ae [1/f]: eagle + -fer > aquil-i-fer, -ī [2/m]: standard-bearer i.e. the officer who carries the eagle (aquila) standard of the legion

(2) 3^rd declension nouns such as lēx which have a stem change in the genitive singular will retain that change:

lēx,  lēgis [3/f]: + -fer  > lēgifer, -ī [2/m]: law-maker

pāx, pācis [3/f]: peace + -fer > pācifer, -a, -um: peaceful; peace-bringing

[iv] Some may act both as (1) masculine 2^nd declension nouns referring to the person bringing / carrying, or (2) as adjectives referring to what something produces

lēgifer, -ī [2/m]: law-maker [a ‘bringer’ of the law]

lēgifer, -a, -um: law-giving

[v] Further examples:

signifer, -ī [2/m]: standard-bearer

crux, crucis [3/f]: wooden frame on which criminals were executed; cross > crucifer, -ī [2/m]: cross-bearer i.e. Jesus; in Mediaeval Latin it also refers to a crusader 

And possibly the most well-known one:

lūx, lūcis [3/f]: light > Lūcifer, -ī: Lucifer (the bringer of light)

Most of the compounds are adjectives:

frūx, frūgis [3/f]: fruit; crop > frūgifer, -a, -um: fruitful 

herbifer, -a, -um: producing grass; grassy

lactifer, -a, -um: producing milk

ignifer, -a, -um: fiery; fire-bearing

pestifer, -a, -um: bringing pestilence / disease

pōmifer, -a, -um: fruit-bearing 

spūmifer, -a, -um: foaming e.g. to describe waves

umbrifer, -a, -um: shade-giving

One that you may have in your garden:

cōnus, -ī [2/m]: cone > cōnifer, -a, -um: bearing cones > Engl. deriv. conifer

[vi] The suffix -ger also has the same meaning of carrying / bearing although it occurs more rarely, but here are a couple:

lāna, -ae [1/f]: wool

lān-i-ger, -a, -um: wool-bearing

> noun: lāniger, -ī [2/m]: ram (animal)

arma, -ōrum [2/n/pl]: arms; weapons

> armiger, -ī [2/m]: weapon-bearer

08.03.26: Level 1 (review); presentation; greeting people (2)

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/393940703217204/

Dialogue #2

Again, the second dialogue shows different forms of greeting / good-bye, question and response. Literal meanings are given but appropriately worded English expressions convey the same ideas.

[i]

Salvus sīs! [talking to a male] / Salva sīs! [talking to a female]: May you be well / safe.

Two ‘farewell’ greetings:

Cūrā ut valeās [literally: see (to it) that you are / stay well]: take care

Tē cūrā: take care (of yourself)

[ii]

Ut valēs? / Ut tē habēs?: How are you (doing)?  

[iii]

Mē bene habeō: I’m doing well.

Me satis bene habeō: I’m doing well enough / I’m fairly well.

Mē male habeō: I’m doing badly / I’m not doing well.

Iulia: Salvus sīs!

Quintus: Salva sīs! Ut valēs? │ Hello! How are you?

Iulia: Valeō, grātiās. Et tū? Ut tē habēs? │ I’m well, thanks. And you? How are you?

Quintus: Satis bene mē habeō. │ I’m not bad, thanks.

Iulia: Nōmen mihi est Iūlia. Et tū? Quid est nōmen tibi? │ My name is Julia. And you? What’s your name?

Quintus: Nōmen mihi est Quīntus. │ My name is Quintus.

Iulia: Cūrā ut valeās, Quīnte! │ Take care, Quintus!

Quintus: Tē cūrā, Iūlia! │ Take care, Julia!

08.03.26: Level 1 (review); presentation; greeting people (1)

NOTE: In a number of posts, I’ve referred to the difficulty of finding consistent sets of short listening resources that focus [i] purely on beginners and [ii] on developing topic-based speaking skills (since speaking is a key method of reinforcing grammatical ideas and vocabulary). Moreover, I have wanted to avoid links to sites / youtube channels that require subscriptions and payments.

It is also challenging to find any effective text to voice programme for Classical Latin. Some give Ecclesiastical pronunciation (which cannot be adjusted), and others are simply abysmal with robotic voices better suited to advertise the latest zappy way of improving your business - and which bear no relation to what we’re aiming for. However, I’ve recently come across two means of getting as close as possible to a reproduction of the original language despite a lot of, frankly, dull and fruitless discussion on a topic which can never be 100% verified.

From the first series of posts when the group started:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/393940703217204/

As in English, Latin has different ways of [i] saying hello and good-bye, [ii] asking how somebody is and [iii] giving answers. Compare: “How are you?” “How are you doing?” “Are you doing / keeping well?” etc. The two dialogues introduce similar variations, but they are all conveying the same ideas i.e. there is no need to stick rigidly to the literal meanings of the Latin phrases.

Dialogue #1

Marcus: Salvē! │ Hello!

Flavia: Salvē! │ Hello!

Marcus: Quid agis? │ [literally: What are you doing?] = How are you?

Flavia:

Bene mihi est, grātiās tibi agō. │ [literally: It is well for me] = I’m fine / I’m doing well, thank you.

Et tū? │ And you?

Valēsne? │ [literally: Are you well / in good health?] = How are you?

Marcus:

Nōn male valeō, grātiās. │ I’m not bad / I’m not doing badly, thanks.

Quid est nōmen tibi? │ [literally: What is the name to you?] = What’s your name?

Flavia:

Nōmen mihi est Flāvia. │ [literally: to me (there) is the name Flavia / I have the name Flavia] = My name’s Flavia

Et tū? Quid est nōmen tibi? │ And you? What’s your name?

Marcus: Nōmen mihi est Mārcus. │ My name is Marcus.

Flavia: Valē, Mārce! │ Bye, Marcus!

Marcus: Valē, Flāvia! │ Good-bye, Flavia!

19.02.24: Asking somebody their name, and giving your own

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/394033459874595/

19.02.24: Greeting people, asking how they are and saying how you feel

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/393952126549395/

07.03.26: Level 3; review; 2014 ACL/NJCL NATIONAL LATIN EXAM LATIN II [iii]: questions (12) – (18); answers; notes; links

Questions [12] – [18]

12. B; 13. D; 14. A; 15. B; 16. D; 17. C; 18. C

[12] B: Herculēs duodecim labōrēs cōnfēcisse dīcitur. │ B) to have accomplished; indirect statement; perfect active infinitive

12.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [9]; the perfect active infinitive [i]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/120126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

15.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [10]; the perfect active infinitive [ii]; reading

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/150126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

18.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [11]; the perfect active infinitive [iii]; practice (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/180126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

21.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [12]; the perfect active infinitive [iv]; practice (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/210126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

[13] D: Midās nūntiat ¦ (1) sē (2) cupere plūs aurī. │D)  Midas announces ¦ (1) that he [sē: reflexive pronoun i.e. referring to himself] (2) desires more gold [present active infinitive]; indirect statement; present active infinitive

17.12.25: Level 3: indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/09/171225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

20.12.25: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/201225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

23.12.25: Level 3: indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [3]; predicative nominative > accusative

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/231225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

26.12.25: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [4]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/261225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

31.12.25: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [5]; the present active infinitive

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/311225-level-3-indirect-statement.html

03.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [6]; practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/10/030126-level-3-indirect-statement.html

[14] A: prīmus, secundus, tertius, _____. │ A) quārtus; ordinal numbers

02.10.24: Level 2; Ordinal numbers – all forms [1]; 1st - 19th

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/021024-level-2-ordinal-numbers-all.html

[15] B: Pater meus est (1) altior (2) tuō [ablative]! │ B) (1) taller (2) than yours; (1) comparison of  adjectives (2) object of comparison with the ablative case

04.11.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [2]; comparative in -ior, -ius (1); 1st / 2nd declension adjectives

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/041124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-2.html

08.11.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [3]; comparative in -ior, -ius (2); comparative of 3rd declension adjectives; magis + adjective

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/081124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-3.html

08.11.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [4]; comparative in -ior, -ius (3)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/081124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-4.html

12.11.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [6]; object of comparison (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/121124-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-6.html

11.06.25; Level 3;  summary of of the uses of the ablative case [12]: [i] the ablative of the object of comparison [ii] the ablative of the degree of difference

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/110623-level-3-summary-of-of-uses-of.html

[16] D: Magistra superba dīcit discipulōs omnia scītūrōs esse. │ D) will know; indirect statement; future active infinitive

Magistra superba dīcit ¦ (1) discipulōs [accusative] omnia (2) scītūrōs esse [future active infinitive]. │ The arrogant teacher says ¦ (1) that the pupils (2) will / are going to know everything

02.02.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [18]; future active infinitive

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/020226-level-3-indirect-statement.html

02.02.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [19]; future active infinitive: practice (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/020226-level-3-indirect-statement_14.html

05.02.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [20]; future active infinitive: practice (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/11/050226-level-3-indirect-statement.html

[17] C: Fēmina, _____ porcum dederam, cum eō per viās ambulāvit. │ C) cui; the lady to whom [indirect object; dative case] I had given the pig …; see Question [7] in the previous post; declension of quī, quae, quod

[18] C: "Tibi grātiās agō!" │ C) "Thank you!"

07.03.26: Level 3; review; 2014 ACL/NJCL NATIONAL LATIN EXAM LATIN II [ii]: questions (1) – (11); answers; notes; links

What does this level of the examination expect you to know? Below are [i] the concepts that are tested together with [ii] links to certain topics that you may want to look at again. There is a lot of additional information and so, in this post, we’ll look at questions [1] – [11], and questions [12] – [18] in the following post.

Questions [1] – [11]

1. A; 2. C; 3. D; 4. B; 5. C; 6. C; 7. A; 8. A; 9. C; 10. B; 11. D

[1] A: Epistulae semper ad mātrem meam mittuntur. │ A) are sent; passive voice

Note that Question [1] and Question [6] also test on identifying subtle differences between verb endings:

[Q1]: mittunt │  they send > mittuntur │  they are sent

[Q6]: agent │  they will do > Omnia … agentur │ all these things … will be done

passive agent: Omnia ā nōbīs simul agentur │ all these things will be done by us at the same time

[2] C: Mīlitēs vehicula trāns _____ mōvērunt. │ C) pontem; preposition + accusative case

[3] D: Necesse est discipulīs dīligentius studēre. │ D) more diligently; comparison of adverbs

10.12.24: level 2; degrees of comparison [20]; comparative and superlative of adverbs [1] comparative adverbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/101224-level-2-degrees-of-comparison-20.html

[4] B: Incolae huius īnsulae cēnam dēvorant! │ B) of this; declension of hic, haec, hoc

02.11.25: Level 3 (review); demonstratives [1]; 3rd person pronouns [i] hic / ille / iste

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/08/021125-level-3-review-demonstratives-1.html

[5] C: (1) Fīliī (2) imperātōris (3) fortiter in bellō pugnāvērunt. │ C) (1) The sons (2) of the general fought (3) bravely in the war; (1) and (2) case recognition (3) recognition of adverbs in -ter

04.09.24: adverbs [2](1); -ē; -ter (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/040924-adverbs-2-e-ter-1.html

04.09.24: adverbs [2](2); -ē; -ter (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/040924-adverbs-2-e-ter-2.html

04.09.24: adverbs [2](3); -ē; -ter (3)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/040924-adverbs-23.html

07.09.24: adverbs [2](4); -ē; -ter (4)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/070924-adverbs-24-e-ter-4.html

07.09.24: adverbs [2](5); -ē; -ter (5)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/070924-adverbs-25-e-ter-5.html

[6] C: Omnia (1) ā nōbīs simul (2) agentur. │ C) will be done; (1) passive agent (2) passive voice; see Question [1] above

[7] A: Quibus¦cum ad lūdōs ībitis? │ A) With whom; declension of quī, quae, quod

10.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](2): quī, quae, quod; all cases; nominative and accusative plural

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/100824-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

11.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](3): quī, quae, quod; all cases; genitive and dative cases

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/110824-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

12.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](4): quī, quae, quod; all cases; ablative case

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/120824-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

12.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](5): relative pronouns: practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/120824-level-2-practice-in-reading_30.html

[8] A: Pīrātae, _____, magnam nāvem capere volunt. │  A) virī scelestī; nouns in apposition (i.e. taking the same case) [Q8: Pīrātae (nominative plural), virī scelestī (nominative plural), ...]

[9] C: Spectatōrēs athlētae fugientī clāmāvērunt, "Curre celerius!" │ C) fleeing; present active participle

[10] B: Aut discite aut discēdite! │ B) Either...or …; correlative

[11] D: Placetne tibi hoc? │ D) Is this pleasing to you? [= Do you like this?] ; impersonal verb

06.03.26: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XLVI / XLVII; [1] The Capture of the Town of Cassivelaunus; [2] The Submission of Cassivelaunus (ii) grammar review

[1] The Capture of the Town of Cassivelaunus

Oppidum Cassivelaunī erat nōn procul ab illō locō: in illīs regiōnibus silvae multae et palūdēs erant atque Britannī oppidum fossā et vāllō mūnīverant. Caesar, ubi ad hunc locum cum legiōnibus pervēnit, duābus ex partibus oppugnāre contendit. Hostēs, quī impetum nostrōrum sustinēre nōn poterant, fugae sē mandāvērunt. Cōpiae Rōmānae, ubi oppidum expugnāvērunt, magnum numerum pecorum cēpērunt atque captīvōs multōs necāvērunt.

[2] The Submission of Cassivelaunus

Interim Cassivelaunus nūntiōs ad Cantium mīsit. In hīs regiōnibus quattuor rēgēs, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, rebelliōnem contrā Rōmānōs parāvērunt et subitō impetum in nāvēs Rōmānās fēcērunt. Sed, postquam Rōmānī hostēs magnā cum caede superāvērunt atque agrōs vastābant, Cassivelaunus nūntiōs ad Caesarem dē pāce mīsit.

Caesar, quī in continentī hiemāre īnstituit, obsidēs imperāvit atque exercitum tōtum ad mare dūxit.

[1] What is the nominative singular of:

[i] caede

[ii] continentī

[iii] obsidēs

[iv] palūdēs

[v] pāce

[vi] pecorum

[2] What is the first person singular present tense of:

[i] poterant

[ii] cēpērunt

[iii] mīsit

[iv] fēcērunt

[v] dūxit

[3] How would you translate this excerpt into fluent English? Focus on the word and phrase in italics.

Hostēs, quī impetum nostrōrum sustinēre nōn poterant, fugae sē mandāvērunt.

[4] Find from either text one example of each of the following:

[i] relative pronoun

[ii] reflexive pronoun

[iii] 4^th declension noun

[iv] pluperfect tense

[v] subordinate clause of time (temporal clause)

[5] Find a phrase from either text which illustrates the following uses of the ablative case:

[i] ablative of accompaniment

[ii] ablative expressing ‘about’ / ‘concerning’

[iii] ablative of manner

[iv] ablative of means / instrument

[v] ablative of place where

[vi] ablative of separation

____________________

[1]

[i] caedēs

[ii] continēns

[iii] obses

[iv] palūs

[v] pāx

[vi] pecus

[2]

[i] possum

[ii] capiō

[iii] mittō

[iv] faciō

[v] dūcō

[3] The enemy, who could not withstand our men’s attack, [literally] entrusted (1) themselves (2) to flight = took to flight; … (2) fugae [dative] (1) sē mandāvērunt.

[4]

[i] quī

[ii] sē

[iii] impetum; exercitum

[iv] mūnīverant

[v] ubi ad hunc locum cum legiōnibus pervēnit; ubi oppidum expugnāvērunt; postquam Rōmānī … vastābant

[5]

[i] cum legiōnibus

[ii] dē pāce

[iii] magnā cum caede

[iv] oppidum fossā et vāllō mūnīverant

[v] in hīs regiōnibus

[vi] nōn procul ab illō locō;  duābus ex partibus oppugnāre contendit

05.03.26: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [25][vi] future tense of 3rd / 3-iō / 4th conjugation verbs

[i] Images #1 and #2: In this series of posts you first saw the future tense here:

30.10.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [13][ii] Future tense

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/08/301025-level-1-carolus-et-maria-13ii.html

In that post the future tense of 1^st and  2^nd conjugation verbs was introduced, which have the very distinctive endings:

-bō, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis, -bunt [-bō- / -bi- / -bu-]

portāb¦ō: I shall carry

portābi¦s: you (sg) will carry

portābi¦t: (s)he / it will carry

portābi¦mus: we will carry

portābi¦tis: you (pl) will carry

portābu¦nt: they will carry

[ii] Image #3: In this text there are two examples of the future tense of the 3^rd and 3^rd-iō conjugation – and the same endings apply to the 4^th conjugation

relinquō, -ere [3]: leave (behind)

Americānī Rōmam … relinquent │ The Americans will leave Rome

accipiō, -ere [3-iō]: receive

Quis hoc accipiet? │ Who will receive this?

The future tense endings for the 3rd, 3rd-iō and 4th conjugations are effectively the same:

-am

-ēs

-et

-ēmus

-ētis

-ent

(1) For 3rd conjugation verbs, remove the infinitive ending in its entirety:

mittō, mitt¦ere [3]: send > mitt¦-

Then add the endings:

mitt¦am, mittēs, mittet, mittēmus, mittētis, mittent

(2) In the 4th conjugation -re is removed from the infinitive, but the long /ī/ is shortened > /ĭ/:

audiō, audī¦re [4]: hear > audī¦- > audĭ¦-

Then add the same endings:

audiam, audiēs, audiet, audiēmus, audiētis, audient

(3) 3rd-iō verbs endings are exactly the same as the 4th conjugation:

capiō, capere [3-iō]: take

Remove the infinitive ending in its entirety:

cap¦- > add short /ĭ/: capi-

Then add the endings:

capiam, capiēs, capiet, capiēmus, capiētis, capient

07.04.24: future tense of 3rd, 3rd-iō and 4th conjugations

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-future-tense-of-3rd-3rd-io-and_1.html

[iii] Compare 2 sentences from the text:

omnēs viam relinquunt [present tense] │ they all leave the road

Americānī Rōmam … relinquent [future tense] │ the Americans will leave Rome

Image #4: Unlike the future tense of the 1^st and 2^nd conjugation which are easy to recognise, the future and present tenses of the 3^rd / 3-iō / 4^th conjugations are very similar; the table shows the stems and endings to look out for

[iv] links

07.04.24: spotting the differences; present and future tenses of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-spotting-differences-present-and.html

07.04.24: future tenses working together

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-future-tenses-working-together.html

07.04.24: reading practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-reading-practice.html

07.04.24: future tense in the Vulgate

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-future-tense-in-vulgate.html

07.04.24: future tense; examples from the authors

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/070424-future-tense-examples-from.html

04.03.26: Level 3; review; 2014 ACL/NJCL NATIONAL LATIN EXAM LATIN II [i]: questions (1) – (18)

I have mentioned the US National Latin Examination in a few previous posts:

https://www.nle.org/

https://www.nle.org/previous-exams-and-answer-keys

When I was learning the language, I used these examinations – which have levels clearly indicated – as a way of:

[i] understanding progression i.e. what does the NLE expect a student to know at a certain stage? I also partly used these as a guide to structuring the posts in the group.

[ii] measuring your own progress; what can you do and what do you need to review?

This post contains all the language questions from the 2014 Level II examination; in the next post – which is lengthy – what is expected is highlighted and I have included some links to certain aspects which you may want to review.

[1] Epistulae semper ad mātrem meam mittuntur. 

A) are sent B) will be sent C) were sent D) had been sent

[2] Mīlitēs vehicula trāns _____ mōvērunt. 

A) pōns B) pontis C) pontem D) ponte

[3] Necesse est discipulīs dīligentius studēre.

 A) very diligently B) so diligent C) most diligent D) more diligently

[4] Incolae huius īnsulae cēnam dēvorant! 

A) these B) of this C) for this D) to these

[5] Fīliī imperātōris fortiter in bellō pugnāvērunt. 

A) The brave sons of the general fought in the war. 

B) The sons of the brave general fought in the war. 

C) The sons of the general fought bravely in the war. 

D) The general fought bravely in the war with his sons.

[6] Omnia ā nōbīs simul agentur. 

A) has been done B) must be done C) will be done D) had been done

[7] Quibuscum ad lūdōs ībitis? 

A) With whom B) Whose C) To whom D) From whom

[8] Pīrātae, _____, magnam nāvem capere volunt. 

A) virī scelestī B) virōs scelestōs C) virum scelestum D) virīs scelestīs

[9] Spectatōrēs athlētae fugientī clāmāvērunt, "Curre celerius!" 

A) about to flee B) they will flee C) fleeing D) she has fled

[10] Aut discite aut discēdite! 

A) Both...and B) Either...or C) If only...then D) Whether...or

[11] Placetne tibi hoc? 

A) Will you be allowed to do this? 

B) Is this necessary for you? 

C) Was this permitted to you? 

D) Is this pleasing to you?

[12] Herculēs duodecim labōrēs cōnfēcisse dīcitur. 

A) to be accomplished B) to have accomplished C) had accomplished D) going to accomplish

[13] Midās nūntiat sē cupere plūs aurī. 

A) that he turns himself to gold 

B) that he is able to have much gold 

C) that he has enough gold 

D) that he desires more gold

[14] Complete the sequence: prīmus, secundus, tertius, _____. 

A) quārtus B) quīntus C) septimus D) decimus

[15] Pater meus est altior tuō! 

A) tallest of all B) taller than yours C) taller than all of you D) too tall

[16] Magistra superba dīcit discipulōs omnia scītūrōs esse. 

A) know B) have known C) were known D) will know

[17] Fēmina, _____ porcum dederam, cum eō per viās ambulāvit. 

A) quae B) quārum C) cui D) quam

[18] The student exclaimed "Tibi grātiās agō!" as the Latin teacher handed him the gold medal.

A) "I can't believe it!" B) "You should be pleased!" C) "Thank you!" D) "I did it for you!"

03.03.26: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XLVI / XLVII; [1] The Capture of the Town of Cassivelaunus; [2] The Submission of Cassivelaunus (i) comprehension

[1] The Capture of the Town of Cassivelaunus

Oppidum Cassivelaunī erat nōn procul ab illō locō: in illīs regiōnibus silvae multae et palūdēs erant atque Britannī oppidum fossā et vāllō mūnīverant. Caesar, ubi ad hunc locum cum legiōnibus pervēnit, duābus ex partibus oppugnāre contendit. Hostēs, quī impetum nostrōrum sustinēre nōn poterant, fugae sē mandāvērunt. Cōpiae Rōmānae, ubi oppidum expugnāvērunt, magnum numerum pecorum cēpērunt atque captīvōs multōs necāvērunt.

[1] In which order are the following statements made?

attacking from two sides _____

fleeing _____

inability to sustain the attack _____

killing prisoners _____

location of the town of Cassivelaunus _____

marshes _____

means of fortification _____

seizing cattle _____

[2] The Submission of Cassivelaunus

Interim Cassivelaunus nūntiōs ad Cantium mīsit. In hīs regiōnibus quattuor rēgēs, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, rebelliōnem contrā Rōmānōs parāvērunt et subitō impetum in nāvēs Rōmānās fēcērunt. Sed, postquam Rōmānī hostēs magnā cum caede superāvērunt atque agrōs vastābant, Cassivelaunus nūntiōs ad Caesarem dē pāce mīsit.

Caesar, quī in continentī hiemāre īnstituit, obsidēs imperāvit atque exercitum tōtum ad mare dūxit.

[2] The following statements are false; correct them.

[i] Cassivelaunus often sent messengers to Kent.

[ii] The Romans prepared a rebellion against the kings.

[iii] The Roman ships attacked.

[iv] The Romans easily won.

[v] The Romans occupied the fields.

[vi] Cassivelaunus refused to make peace.

[vii] Caesar spent the summer in Britannia.

[viii] Caesar killed hostages and led the army away from the sea.

____________________

[1]

attacking from two sides [4]

fleeing [5]

inability to sustain the attack [1]

killing prisoners [7]

location of the town of Cassivelaunus [1]

marshes [2]

means of fortification [3]

seizing cattle [6]

[2]

[i] Meanwhile Cassivelaunus sent messengers to Kent.

[ii] The kings prepared a rebellion against the Romans.

[iii] An attack was made on the Roman ships.

[iv] The Romans won with great slaughter.

[v] The Romans laid waste to the fields.

[vi] Cassivelaunus sent messengers to discuss peace.

[vii] Caesar (1) spent the winter (2) on the mainland (on the continent).

[viii] Caesar (1) demanded hostages and led the army (2) to the sea.

02.03.26: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [25][v] Find the Latin

[1] Paucīs ante diēbus Carolus et Maria rēgem vīdērunt. Mox iterum laetī erunt quod nāviculam poētae vidēre poterunt. Haec est in flūmine parvō sed nōn est prope Rōmam. Itaque hanc urbem relinquere necesse est. Post tempus longum Americānī flūmen parvum vident. Prope rīpam flūminis est nāvicula, parva sed nōn angusta. Magna nāvis nōn est. Paucī ūnō tempore in nāviculā sedēre possunt. Sine morā omnēs viam relinquunt et ad rīpam properant.

[2] Vesper est. Undique sunt rēs pulchrae. Ibi ānserēs natant et clāmōrēs eōrum audīrī possunt. Aliō in locō sunt nāvēs. In mediō flūmine sunt saxa in quibus paucī puerī sedent. Eī diū natāvērunt et nunc corpora eōrum sunt dēfessa. Homō quī in rīpā stat est pater ūnīus puerī. Omnēs puerōs convocat. Post tergum praemium habet. Quis hoc accipiet?

[3] Quamquam māter est timida, cum poētā, tamen, it. Carolus prope poētam manet et Maria ante frātrem sedet. Pater māterque in locō tūtō sedent. Nāvicula quae vinculīs tenēbātur nunc est lībera. Rīpam relinquit et mox est in mediō flūmine. Clāmōrēs hominum quī animālia convocant audiuntur. In summō colle homō casam aedificat. Nunc domum it.

[4] Poēta fābulās dē Rōmā nārrat. Dē Horātiō, duce fortī, quī etiam sōlus hostēs oppugnābat, nārrat. Is hostēs superāvit. Posteā in Tiberim sē iēcit et ad rīpam tūtō natāvit. Itaque urbs erat lībera. Puerī Rōmānī bene natāre poterant et corpora valida habēbant.

[5] Subitō undique sunt saxa. Via, quae inter saxa est, angusta et perīculōsa est. Poēta omnia dē nāviculīs flūminibusque intellegit. Māter, tamen, perīculum timet et in rīpā esse cupit. Nunc inter saxa nāvicula nōn tam celeriter sē movet. "Heu! Heu!" exclāmat māter. "Mox aut vulnerābimur aut necābimur, quod nōn omnēs natāmus."

[6] "Minimē," inquit pater, "tūtī erimus. Saepe haec nāvicula per haec saxa tūta venit."

Post tempus longum omnēs iterum ad rīpam veniunt. Poēta in terram vincula, quibus nāvicula tenētur, conicit. Laetissima est māter quod iterum lībera perīculō est. Prope nāviculam est casa parva poētae. Hīc multās rēs poēta scrībit. Tōtam noctem omnēs in casā manent. Diū hanc noctem memoriā tenēbunt. Paucīs diēbus necesse erit Rōmam relinquere. Maestī Americānī Rōmam et poētam et mīlitem relinquent.

[1]

rīpa, -ae [1/f]; nāvīcula, -ae [1/f]

1. this small boat
2. the small boat is now free
3. the small boat does not move so quickly
4. …chains by which the small boat is held …
5. they could see the poet’s ¦ small boat [the small boat ¦ of the poet]
6. it leaves the bank behind
7. near the bank ¦ of the river
8. near the small boat
9. he swam to(wards) the bank
10. they all come again to the bank
11. few can sit in a small boat
12. … who is standing on the bank …
13. the poet understands everything about small boats

[2]

[a] nātō, -āre [1]

1. (they) were able to swim well
2. we don’t all swim
3. geese are swimming there
4. he swam to the bank
5. they swam for a long time

[b] sedeō, -ēre [2]

1. few are able to sit
2. Maria is sitting in front of her brother
3. a few boys are sitting
4. the father and mother are sitting

[c] reinquō, -ere [3]

1. it's necessary to leave this city
2. it will be necessary to leave rome
3. he leaves the bank behind
4. they all leave the road
5. they will leave rome … behind

[d] possum, posse [irregular]

1. they can sit
2. their shouts can / are able to be heard
3. (they) could / were able to swim well
4. they will be able to see

01.03.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [30] Review; the Road to Latin; Unit 44 (6); quick practice

Match the English with the Latin in the wordcloud

[1]

[a]

to carry

to have carried

to be about to carry

to be carried

to have been carried

to be about to be carried

[b]

to see

to have seen

to be about to see

to be seen

to have been seen

to be about to be seen

portātūrum īrī; portāre; portārī; portātūrus esse; portāvisse; portātus esse

vīsūrus esse; vīsus esse; vidēre; vīsum īrī; vidērī; vīdisse

[2]

[a]

to send

to have sent

to be about to send

to be sent

to have been sent

to be about to be sent

[b]

to take

to have taken

to be about to take

to be taken

to have been taken

to be about to be taken

[c]

to hear

to have heard

to be about to hear

to be heard

to have been heard

to be about to be heard

mittī; mittere; missus esse; missūrus esse; missūrum īrī; mīsisse

captus esse; capī; capere; captum īrī; cēpisse; captūrus esse

audītūrus esse; audīre; audītum īrī; audīvisse; audīri; audītus esse

01.03.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [29] Review; the Road to Latin; Unit 44 (5); quick practice

Match the Latin and the English. Remember that, in the Latin sentences - which are in pairs - the infinitive doesn’t change (see [i] and [ii] below) but the translation will be dependent upon the tense of the verb that introduces them, for example:

Dīcit sē librum legere. │ He says that he is reading the book.

Dīxit sē librum legere. │ He said that he was reading the book.

[1]

[i] Dīcit hostēs urbem capere.

[ii] Dīxit hostēs urbem capere.

[iii] Dīcit hostēs urbem cēpisse.

[iv] Dīxit hostēs urbem cēpisse.

[v] Dīcit hostēs urbem capturōs esse.

[vi] Dīxit hostēs urbem capturōs esse.

He says that the enemy will / are going to capture the city.

He said that the enemy had captured the city.

He said that the enemy were capturing the city.

He says that the enemy are capturing the city.

He said that the enemy would / were going to capture the city.

He says that the enemy have captured the city.

[2]

[i] Dīcit urbem ab hostibus capī.

[ii] Dīxit urbem ab hostibus capī.

[iii] Dīcit urbem iam captam esse.

[iv] Dīxit urbem iam captam esse / fuisse.

[v] Dīcit urbem mox captum īrī.

[vi] Dīxit urbem mox captum īrī.

He says that the city will soon be / is soon going to be captured.

He says that the city has already been captured.

He said that the city would soon be / is soon going to be captured.

He says that the city is being captured by the enemy.

He said that the city had already been captured.

He said that the city was being captured by the enemy.

01.03.26: Level 2 / 3; Comenius; Celestial Sphere; Vocabulary List (6)

Nouns and adjectives referring to the four seasons:

[i] Spring

vēr, -is [3/n]

vernus, -a, -um

vernālis, -e

[ii] Summer

aestās, aestātis [3/f]

aestivālis, -e

aestīvus, -a, -um

[iii] Autumn

autumnus, -ī [2/m]

autumnus, -a, -um

autumnālis, -e

[iv] Winter

hiems, -is [3/f]

hībernus, -a, -um

hiemālis, -e

brūmālis, -e

01.03.26: Level 2 / 3; Comenius; Celestial Sphere; Vocabulary List (5)

aequātor,-ōris [3/m]: equator

lātitūdō, -inis [3/f]: [i] width; [ii] latitude

longitūdō, -inis [3/f]: [i] length; longitude

hēmisphaerium, -ī [2/n]: hemisphere

polus, -ī [2/m]: pole

polāris, -e: (pertaining to) the poles

antarcticus, -a, -um: southern; antarctic

arcticus, -a, -um: northern; arctic

tropicus, -ī [2/m] Cancrī / Capricornī: tropic of Cancer / Capricorn

28.02.26: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XLIV / XLV; [1] the Crossing of the Thames; [2] Guerrilla Warfare (ii) grammar review

[1] the Crossing of the Thames

Interim Caesar exercitum ad fluvium Tamesim in agrōs Cassivelaunī dūxit. Hic fluvius ūnō locō sōlō pedibus trānsīrī potest. Ubi Caesar ad hunc fluvium vēnit, Britannī cōpiās magnās in alterā rīpā habēbant. In rīpā et in fluviō sudēs erant acūtae. Caesar, ubi hās rēs ā captīvīs et perfugīs cognōvit, equitēs et legiōnēs statim praemīsit. Hostēs impetum nostrōrum sustinēre nōn poterant, atque fugae sē mandāvērunt.

[2] Guerrilla Warfare

Cassivelaunus, quī spem contentiōnis āmīserat, cum equitibus sōlīs itinera Rōmānōrum servābat. Ex viā excēdēbat atque in silvīs et locīs impedītīs sē occultābat. Subitō impetum contrā Rōmānōs quī vastābant agrōs faciēbat. Itaque Rōmānī nōn procul ā legiōnibus discēdere audēbant, sed agrōs hostium vastābant et aedificia incendēbant.

The questions refer to either of the two texts

[i] Give the nominative singular of the following nouns:

aedificia

agrōs

perfugīs

spem

[ii] Find from the texts two examples of fourth declension nouns

[iii] Give the first person singular present tense of the following verbs:

āmīserat

audēbant

cognōvit

dūxit

incendēbant

potest

sustinēre

[iv] Give the English meanings of the following adverbs:

interim

itaque

statim

subitō

[v] Caesar, ubi hās rēs ā captīvīs et perfugīs cognōvit …; this is an example of a temporal clause

(1) briefly explain what the term means and translate the extract to illustrate its use

(2) find a further example of a temporal clause

[vi] Cassivelaunus, quī spem contentiōnis āmīserat, …; this is an example of a relative clause

(1) briefly explain what the term means and translate the extract to illustrate its use

(2) find a further example of a relative clause

____________________

[i]

aedificia < aedificium

agrōs < ager

perfugīs < perfuga, -ae [1/m]: deserter

spem < spēs

[ii]

exercitum < exercitus, -ūs [4/m]

impetum < impetus, -ūs [4/m]

[iii]

āmīserat < āmittō

audēbant < audeō

cognōvit < cognōscō

dūxit < dūcō

incendēbant < incendō

potest < possum

sustinēre < sustineō

[iv]

interim: meanwhile

itaque: therefore

statim: immediately

subitō: suddenly

[v]

(1) a temporal clause ( a clause of time) gives information as to when the action in the main clause takes / took place

Caesar, when he learned of these events from captives and deserters, …

(2) ubi Caesar ad hunc fluvium vēnit

[vi]

(1) a relative (or adjectival) clause gives additional information about the person / thing in the main clause

Cassivelaunus, who had lost hope of resistance, …

(2) quī vastābant agrōs