29.09.26: Level 3+ (review); impersonal verbs [6] interest; rēfert

Both verbs have a double function and, depending on that function, can have different meanings:

• intersum, interesse, interfuī: be / lie between; differ; be present / attend
• referō, referre, rettulī, relātus: many meanings including bring / carry back; relate / report

Here, however, we focus on their impersonal uses in the 3^rd person singular:

[1] interest: it interests / concerns / makes a difference / it is important (of importance)

Hoc inter mē et illōs interest (Cicero)

• The difference between me and them is this.

At quid interest inter periūrum et mendācem? (Cicero)

• What is the difference between a perjurer and a liar?

Quid interest ¦ dare tē in manūs argentum amantī hominī adulēscentī? (Plautus)

• What difference does it make ¦ for you to hand money to a young man who loves (women)?

Nihil enim interest (Cicero)

• For it’s of no importance / It does not matter (to me).

Sī nihil interest, nūlla rēgula est (Cicero)

• If nothing makes a difference / if there is no difference, there is no rule.

Neque … multum interest utrum mē hominēs in oppidō videant an in viā (Cicero)

• nor … does it much matter whether people see me in a town or on the road

When expressing the person affected:

interest: + (1) the genitive, or (2) the feminine ablative singular of the possessive adjective e.g. meā, nostrā etc. but with no noun expressed

(1)

nam eōrum quoque vehementer interest (Cicero)

• For it’s also a matter of great importance to them.

Eius aliquid interest vidērī … (Cicero)

• It is of some importance to him to appear …

Quid autem illīus interest … ubi sīs? (Cicero)

• What does it matter to him where you are?

Omnium interest valēre.

• It concerns all / it is in the interest of all to keep well.

(2)

Illud meā magnī interest (Cicero)

• That’s of great interest to me.

Meā nihil interest (Cicero)

• It’s of no interest to me / It does not matter to me.

Permagnī nostrā interest (Cicero)

• It is of the highest importance to us [ = to me]

This example shows both genitive and ablative used in the same sentence:

Magnī interest Cicerōnis [genitive], vel meā [ablative] potius vel mehercule utrīusque [genitive] (Cicero)

• It is a matter of great concern to my son*, or rather to me, or rather upon my word to both of us

*i.e. his son shares the cognomen

The extent of the concern is expressed by:

[i] the genitive

Illud meā magnī interest │ That is of great interest to me.

Permagnī nostrā interest │ It is of the highest importance to us

[ii] adverbs such as maximē:

Hoc maximē interest │ This is of very great / the greatest importance.

[iii] neuter pronouns

Neque … multum interest │ Nor does it matter much.

Meā nihil interest │ It’s of no interest to me.

[2] rēfert: it matters / concerns / it is important (of importance)

Quid rēfert? (Cicero)

• What does that matter?

The person affected is expressed by the ablative case:

Nam quid est? num meā [ablative] rēfert? (Plautus)

• Well what is it? Something that concerns me?

Tuā istuc rēfert maximē (Plautus)

• That business concerns you the most.

Tuā quod nīl rēfert, nē cūrēs (Plautus)

[literally: do not take care of what is of no concern to you]

• Keep your nose out of other people’s business!

‘nōn nostrā' inquit 'magis quam vestrā rēfert vōs nōn rebellāre’ (Livy)

• "It is not," he told them, "more in our interest than in yours, that you should not rebel”

GELASIMUS

Ōrātōrēs tū accipis, habeās tibi. │ You’re entertaining orators, you may keep them.

EPIGNOMUS

Tuā pol rēfert. │ By Pollux, this concerns you.

GELASIMUS

Enim, sī quidem meā rēfert, opera ūtere. │ Well then, if it really concerns me, make use of my services.

(Plautus)

29.09.26: Level 3+ (review); impersonal verbs [5] necessity, obligation and related ideas [ii] further examples

Translations are idiomatic and do not always reflect the literal meaning.

[1]

Pater vocat mē, eum sequor, eius dictō imperiō sum audiēns; ut fīlium bonum patrī esse oportet (Plautus)

• My father calls me; I follow him; I am obedient to his word and command—as a good son ought to be to his father.

[2]

mihi necesse est īre hinc (Plautus)

• I need to go from here.

[3]

CONGRIO

Quid, stolide, clāmās? │ What are you yelling for, stupid?

EUCLIO

Quia ad trīs virōs** iam ego dēferam nōmen tuom*. │ Because I am going to report your name to the police this instant.

CONGRIO

Quam ob rem? │ Why?

EUCLIO

Quia cultrum habēs. │ Because you have a knife.

CONGRIO

Cocum decet. │ And so a cook should.

*tuom = tuum

** trīs [trēs] virōs; trēsvirī: three men jointly holding responsibility for public office including overseer of prisons

[4]

At pol ego ibi sum, esse ubi miserum hominem decet atque īnfortūnātum (Plautus)

• By Pollux! But here I am where a wretched, unlucky man should be.

[5]

Bene mēcum agitur sī hoc ūnum senectūtem meam dēdecet (Seneca the Younger)

• It is going well for me if this is the only thing that is unbecoming to my old age.

[6]

Coquite, facite, festīnāte nunciam, quantum libet (Plautus)

• Cook away, work away, hurry around now to your hearts' content [literally: as much as it pleases]

[7]

Pol mē haud paenitet, sī licet bonī dīmidium mihi dīvidere cum Iove (Plautus)

• By Pollux, I do not at all regret it, if I may share half of the blessing with Jupiter.

[8]

LEONIDA

Certum est* crēdere │ I’m determined to trust you

LIBANUS

Licet audācter │ You can – boldly

*Literally: It is certain, but translates in various ways to express determination:

I’m determined; my mind’s made up; you can count on that

nunc certum est mihi (Plautus) │ I’m now resolved

[9]

Haud sciō quid eō opus sit, quae nec lac nec lānam ūllam habent (Plautus)

• I don’t know what need there is of that; they’ve neither milk nor any wool.

[10]

nam istīc fortasse aurō est opus … atque eō fortasse iam opust (Plautus)

• For there’s possibly need of gold in the affair … and furthermore there’s possibly need of it now.

[11]

itidem habet petasum ac vestītum: tam cōnsimilest [cōnsimilis + est]  atque ego; sūra, pēs, statūra, tōnsus, oculī, nāsum vel labra, mālae, mentum, barba, collus: tōtus. quid verbīs opust?

• He has on a travelling hat, and clothes the same as mine. He's as like me as I am myself! Same leg – foot – height – haircut – eyes – nose – lips, even – jaw – chin – beard – neck – everything. What need is there for words?

Quid verbīs opus [opus + est]? What need is there for words? [i.e. Enough said!]

28.09.26: Level 3 / 3+ (Review); Hillard & Botting [64] Labours of Hercules (3)

[1] Ērat olim mōnstrum horrendum, Hydra nōmine, quod in palūde prope lacum Lernaeum habitābat agrōsque finitīmōs vastābat. Huic novem erant capita, quōrum medium immortāle fuit. Herculēs, quī ab Eurystheō mōnstrum occīdere iussus erat, ingentī clāvā oppugnābat: quotiēns autem ūnum caput abscīderat, statim duo capita eōdem locō crēscēbant: etiam pugnantī ingēns subvēnit cancer, ā quō Herculēs vulnerātus est.

Briefly explain why each of the following are referred to:

[i] Hydra (2)

[ii] palūde (2)

[iii] Lernaeum (2)

[iv] novem (2)

[v] Eurystheō (2)

[vi] clavā (2)

[vii] ūnum … duo … (2)

[viii] cancer (2)

[2] Translate: Erat autem Herculī minister quīdam fīdus, Iolāus nōmine, cuius auxiliō reliqua capita incendit, medium illud, quod immortāle esse dīcēbātur, sub magnō saxō sepelīvit. (10)

[3] Tum sanguine eius sagittās cruentāvit, cuius venēnō omnēs posteā, quī Herculis sagittīs vulnerātī erant, necābantur.

What did Hercules do with the blood and why? (4)

Vocabulary

cancer, cancrī [2/m]: crab

crēscō, crēscere, crēvī, crētus [3]: grow 

fīdus, -a, -um: faithful

pālus, palūdis [3/f]: marsh 

quotiēns: whenever

sepelīō, sepelīre, sepelīvī, sepultus [4]: bury

subveniō, subvenīre, subvēnī, subventus [4]: come to the help of (+ dative) 

____________________

[1]

[i] name of the monster

[ii] the marsh where it lives

[iii] the name of the lake where the marsh is near

[iv] the nine heads of the Hydra

[v] the name of the man who ordered Hercules to carry out the task

[vi] the club used by Hercules to attack the monster

[vii] for every one head cut off by Hercules, two grew back

[viii] the crab that helped the Hydra and injured Hercules

[2] Now Hercules had (1) a certain loyal assistant (1), named Iolaus (1) with whose help (1) he burned (1) the remaining heads (1), and buried (1) that middle one (1), which was said to be immortal (1), under a great rock (1).

[3] He dipped his arrows in it (1) so that the poison (1) would kill anyone (1) wounded by them (1).

____________________

Once there was a dreadful monster called the Hydra, which lived in a marsh near Lake Lerna and was ravaging the neighbouring fields. It had nine heads, of which the middle one was immortal. Hercules, who had been ordered by Eurystheus to kill the monster, attacked it with a huge club: but whenever he cut off one head, two heads immediately grew back in the same place. Moreover, while it was fighting, a huge crab came to its aid, and Hercules was wounded by it. Now Hercules had a certain loyal assistant, named Iolaus; with his help he burned the remaining heads, and buried that middle one, which was said to be immortal, under a great rock. Then he dipped his arrows in its blood, and by its poison all those who were later wounded by Hercules’ arrows were killed.

27.09.26: topic; architecture [4]; Comenius (1658) LXVII; domus [4]

This section of the text uses a number of technical terms and is a particularly good example of Comenius’ commitment not only to teaching Latin words to his 17^th century pupils, but also educating them about the world around them, in this case how structures were built.

Part [6]

On the top is the roof, covered with tiles or shingles, which lie upon laths*, and these upon rafters.

In summō est tectum, contectum imbricibus (tegulīs) vel scāndulīs, quæ incumbunt tigillīs, hāc tignīs.

The eaves adhere to the roof. 

Tectō adhæret stillicidium.

[i] tectum, -ī [2/n]: roof, ceiling; can also refer figuratively to a house or dwelling

[ii]

tignum, -ī [2/n]: beam; rafter

tigillum, -ī [2/n]: *small piece of wood or small beam / joist

[iii]

scāndula, -ae [1/f]: roof shingle; this refers to tiles that overlap, the process still used today

imbrex, imbricis [3 m/f] < imber, imbris [3/m]: rain; hollow tile, gutter tile used to lead rain off a roof

tēgula, -ae [1/f]: large and heavy flat roof tile used in combination with the imbrex

meās cōnfrēgistī imbricēs et tēgulās (Plautus) 

you have been breaking my gutters and my tiles

images: (1) sets of roof tiles, each consisting of two joined tēgulae and one imbrex, overlapping them to cover the gap; (2) roof tiles from Pompeii

[iv] stillicidium, -ī [2/n]: [i] the original meaning of the word refers to liquid falling drop by drop, especially rainwater; [ii] it acquires a later meaning, used in the text, to refer to part of a roof which leads water away from the house structure e.g. eaves, gutter

26.09.26: Level 1 (review); vocabulary [18]: food and drink (3)

[1] Which of the following refer to:

(a) fruit

(b) vegetables

apium

bēta

bōlētus

brassica

carōta

cēpa

cerasus / cerasum

cicer

cucumis

faba

fīcus

frāgum

fungus

grānātum

lactūca

mālum

mūsa

pirum

pīsum

porrus / porrum

prūnum

rādix

raphanus

rāpum

ūva

[2] Label the images:

mūsa, -ae [1/f]

ūva, -ae [1/f]

frāgum, -ī [2/n]

grānātum, -ī [2/n]

mālum, -ī [2/n]

pirum, -ī [2/n]

prūnum, -ī [2/n]

cerasus, -ī [2/f]; cerasum [2/n]

fīcus, -ūs [4 m/f]; fīcī [2 m/f]

[3] Label the images:

bēta, -ae [1/f]

brassica, -ae [1/f]

carōta, -ae [1/f]

cēpa, -ae [1/f]

faba, -ae [1/f]

lactūca, -ae [1/f]

bōlētus, -ī [2/m]

fungus, -ī [2/m]

raphanus, -ī [2/m]

apium, -ī [2/n]

pīsum, -ī [2/n]

rāpum, -ī [2/n]

porrus, -ī [2/m]; porrum, -ī [2/n]

cucumis, -eris [3/n]

rādix, -īcis [3/f]

cicer, -is [3/n]

____________________

[1]

(a) cerasus / cerasum; fīcus; frāgum; grānātum; mālum; mūsa; pirum; prūnum; ūva

(b) apium; bēta; bōlētus; brassica; cēpa; carōta; cicer; cucumis; faba; fungus; lactūca; pīsum; porrus / porrum; rādix; raphanus; rāpum

[2]

Notes:

frāgum, -ī [2/n]: commonly found in the plural i.e. frāga

ariēna, -ae [1/f]: banana; (rare) used by Pliny the Younger

[3]

olīvae nigrae

25.09.26: Level 3+ (review); impersonal verbs [4] necessity, obligation and related ideas [i]

(1)

oportet: it is proper, it is right

necesse est: it is necessary

decet: it is becoming / fitting/ proper / suitable

dēdecet: it is unbecoming / unfitting / improper / unsuitable

(2)

libet: it is pleasing; it is agreeable

licet: it is permitted

(3)

opus est: there is need

(4)

rēfert: it matters / concerns / it is important (of importance)

interest: it interests / concerns / makes a difference / it is important (of importance)

(1)

oportet: it is proper, it is right

necesse est: it is necessary

decet: it is becoming / fitting/ proper / suitable

dēdecet: it is unbecoming / unfitting / improper / unsuitable

[i] They are followed by an infinitive indicating what is proper / necessary to do:

necesse est ¦ proficīscī

• it is necessary ¦ to set out

[ii] the person for whom the action is proper / necessary is expressed in the accusative case:

Eum necesse est proficīscī.

• It is necessary for him to set out.

Mox necesse erit mē et mātrem iter facere.

• Soon it will be necessary for my mother and (for) me to make a journey.

Quid mē oportet facere, ubi tū tālis vir falsum autumās? (Plautus)

• What ought I to do, when a man such as you asserts something false?

Nōn tē mī īrāscī decet (Plautus)

• You oughtn't [literally: it isn’t proper for you] to be cross with me.

Huic decet statuam statuī ex aurō (Plautus)

• It is fitting for a statue of gold to be set up for him [ = a gold statue ought to be …].

Orātōrem vēro īrāscī minimē decet, simulāre nōn dēdecet. (Cicero)

• It is by no means fitting for an orator to lose his temper; to feign (it) is not unbecoming.

(2) The following expressions may be followed by an infinitive and, if expressed, the dative of the person.

[i] libet: it is pleasing; it is agreeable

Dīc quod libet (Plautus)

• Say what you want [literally: what is pleasing]

libet perlegere hās (Plautus)

• I’d like to read through this.

Ut libet ¦ quid tibi [dative] libet fac (Plautus)

• Suit yourself [literally: as is pleasing (to you)], ¦ do what suits you.

[ii] licet: it is permitted

Nōn licet manēre – cēna coquitur – dum cēnem modo? (Plautus)

• May I not stay [literally: is it not permitted] –  dinner's being cooked – just till I've dined?

nunc licet mihi [dative] līberē quidvīs loquī (Plautus)

• Now I'm permitted to speak freely about anything

nimis vīlest vīnum atque amor, sī ēbriō [dative] atque amantī [dative] impūne facere quod lubeat licet (Plautus)

• Drink and love are far too cheap, if a drunkard and a lover can do what he likes without any consequence.

(3) opus est: there is need

Sī quid ¦ opus est, imperā (Plautus)

• If there is need of ¦ anything, give the order

Quid opust [opus + est] ? (Plautus)

• What’s the use?

What is needed is in the ablative case:

Quid eō [ablative] est opus? (Plautus)

• What is the use of that [literally: What need is there …]?

Quid opust ānulō? (Plautus)

• A ring? What for? [literally: What need is there for a ring?]

Eiulātiōne haud opus est, oculīs haud lacrimantibus (Plautus)

• There’s no need for howling nor crying eyes.

The person who has the need is expressed in the dative case:

Mihi [dative: person needing] pecūniā [ablative: what is needed] opus est. │ I need money [literally: To me there is need of money]

Nōbīs auxiliō opus est. │ We need help.

Tibi cōnsiliō opus erit. │ You will need advice.

Quid eō mī opus est? (Plautus)

• What use is that to me?

Tum nōbīs [dative: person needing] opus est sūmptū [ablative: what is needed] (Plautus)

• Then we need expenses.

Multīs et multigeneribus opus est tibi mīlitibus (Plautus)

• You need many recruits of many sorts, too.

25.09.26: Level 3+ (review); impersonal verbs [3] emotional states [ii] further examples

[i]

Nōn audeō id dīcere equidem, et mē pudet tam cito dē sententiā esse dēiectum (Cicero)

• I do not indeed dare to say that, and I am ashamed to have been so quickly cast down from my opinion.

nōn paenitet mē (Cicero)

• I don’t regret it.

valdē mē paenitēbat (Cicero)

• I was very sorry [literally: it caused me regret]

[ii]

The impersonal verb may be used without a pronoun:

periī, pudet (Plautus)

• I’m done for, I’m ashamed.

[iii]

The impersonal verb may be followed by an infinitive or with a neuter pronoun as the subject

Taedet nōs in lūdō sedēre.

• We are bored with sitting in school [literally: It tires us to sit in school].

Mē, mī Pompōnī, valdē paenitet vīvere (Cicero)

• My dear Pomponius, I am heartily sick of life [literally: I regret to live / living]

Iam dūdum pudet tam multa scrībere (Cicero)

• For some time past I have been ashamed to write so many things.

Mē hoc paenitet.

• I am ashamed of this.

[iv] accusative of person affected and genitive of the cause:

taedet omnīnō eōs [accusative] vītae [genitive] (Cicero)

• These people are completely tired of life.

Pudet mē patris (Cicero)

• I’m ashamed of (his) father,

mea māter, tuī mē miseret, meī piget (Ennius)

• My mother, I pity you; I am disgusted with myself.

Quārē voluntātis mē meae numquam paenitēbit, cōnsiliī paenitet. (Cicero)

• So I shall never regret my resolve; but I regret the plan.

pudēbit tē, inquam, illīus tabulae  (Cicero)

• You will be ashamed, I say, of that picture

[v] accusative of person omitted, leaving only the genitive

Chirurgiae [genitive] taedet (Cicero)

• I have grown tired of surgery.

Taedet mentiōnis (Caecilius)

• The mention of it is wearisome [ = I don’t like to talk about it]

Crēdō iam omnium taedēbat (Terence)

• I think he was finally tired of them all.

24.09.26: Level 3 / 3+ (Review); Hillard & Botting [62] Labours of Hercules (2)

[1] Complete the Latin text with the correct form of the word.

In a certain valley, by the name of Nemea, there lived at that time a huge lion which the inhabitants of that land feared very much.

In [vallis / vallem / valle] quādam, Nemea [nōmine / nōmen / nōmina], habitābat [illud tempus/ illō tempore / illīus temporis] ingēns leō [quī / quod / quem] maximē eius [terrae / terrā / terra] incolae timēbant.

[2] Hunc Herculēs occīdere et ad rēgem portāre iussus est. Diū frūstrā cum monstrō clāvā et sagittīs pugnābat: tandem faucēs eius manibus ēlīsit. Tum mortuum leōnem in umerīs ad rēgiam reportāvit.

[i] How did Hercules first try to kill the Nemean lion? (1)

[ii] How did he finally kill it? (1)

[iii] How was the lion taken to the palace? (1)

[3] Translate: Quem ubi vīdit rēx ipse dīcitur virī fortissimī vīribus territus esse Herculemque iussisse exīre extrā oppidī mūrōs victōriās nūntiāre. (8)

[4] Complete the Latin text with the words listed below; note the differences in word order

Afterwards he was (1) ordered to kill a (2) huge bull (3) which was ravaging the fields of Crete. (4) This task too (5) he is said (6) to have completed and (7) to have carried back the animal (8) alive on his shoulders home, and soon (9) to have set (it) free.

Posteā taurum (2) __________, (3) __________ Crētae agrōs vastābat, occīdere (1) __________ est. (4) __________ quoque opus (5) __________ (6) __________ (8) __________que animal in umerīs domum (7) __________, mox (9) __________.

dīcitur; hoc; ingentem; iussus; līberāvisse; perēgisse; quī; reportāvisse; vīvumcVocabulary

Vocabulary

clāva, -ae [1/f]: club

___________________

[1] In valle quādam, Nemea nōmine, habitābat illō tempore ingēns leō quem maximē eius terrae incolae timēbant.

[2]

[i] with a club and arrows

[ii] with his (own) hands

[iii] on his shoulders

[3] When the king saw him (1), he himself is said (1) to have been frightened (1) by the strength (1) of the very brave man (1) and to have ordered Hercules (1) to go out beyond the walls of the town (1) and to announce his victories (1).

[4] Posteā taurum ingentem, quī Crētae agrōs vastābat, occīdere iussus est. Hoc quoque opus dīcitur perēgisse vīvumque animal in umerīs domum reportāvisse, mox līberāvisse.

____________________

In a certain valley, called Nemea, there lived at that time a huge lion which the inhabitants of that land feared very much. Hercules was ordered to kill this and to carry it to the king. For a long time he fought in vain with the monster with a club and arrows: at last he crushed its throat with his hands. Then he carried the dead lion on his shoulders to the palace. When the king saw him, he himself is said to have been frightened by the strength of the very brave man and to have ordered Hercules to go out beyond the walls of the town and to announce his victories.

Afterwards he was ordered to kill a huge bull which was ravaging the fields of Crete. This task too he is said to have completed and to have carried the animal alive on his shoulders home, and soon to have set it free.

23.09.26: topic; architecture [3]; Comenius (1658) LXVII; domus [3]

Part [4]

They go up into the upper stories by stairs. |  Ascenditur in superiōrēs contignātiōnēs per scālās. 

contignātiō, -iōnis [3/f]: story; floor (of a building)

scāla, -ae [1/f]: (sg.) ladder; (pl: scālae, -ārum) stairs

Part [5]

The windows appear on the outside, and the grates, the galleries, the water tables, and the buttresses to bear up the walls. |  Fenestræ apparent extrīnsecus, et cancellī (clāthra), pergulæ, suggrundia et fulcra fulciendīs murīs.

[i] fenestra, -ae [1/f]: window

[ii]

cancellus, -ī [2/m]; used in the plural (cancellī, -ōrum): grating, balustrade, bars, railings

clāthrī, -ōrum [2/m/pl]; clāthra, -ōrum [2/n/pl]: lattice; grate

[iii] pergula, -ae [1/f]: the English derivative pergola, via Italian from Latin, refers to a passageway of columns that supports a trelliswork roof; used to support and train climbing plants. The original Latin term had far broader meanings including the booth, stall or shop in front of a building, and hut or hovel.

[iv] (sub-) sug-grundium -ī [2/n]; suggrunda, -ae [1/f]: lower border of a roof; eaves

The translator renders the word as “water table,” a term usually applied to a sloping feature at the base of a wall; however, the accompanying image shows a projection at roof level, i.e. the eaves, whose function is to throw rainwater clear of the walls and foundations.

In discussing the properties of larch wood, the Roman architect Vitruvius makes the following observation:

… tabulae in subgrundiīs circum īnsulās sī essent ex eā conlocātae, ab trāiectiōnibus incendiōrum aedificia perīculō līberārentur

… if planks made from it were placed in the eaves around the apartment-blocks, the buildings would be freed from the danger of fires spreading across.

īnsulae, -ae [1/f]: in an urban setting, the word refers to a residential block of apartments, usually occupied by the lower classes

[v] fulcrum, -ī [2/n] < fulciō, -īre [4]: prop up; CL: a bedpost, the post or foot of a couch; Engl. deriv: fulcrum is a technical term used in mechanics to describe a fixed support on which something turns or pivots. Comenius uses the word to describe supports (i.e. buttresses) of a 17^th century house, placed externally to support the walls.

[vi] mūrus, -ī [2/m]: wall, usually of a city, as opposed to:

pariēs, pariētis [3/m]: wall (of a house or room)

moenia, -ium [3/n/pl]: city walls, defensive walls

Dīvidimus mūrōs et moenia pandimus urbis (Vergil) |  We breach the walls and lay open the defences of the city.

22.09.26: Level 1 (review); vocabulary [17]: food and drink (2)

Identify the nouns that refer to:

(a) grain

(b) drinks

aqua

caffēa

cervīsia

far

farīna

frūmentum

lac

mulsum

orȳza

pānis

pōtiō

puls

sūcus

thea

vīnum

[2] Label the images

farīna, -ae [1/f]

orȳza, -ae [1/f]

frūmentum, -ī [2/n]

far, farris [3/m]

panis, -is [3/m]

puls, -is [3/f]

[3] Label the images

aqua, -ae [1/f]

caffēa, -ae [1/f]

cervīsia, -ae [1/f]

thea, -ae [1/f]

vīnum, -ī [2/n]

mulsum, -ī [2/n]

sūcus, -ī [2/m]

potiō, -ōnis [3/f]

lac, lactis [3/n]

____________________

[1]

(a) far; farīna; frūmentum; orȳza; pānis; puls

(b) aqua; cervīsia; lac; mulsum; pōtiō; sūcus; vīnum

[2]

Note:

puls, -is [3/f]:  porridge, gruel, or mush made from cereals 

[3]

Note: mulsum, -ī [2/n]: honeyed wine

also: posca, -ae [1/f], a drink of vinegar, water, and egg beaten together, much drunk by the lower classes at Rome and by the soldiers (Thurston Peck)

21.09.26: Level 3+ (review); impersonal verbs [2] emotional states [i]

[i]

pudet: it shames

miseret: it moves to pity

paenitet: it causes regret

taedet: it wearies

piget: it disgusts; it annoys

[ii] The person who experiences these states becomes the object of the impersonal verb, but the impersonal construction in Latin will most often change to a personal construction in English:

pudet:  it shames

mē pudet │  literally: it shames me / it causes me shame

• I am ashamed

miseret: it moves to pity

mē miseret │ literally: it moves me to pity

• I feel pity / compassion

paenitet: it causes regret

taedet:  it wearies

taedet ipsum Pompēium vehementerque paenitet (Cicero)

• Pompey himself is weary of it and deeply regrets it.

piget, -ēre | it disgusts; it annoys

simul mē piget (Plautus)

• At the same time it irks me.

[iii]  With these impersonal verbs (1) the person affected is in the accusative case:

(2) the cause of that emotional state is in the genitive case:

(1) mē [accusative] (2) huius factī [genitive] paenitet

[literally: it causes me regret of this deed]

• I regret (2) this deed.

(1) mē [accusative] piget (2) ignāviae tuae [genitive]

• (1) I am disgusted (2) by your laziness.

(1) mē [accusative] cīvitātis mōrum [genitive] piget taedetque (Cicero)

• (1) I am sick and tired (2) of the ways of the state.

Crasse, (1) pudet mē [accusative] tuī [genitive] (Cicero)

• Crassus, (1) I am ashamed (2) of you.

(2) vestrī [genitive] (1) mē [accusative] pudet miseretque (Tacitus)

• (2) For you (1) I feel shame and compassion.

21.09.26: Level 3+ (review); impersonal verbs [1] introduction; weather expressions

In Latin, impersonal verbs do not have a personal subject i.e. they are not used with a nominative subject that performs the action. Instead, they typically express natural phenomena, mental states, necessity, obligation, emotion, or general events, and are normally used only in the third person singular.

In English, we often express impersonal ideas using the dummy subject “it”, as in:

It is raining.

It seems that…

It is necessary to…

Latin does not use a dummy subject, and so these ideas are expressed by impersonal verb forms alone, without a grammatical subject.

Example:

pluit: it is raining

There is no nominative subject; the verb stands by itself.

Latin impersonal verbs fall into several main semantic groups. Here we will look at:

[1] natural phenomena i.e. describing weather or natural events, for example:

grandinat: it is hailing

pluit: it is raining

ningit: it is snowing

tonat: it is thundering

Similarly:

French: il pleut; German: es regnet

Latin, however, does not use any pronoun.

[i] plumbō et saxīs grandinat. (Pacuvius)

• it’s hailing with lead and rocks

[ii] At quārē aliquandō nōn fulgurat et tonat (Seneca)

• But why is there no lightning sometimes and yet it thunders?

[iii] prius quam lūcet adsunt (Plautus)

• before it is daybreak they are with me

[iv] intereā tōtō nōn sētius aëre ningit (Virgil)

• Meanwhile it snows no less over the whole sky

[v] cum pluit in terrīs et ventī nūbila portant (Lucretius)

• when it rains on earth and winds bring clouds

[vi] cum tonat, … fulminat, cum serēnat (Minucius)

• when it thunders, … lightning strikes, when it’s clear

[vii] Ante rorat* quam pluit (Varro)

• it drizzles before it rains

*rorat can also refer to the formation of dew

Inchoative verbs may also function impersonally, for example:

• calēscit: it is getting hot; it’s starting to get hot
• frigēscit: it’s turning cold
• vesperāscit: it grows late

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/inchoative%20verbs

The entire topic of weather can be found at:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/topic%3A%20weather

20.09.26: topic; architecture [2]; Comenius (1658) LXVII; domus [2]

Part [2]

The hinges are upon the right hand, upon which the doors hang, the latch or the bolt are on the left hand.

Cardinēs sunt ā dextrīs, ā quibus pendent forēs; claustrum aut pessulus ā sinistrīs.

[i] cardō, -inis [3/n]: hinge; in Ancient Rome a hinge was usually constructed by a socket and pivot

[ii] claustrum, -ī [2/n]: (usually plural i.e. claustra, -ōrum) lock, bar, bolt; anything used to lock something

[iii] pessulus, -ī [2/m]: bolt

[iv] foris, -is [3/f]: door; entrance; pl: forēs, -ium, refers to the two leaves of a door

also: valvae, -ārum [1/f/pl]: double or folding door

Part [3]

Before the house is a forecourt, with a pavement of square stones, born up with pillars, in which is the chapiter*, and the base. 

Sub aedibus est cavædium, pavimentō tessellātō fulcītum columnīs, in quibus peristȳlium et basis.

[i] Note the distinction between:

(1) aedis, -is [3/f]: (singular) temple, shrine

(2) aedēs, -ium (plural): house

[ii] cavaedium, -ī [2/n]: main room of a Roman house; the far more common Latin term is atrium, -ī [2/n]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaedium

The translator, and the image, show an open forecourt, but the ātrium of a Roman house was internal, the only opening being a form of skylight to allow rainwater to fall into a decorative and shallow pool below. The function of the ātrium will be discussed in the subsequent sections on the Roman house.

[iii] pavīmentum, -ī [2/n]: hard floor, a pavement; in the Ancient Roman period this could refer to (1) a floor made by beating small stones, earth, or lime into a flat surface, or (2) artificial flooring composed of coloured marbles such as pavīmentum sectile: marble cut into sets of regular forms and size.

[iv] tessellātus , -a, -um: made of small, square stones; checkered; tessellated

pavīmentum tessellātum: flooring of marble regularly cut without a mixture of forms; note that Hoole specifically translates this as ‘a pavement of square stones’.

in expedītiōnibus tessellāta et sectilia pavīmenta circumtulisse (Suetonius)

(It was said that) he carried about in his expeditions tesselated and cut mosaic slabs [for the floor of his tent].

*[v] Engl. chapiter (archit.) the uppermost part of a column; Comenius uses the noun:

peristȳlium, -ī [2/n]: the inner garden of a Roman house surrounded by columns i.e. a location rather than a specific architectural term

[vi] basis, -is [3/f]: base; foot; pedestal; lowest part of a column

[vii] columna, -ae [1/f]: column