18.06.27: Level 3+ (review); a Second Latin Reader (Vincent) [27] The Defeat of the Veneti

Dum haec in Venetīs geruntur, Q. Titurius Sabīnus cum iīs copiīs, quās ā Caesare accēperat, in fīnēs Venellōrum pervēnit. Hīs praeerat Virīdovix atque summum imperium tenēbat eārum omnium cīvitātum quae dēfēcerant; ex eīs exercitum magnāsque copiās coēgerat; atque eīs paucīs diēbus Aulerci Eburovicēs Lexoviīque senātū suō necatō quod auctōrēs bellī esse nōlēbant, portās clausērunt sēque cum Virīdovice coniūnxērunt; magnaque praetereā multitūdō undique ex Galliā perditōrum hominum convēnerat, quōs studium pugnandī ab agrī cultūrā et cotīdiānō labōre revocābat.

[1] gerund

studium pugnandī | eagerness for fighting

27.05.25: Level 3; the gerund [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/270525-level-3-gerund-1.html

[1] Why is the present tense being used here?

Dum haec in Venetīs geruntur, …

Although the action is in the past tense, dum (while) refers to an action that was happening at the same time; Latin uses the present tense to convey that the actions are simultaneous.

[2] Translate the phrases. What type of word is in bold? Explain the case and number of each one in context.

[i] cum iīs copiīs, quās ā Caesare accēperat

[ii] eārum omnium cīvitātum quae dēfēcerant

[iii] multitūdō … perditōrum hominum convēnerat, quōs studium pugnandī ab agrī cultūrā … revocābat.

[3] Translate the phrase; give the case of the word in bold, and explain why it is being used.

Hīs praeerat Virīdovix

[4] Why is the ablative case used here?

eīs paucīs diēbus

[5] Find and note from the text an example of:

[i] an ablative absolute

[ii] an enclitic form

____________________

[2] key points:

(1) quās, quae and quōs: relative pronouns introducing relative / adjectival clauses

(2)

(a) The gender and number is determined by the antecedent, the noun that precedes the relative clause.

(b) The case is determined by the function of the relative pronoun within the relative clause.

[i] cum iīs (a) copiīs [antecedent: feminine plural], (b) quās [feminine plural accusative] ā Caesare accēperat

with the troops which he had received from Caesar

[ii] eārum omnium (a) cīvitātum [antecedent: feminine plural] (b) quae [feminine plural nominative] dēfēcerant

of all those states which had revolted

[iii] multitūdō … perditōrum (a) hominum [antecedent: masculine plural] convēnerat, (b) quōs [masculine plural accusative] studium pugnandī ab agrī cultūrā … revocābat.

A multitude of desperate men had gathered … whom a desire for fighting was calling away from cultivation of the land…”

[3] Viridovix was in command of these (troops); hīs: dative plural; the praesum, praesse: to be in charge / command (of) is followed by the dative case to indicate the person / thing over which somebody has authority

[4] ablative of time within which; eīs paucīs diēbus | within a few days

[5]

[i] senātū suō necatō

[ii] sēque

While these thing [i.e. operations] were being waged against the Veneti, Quintus Titurius Sabinus arrived in the territory of the Venelli with the troops which he had received from Caesar. Viridovix was in command of them and held supreme command of all those states which had revolted; from these he had raised an army and large forces. Moreover, within a few days, the Aulerci Eburovices and the Lexovii, after their (own) senate had been killed because they did not wish to be the instigators of the war, shut their gates and joined themselves to Viridovix. In addition, a great multitude of desperate men had gathered from all over Gaul, whom a desire for fighting was calling away from cultivation of the land and their daily labour.

15.11.26: Level 3 (review) reduplication

The term ‘reduplication’ refers to a word in which either part or all of the word is repeated. In English, it occurs in several forms:

[1] ‘Baby’ talk, e.g. choo-choo, bye-bye, night-night

[2] Emphasis, e.g. I would never ever do that!

[3] Repetition with a vowel change, e.g. chit-chat, zig-zag, tick-tock.

[4] Rhyming formations, e.g. super-duper, hocus-pocus, easy-peasy, nitty-gritty.

In Latin, reduplication occurs in the formation of

[1] some indefinites

quisquis: whoever

quidquid / quicquid: whatever

Since the word is a repetition, both parts decline, but, in practice, only the nominative forms are commonly found as well as:

quōquō: to wherever / to whatever place

quotquot: however many

Quisquis es, quidquid tibi nōmen est, senex, summum Iovem deōsque dō testēs (Plautus) │ Whoever you are, whatever your name is, old gentleman, I call Heaven and God on high to witness

pūrās sibi esse volt aedis: domī quidquid habet, ēicitur (Plautus) │ He wants his house to be pure: whatever he has at home is thrown out

Hoc quidem hercle, quōquō ībō, mēcum erit (Plautus) │ This, indeed, by Hercules, wherever I will go, will be with me

Quia certum est mihi, quasi umbra, quōquō tū ībis, tē semper sequī (Plautus) │ Because I have made up my mind always to follow you, like a shadow, wherever you go.

Quotquot autem recēpērunt eum dedit eīs potestātem (Vulgate) │ but as many as / however many received him, he gave them power …

[2] certain pronouns to create emphasis, the first two being rare:

mēmē: myself

tētē: yourself

sēsē: him / her / itself / themselves

[3] some very common perfect tense verbs; there are two patterns to note:

[i] Repetition of the initial consonant of the base verb, followed by e:

cadō (fall) > cecidī

tangō (touch) > tetigī

[ii] Repetition of the initial consonant and the vowel of the base verb, before the remainder of the perfect stem:

currō (run) > cucurrī

mordeō (bite) > momordī

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Latin_reduplicative_verbs

17.06.27: Level 1-2 (review); Julia (a Latin Reader) [16] (2)

Sed Andromachē sollicitō animō virum hīs verbīs culpāvit: "Ō Hector," inquit, "tōtam tuam vītam inter hostēs et proelia agis; multī sunt hostēs, quī tē odiō īrāque petunt, multī quōrum amīcōs ad Īnferōs mīsistī. Ē Troiānīs multī iam vulnerātī, multī necātī sunt. Nōn semper tū ipse vulnera īnfēsta vītābis. Tū igitur hodiē intrā moenia manē, et tē tuamque urbem cōnservā. Nōn enim sine tē Troiānī urbem contrā Graecōs dēfendent."

Cui Hector respondit, "Hī omnēs, quī nunc Troiam dēfendunt, ad mē prīncipem spectant. Propter meam virtūtem cūstōdēs in moenibus stant, mīlitēs ad proelia īnfēsta animō fortī excēdere audent. Sī ego proelia dētrectābō, nec fortem mē praebēbō, nōn iam cīvium amōre erō dignus. Troiānī quoque omnēs timidī erunt et mox ab hoste vincentur. Deinde Troia vastābitur, et vōs ad terram aliēnam in servitūtem dūcēminī. Nōn meum est proelia dētrectāre, sed potius prō patriā cadere."

Dīxit, et ōscula fīliō uxōrīque dedit. Parvulum ancillae trādidit, et armīs ōrnātus in viam excessit. Andromachē ex īmō pectore gemitum dedit, et capite dēmissō domum intrāvit; nam cūrīs sollicitīs vexābātur, et omnium rērum maximē virī suī mortem timēbat.

aliēnus, -a, -um: foreign, belonging to someone else

dētrectō, -āre [1]: shirk, refuse

īmus, -a, -um: deepest, lowest, innermost; ex imō pectore: from the bottom of (her) heart

nōn meum est [+ infinitive]: it is not for me [to …]

potius: rather

servitus, -ūtis [3/f]: slavery

timidus, -a, -um: timid, cowardly

virtūs, -ūtis [3/f]: virtue, courage

____________________

But Andromache, with an anxious heart, reproached her husband with these words: "O Hector," she said, "you spend your entire life amidst enemies and battles; there are many enemies who seek you out with hatred and rage, many whose friends you have sent to the Underworld. Many of the Trojans have already been wounded, many killed. You yourself will not always escape deadly wounds. Therefore, stay within the walls today, and save yourself and your city. For the Trojans will not defend the city against the Greeks without you."

Hector replied to her, "All those who are now defending Troy look to me as their leader. It is because of my valour that guards stand upon the walls and soldiers dare to march out to perilous battles with a brave spirit. If I shrink from battle or and do not show myself brave, I shall no longer be worthy of the citizens' love. All the Trojans, too, will become fearful and will soon be conquered by the enemy. Then Troy will be devastated, and you will be led away into slavery in a foreign land. It is not for me to shun battle, but rather to fall for my country."

He spoke, and gave kisses to his son and his wife. He handed the little child to the maidservant and, clad in his armour, set out on his way. Andromache gave a sigh from the bottom of her heart and entered the house with her head bowed; for she was tormented by anxious cares, and above all else, she feared her husband's death.

16.06.27: Level 1; First Latin Lessons (24); review [5]

[1] Label the images:

[a]

fēmina, -ae [1/f]

galea, -ae [1/f]

iānua, -ae [1/f]

lūna, -ae [1/f]

stella, -ae [1/f]

[b]

ager, agrī [2/m]

equus, -ī [2/m]

fīlius, -ī [2/m]

gladius, -ī [2/m]

hortus, -ī [2/m]

liber, librī [2/m]

puer, puerī [2/m]

vir, virī [2/m]

[c]

arma, -ōrum [2/n/pl]

bellum, -ī [2/n]

castra, -ōrum [2/n/pl]

cōnsilium, -ī [2/n]

frūmentum, -ī [2/n]

oppidum, -ī [2/n]

praemium, -ī [2/n]

scūtum, -ī [2/n]

tabernāculum, -ī [2/n]

tēctum, -ī [2/n]

[2] Match the English with the Latin in the word cloud:

at home

at night

badly

because

for a long time

in summer

in the evening

in winter

sometimes

then

today

what?

where / when

who?

with

aestāte; domī; hieme; vesperī; diū; hodiē; interdum; male; noctū; quis; quid; quod; cum; tum; ubi

[3] Complete the adjectives with the missing letters; each letter is used only once.

[i] ill: ae___e___

[ii] famous: ___lāru___

[iii] tired: d___ ___essus

[iv] wide: l___tus

[v] unhappy: ___is___r

[vi] much: mult___s

[vii] many: mult___

[viii] no; not any: ___ūl___us

[ix] dark: o___sc___rus

[x] alone: s___lus

[xi] strong: ___ali___us

-ā-; -b-; -c-; -d-; -e-; -ē-; -f-; -g-; -ī-; -l-; -m-; -n-; -ō-; -r-; -s-; -u-; -ū-; -v-

[4] Unscramble the letters:

[i] I live

TŌHABI

[ii] I have

ŌBEHA

[iii] I work

RŌLABŌ

[iv] I carry

ŌTROP

[v] I watch

TŌSPEC

[vi] I stand

ŌTS

[vii] (s)he learns

CTIDIS

[viii] (s)he does

TIFAC

[ix] (s)he remains

TENAM

[x] (s)he fears

METIT

[xi] (s)he sees

DETVI

[xii] they eat

TUNED

____________________

[3]

[i] aeger 

[ii] clārus 

[iii] dēfessus

[iv] lātus

[v] miser

[vi] multus

[vii] multī

[viii] nūllus

[ix] obscūrus

[x] sōlus

[xi] validus

[4]

[i] habitō

[ii] habeō

[iii] labōrō

[iv] portō

[v] spectō

[vi] stō

[vii] discit

[viii] facit

[ix] manet

[x] timet

[xi] videt

[xii] edunt

15.06.27: Level 4 (review); eō, īre – and its compounds [4] compound verbs; exercises (2)

[i] The term exeunt is sometimes used in the stage directions of plays. What does it mean? 

[ii] Explain the meanings of the following English words and their Latin roots:

[a] transitory

[b] obituary

[c] preterite

[iii] In the comedy movie “Life of Brian”, the titular character is writing anti-Roman graffiti on a wall. He wants to say “Romans, go home!” What should he write?

Rōman_____, _____ domum!

If he were only addressing one Roman, what would he write?

Rōman_____, _____ domum!

[iv] All of the following are 4^th declension masculine nouns formed from compounds of eō, īre. What do they mean?

[a] abitus, -ūs

[b] aditus, -ūs

[c] exitus, -ūs

[d] initus, -ūs

[e] trānsitus, -ūs

____________________

[i] Stage instruction that the characters leave the stage; they go out; the singular form (exit) is also used in stage directions with reference to one character

[ii]

[a] transitory: lasting only a short time; temporary < trānseō, -īre: to pass through
[b] obituary: a notice of a person’s death / biography of a person who has recently died < obeō, -īre: (here) die
[c] preterite: used as a grammatical term to refer to a past tense < praetereō, -īre: go past

[iii]

Rōmānī, īte domum!

Rōmāne, ī domum!

[iv]

[a] departure; going away
[b] approach; access; entrance
[c] departure; exit
[d] entrance; beginning
[e] crossing; passage

14.06.27: Level 4 (review); eō, īre – and its compounds [3] compound verbs; exercises (1)

[1] Label the images:

praeterīre; circumīre; redīre; exīre; abīre; trānsīre; inīre; perīre; adīre

[2] Translate:

[i] he goes around

[ii] I cross

[iii] she goes past

[iv] they perish

[v] they return

[vi] we go out

[vii] you (pl.) go in

[viii] you (sg.) approach

[ix] you (sg.) go away

[3] Translate:

[i] abierimus

[ii] abiī

[iii] adieritis

[iv] adīstī

[v] circumiit

[vi] exītis

[vii] iniimus

[viii] perierint

[ix] periērunt

[x] praeterieram

[xi] redierās

[xii] trānsierat

____________________

[i]

[2]

[i] circumit

[ii] trānseō

[iii] praeterit

[iv] pereunt

[v] redeunt

[vi] exīmus

[vii] inītis

[viii] adīs

[ix] abīs

[3]

[i] abierimus: we will have gone away

[ii] abiī: I went away

[iii] adieritis: you (plural) will have approached

[iv] adīstī: you approached

[v] circumiit: (s)he / it went around

[vi] exītis: you (plural) went out

[vii] iniimus: we went in

[viii] perierint: they will have perished

[ix] periērunt: they perished

[x] praeterieram: I had gone past

[xi] redierās: you had returned

[xii] trānsierat: (s)he / it had crossed

13.06.27: topic; transport; Neo-Latin; Traupman [2] listening part [A]; transcript and translation; vocabulary

statiō ferriviāria | the train station

[A]

Diāna
Salvē! Velim comparāre tesseram itinerāriam prīmae classis. | Hello! I’d like to buy a first-class ticket.

Tesserārius | ticket agent / seller
Quō, quaesō? | Where to, please?

Diāna
In Californiam. | To California.

Tesserārius
Vīsne tesseram unīus cursūs an tesseram itūs reditūsque? | Do you want a one-way ticket or a round-trip ticket?

Diāna
Tesseram itūs reditūsque. Quotā hōrā trāmen meum abscēdit? | A round-trip ticket. At what time does the train depart?

Tesserārius
Hōrā ūndecimā. | At eleven o’clock.

Diāna
Ā quotā crepīdine trāmen abscēdit? | From which platform does the train depart?

Tesserārius
Ā crepīdine quārtā, in orbitā decimā. | From platform 4, on track 10.

Diāna
Estne trāmen dīrēctum? | Is it a through train?

Tesserārius
Minimē. Mūtābis trāmina in statiōne Chicāgiēnsī. | No. You will change trains at the Chicago station.

____________________

[1] tessera, -ae [1/f]: (NL) ticket;  (CL) [i] square, cube; [ii] die (also six-sided and numbered for a dice game); [iii] ticket, voucher

Apart from the noun being used in playing games / gambling, two terms, both attested in CL, refer to the noun specifically as either a ticket or some form of voucher:

• tessera frūmentāria / nummāria: “a voucher or ticket given upon certain occasions by the magistrates to the poor, in exchange for which they received the quantities of bread, corn, wine, and oil, or sums of money inscribed upon it” (Thurston Peck)
• tessera theātrālis: “A ticket of admission to the theatre, or other place of public amusement …  entitling the holder to a place at the representation. On it were inscribed the number of the seat, the division and row in which it was situated, and in some cases the title of the play performed.” (Thurston Peck)

[2] tessera itinerāria < itinerārius, -a, -um: relating to a journey; the adjective makes it clear that a travel ticket is being referred to

• itinerārium, -ī [2/n]: journey (rare: far more common is iter, itineris [3/n])

[3] tessera unīus cursūs: (NL) one way ticket;  (CL) cursus, -ūs [4/m]: [i] running; [ii] (here) way; journey; voyage

[4] tessera itūs reditūsque: (NL) return ticket, but reflects how some other languages express a similar idea e.g. Fr. aller-retour; Gmn. hin und zurück; Russ. tuda i obratno (туда и обратно), all of which convey going there and coming back

• itus, -ūs [4/m]: going; departure
• reditus, -ūs [4/m]: return

[5] tessera prīmae / secundae classis: (NL) first / second class ticket; (CL) classis, -is [3/f]: [i] group, rank, class; [ii] fleet (of ships)

[6] tesserārius, -ī [2/m]: (NL) ticket seller; (CL) [i] dice-player; [ii] the person who receives the “watchword” from the commander

• tessera mīlitāris: A note / written order, with the ‘password’ which was often inscribed on a wooden tablet and given out by the officers to their soldiers, in order to distinguish friends from foes. It was also used to issue the the commander’s orders to different divisions of an army.

[7] statiō, -ōnis [3/f] ferriviāria [or: statiō ferrātae viae]: (NL) railway station

The adjective ferriviārius, -a, -um is a Neo-Latin coinage from ferrum, -ī [2/n]: iron + via, -ae [1/f]: way; road, specifically referring to railways. The word is aligned with certain other European languages that combine the terms ‘iron’ + ‘way’ e.g. Fr. chemin de fer; Gmn; Eisenbahn; Russ. zheleznaya doroga (железная дорога), all three italicised words meaning ‘iron’ and all three expressions literally meaning iron way or track. See also: via ferrāta (below).

• tessera ferriviāria: (NL) railway ticket

[8] trāmen, trāminis [3/n]: (NL) train < trahō, -ere [drag] + -men, the suffix used to describe the means by which the action is performed; Engl. and Fr. train < Fr. traîner [drag]

trāmen directum: (NL) a direct train

trāmen ferriviārium: (NL) railway train

• also: hamaxostichus, -ī [2/m]: (NL) train; < Anc. Gk. ἅμαξα [hámaxa, “wagon”] + στίχος [stíkhos, “a row or file (of soldiers)” or “a line (of poetry)”]

Three nice examples of hamaxostichus in texts using Neo-Latin:

(1) hamaxostichus, benzīnī exceptōria vehēns, exorbitāvit, quod via ferrāta, magnīs pluviīs mollīta, cōnsēderat | a train carrying tankers of gasoline derailed because the iron track, softened by heavy rains, had subsided.

(2) nōnne hamaxostichus Birminghamiēnsis advēnit? | Surely the Birmingham train has arrived?

(3) dum loquitur ululātū māchinae vectōriae iuxtā crepīdinem īnstrūctae sublātō hamaxostichus movēbātur | As she spoke, an engine standing at a platform gave a loud wail, and the train began to move.

• via ferrāta: literally, a road covered with iron = railway

https://neolatinlexicon.org/latin/railroad_railway/

• exorbitō, -āre [1/f]: go off track; deviate
• māchina, -ae [1/f] vectōria: (NL) locomotive; (train) engine
• vectōrius, -a, -um: related to transport / carrying; tessera vectōria: an alternative Neo-Latin term for any form of travel ticket

https://neolatinlexicon.org/latin/locomotive/

[9] orbita, -ae [1/f]: (CL) a track or rut made in the ground by a wheel; (NL) railway track

https://neolatinlexicon.org/latin/platform_track_in_train_station/

[10] crepīdō, -inis [3/f]: (NL) platform (in a train station); (CL) [i] raised causeway, sidewalk; [ii] edge, embankment

Grammar Note

Quotā hōrā … / Ā quotā crepīdine …  trāmen meum abscedit? | At what time / from which platform does my train leave?

quot? (indeclinable): how many?; the question invites a cardinal number and expects a plural answer:

Quot librōs habēs?  | How many books do you have?

quotus, -a, -um? is used when a number as part of a sequence is expected as the answer; English has no specific equivalent. The closest English can come is in constructions such as: “What place did you come in the race?”

The question quotā hōrā? is referring to the Roman system of telling the time where the answers were given as ordinal numbers:

Hōrā ūndecimā. | At eleven o’clock [literally: at the eleventh hour]

Similarly, both questions below expect an answer in the form of an ordinal number:

Quotus imperātor Nerō fuit? | Which emperor was Nero? [i.e. was he the first, second etc?]

Quīntus. | the fifth

Ā quotā crepīdine …? | From which platform [i.e. from the first, second etc?] 

Ā crepīdine quartā | from platform four [literally: from the fourth platform]

12.06.27: Level 3+ (review); a Second Latin Reader (Vincent) [26] Preparations against the Veneti

Itaque Caesar, qui cognōvit omnēs ferē Gallōs novīs rēbus studēre et ad bellum celeriter excitārī, nē plūrēs cīvitātēs coniūrātiōnem facerent, exercitum latius distribuere constituit.

T. Labienum in Trēverōs cum equitātū mittit; huic imperat ut Rēmōs reliquōsque Belgās adeat et in officiō contineat atque Germānōs per vim nāvibus flūmen trānsgredī prohibeat.

P. Crassum cum duodecim cohortibus in Aquitāniam proficīscī iubet, nē ex hīs gentibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur. D. Brūtum classī Gallicīsque nāvibus praeficī et quam celerrimē in Venetōs proficīscī iubet.

Note: D. Brūtum [accusative] classī [dative] Gallicīsque nāvibus [dative] praeficī …iubet

praeficiō, -ere [3-iō]: to put (somebody) in command of / in charge of (something)

The person who is put in command is in the accusative case, and what the person is in charge of is in the dative case.

[1] Translate and explain the use of the infinitives in bold:

(a) Itaque Caesar, qui cognōvit omnēs ferē Gallōs novīs rēbus studēre et ad bellum celeriter excitārī, …

(b) huic imperat ut … Germānōs … nāvibus flūmen trānsgredī prohibeat.

(c) P. Crassum … in Aquitāniam proficīscī iubet

(d) D. Brūtum classī Gallicīsque nāvibus praeficī … iubet

[2] Translate and explain the uses of the subjunctive in bold:

(a) nē plūrēs cīvitātēs coniūrātiōnem facerent …

(b) nē … auxilia in Galliam mittantur

(c) huic imperat ut Rēmōs reliquōsque Belgās adeat

____________________

[1]

(a) Caesar, therefore, who learned that almost all the Gauls were eager for revolution and were quickly roused to war

studēre: present active infinitive; excitārī: present passive infinitive

Both used in an indirect statement introduced by cognōvit.

(b) He orders him to prevent the Germans from crossing the river in ships.

trānsgredī: deponent infinitive; active in meaning

(c) He orders Publius Crassus to set out for Aquitania.

proficīscī: deponent infinitive; active in meaning

(d) He orders Decimus Brutus to be placed in command of the fleet and the Gallic ships.

praeficī: passive infinitive

[2] subjunctive usage

(a) so that more states might not / would not form a conspiracy; negative purpose clause introduced by nē

(b) so that reinforcements may not be sent into Gaul; negative purpose clause introduced by nē

(c) he orders him to approach the Remi and the other Belgians; indirect command introduced by ut

Therefore Caesar, who learned that almost all the Gauls were eager for revolution and were quickly being roused to war, decided to distribute his army more widely, so that more states might not form a conspiracy.

He sends Titus Labienus to the Treveri with cavalry; he orders him to approach the Remi and the other Belgians and keep them loyal, and to prevent the Germans from crossing the river by force in ships.

He orders Publius Crassus to set out for Aquitania with twelve cohorts, so that reinforcements might not be sent from these peoples into Gaul. He orders Decimus Brutus to be placed in command of the fleet and the Gallic ships and to set out against the Veneti as quickly as possible.

11.06.27: Level 1-2 (review); Julia (a Latin Reader) [16] (1)

HECTOR ET ANDROMACHĒ

Inter Troiānōs quī tot annōs urbem suam contrā Graecōs dēfendēbant, erat Hector, omnium rēgis fīliōrum fortissimus, et Priamō patrī cārissimus. Hic ā cīvibus suīs maximē amābātur et in summō honōre habēbātur.

Vehementer ā Graecīs timēbātur, ubi ex urbīs portīs ad proelium ruēbat, aut ignibus īnfēstīs hostium nāvēs vastābat. Cottīdiē Troiānī ad arma ab Hectore incitābantur; cottīdiē cīvium animī ad fortia facta firmābantur. Saepe cum Hectore ā proeliō victōrēs revertērunt.

Andromachē, Hectoris uxor, cum virō fīliolōque in rēgiā habitābat. Nūlla ex omnibus Troiānīs mulier magis virum suum amābat, aut virī amōre dignior erat. Ōlim Hector, ad proelium ōrnātus, ē viā in rēgiam vēnit. Andromachē vultū laetō virum salūtāvit et ancillam vocāvit, quae fīliolum in sinū tenēbat. Deinde Hector bracchia ad puerum porrēxit. Sed puer, ubi cristam rubram vīdit, quae ex patris galeā horrēbat, perterritus est, nec ad patrem venīre audēbat, sed multīs lacrimīs in ancillae sinū haerēbat.

Tum vērō Hector, vir maximus, fīliō rīsit, et galeam terribilem humī dēposuit, et bracchia iterum ad fīlium porrēxit. Hic nōn iam perterritus est, sed rīsit, et patris collō bracchia parvula dedit.

XLVI

ancilla, -ae [1/f]: handmaid

Andromachē, -ae [1/f]: Andromache, wife of Hector

audeō, -ēre, ausus sum [2]: dare

dēpōnō, -ere, dēposuī, dēpositus [3]: put down

dignus, -a, -um: worthy; … aut virī amōre [+ ablative] dignior erat | … or was more worthy of the love of a husband

fīliolus, -ī [2/m]: little son

haereō, -ēre, haesī, haesum [2]: stick, cling

Hector, -oris [3/m]: Hector, the bravest of the Trojans

infestus, -a, -um: hostile, dangerous

magis: more

Priamus, -ī [2/m]: Priam, king of Troy

quī, quae, quod: who, which

sinus, -ūs [4/m]: the fold of a dress, the bosom

____________________

Among the Trojans who for so many years were defending their city against the Greeks was Hector, the bravest of all the king’s sons, and dearest to his father Priam. He was greatly loved by his fellow citizens and held in the highest honour.

He was greatly feared by the Greeks whenever he rushed out from the city gates into battle, or ravaged the enemy ships with destructive fires. Every day the Trojans were urged to take up arms by Hector; every day the spirits of the citizens were strengthened for brave deeds. Often they returned victorious from battle with Hector.

Andromache, Hector’s wife, lived in the palace with her husband and little son. Of all the Trojan women, none loved her husband more, or was more worthy of her husband’s love.

One day Hector, armed for battle, came from the road into the palace. Andromache greeted her husband with a joyful expression and called a maidservant, who was holding the little boy in her bosom. Then Hector stretched out his arms towards the boy.

But when the boy saw the red crest, which was sticking out from his father’s helmet, he was terrified and did not dare to come to his father, but clung to the maidservant’s bosom with many tears.

Then indeed Hector, a great man, smiled at his son, and put down the terrifying helmet on the ground, and stretched out his arms towards his son again. The boy was no longer frightened, but smiled, and put his little arms around his father’s neck.

10.06.27: Level 1; First Latin Lessons (23); review [4]

arma, -ōrum [2/n/pl]: weapons

castra, -ōrum [2/n/pl]: camp

Note: the noun in Latin is plural, but it has a singular meaning; verbs and adjectives used with it are also in the plural

galea, -ae [1/f]: helmet

lātus, -a, -um: wide; broad

male: badly

nēmō: nobody; used with a singular verb

omnēs: everyone; used with a plural verb

vir, -ī [2/m]: man

[1] Complete the Latin texts with the endings and words listed below; many of these are used more than once.

I: Everybody loves and praises [= all (the people) love and praise] Publius because he is a good man. No one praises his son because he is not hardworking and works badly. Publius is unhappy because his son is not hardworking.

Omnēs amīc_____ Publi_____ amant et __________ quod __________ bon_____ est. Nēmō fīli_____ eius __________, quod impiger nōn est et male labōrat. Pūbli_____ est __________ quod fīli_____ nōn est impiger.

-ī; labōrat; laudant; laudat; -um; -us; vir; miser

II: In your house I see a helmet and a shield. I also see a sword. Your weapons are Roman. Now we see helmets and swords in war, but we do not see shields.

In tēct_____ tu_____ gale_____ et scūt_____ __________. Gladi_____ quoque __________. Tu_____ arm_____ sunt Rōmān_____. Nunc gale_____ et gladi_____ in bell_____ __________, sed scūt_____ nōn __________.

-a; -am; -ās; -ō; -ōs; -um; vidēmus; videō

III: Our town has wide streets. In the streets we see many boys and girls. The boys and girls are hurrying from school.

III: Oppid_____ nostr_____ vi_____ lāt_____ habet. In vi_____ mult_____ puer_____ et puell_____ vidēmus. Puer_____ et puell_____ ex schol_____ properant.

-ā; -ae; -ās; -ī; -īs; -ōs; -um

[2] Complete the Latin sentences by choosing the correct translation:

[i] Why are you carrying no books today?

Cūr __________ hodiē portās?

[A] nūllī librī; [B] nūllum librum; [C] nūllōs librōs

[ii] (1) My friend is carrying (2) my books today.

__________ hodiē __________ portat.

(1) [A] amīcus meus; [B] amīcī meī; [C] amīcum meum

(2) [A] librī meī; [B] librōs meōs; [C] librīs meīs

[iii] I often carry my friend’s books.

Saepe librōs __________ portō.

[A] amīcōrum meōrum; [B] amicō meō; [C] amīcī meī

[iv] From our town we see the camp.

[iv] Ex __________ castra vidēmus.

[A] oppidum nostrum; [B] oppida nostra; [C] oppidō nostrō

[3] Translate into Latin

[i] The camp is large. My friend is now in the camp. [Check vocabulary note]

[ii] The little boy reads many books.

[iii] Marcus is unhappy today.

[iv] The field is large but the garden is small.

[v] Your horse is beautiful but it is not strong.

[vi] There are many roses in my garden.

____________________

[1]

I: Omnēs amīcī Publium amant et laudant quod vir bonus est. Nēmō fīlium eius laudat, quod impiger nōn est et male labōrat. Pūblius est miser quod fīlius nōn est impiger.

II: In tēctō tuō galeam et scūtum videō. Gladium quoque videō. Tua arma sunt Rōmāna. Nunc galeās et gladiōs in bellō vidēmus, sed scūta nōn vidēmus.

III: Oppidum nostrum viās lātās habet. In viīs multōs puerōs et puellās vidēmus. Puerī et puellae ex scholā properant.

[2]

[i] Cūr nūllōs librōs hodiē portās?

[ii] Amīcus meus hodiē librōs meōs portat.

[iii] Saepe librōs amīcī meī portō.

[iv] Ex oppidō nostrō castra vidēmus.

[3]

[i] Castra magna sunt. Amīcus meus nunc in castrīs est.

[ii] Puer parvus multōs librōs legit.

[iii] Mārcus hodiē est miser.

[iv] Ager est magnus sed hortus parvus est.

[v] Equus tuus est pulcher sed nōn est validus.

[vi] In hortō meō sunt multae rosae.

09.06.27: Level 4 (review); eō, īre – and its compounds [2] indicative active; exercise

[a] Tick the tense of each verb.

[b] Translate:

[i] (s)he / it had gone

[ii] (s)he / it has gone

[iii] (s)he / it is going

[iv] (s)he / it will have gone

[v] I had gone

[vi] I shall have gone

[vii] they are going

[viii] they went

[ix] they were going

[x] we are going

[xi] we had gone

[xii] we were going

[xiii] you (pl.) were going

[xiv] you (sg.) went

[xv] you (sg.) will have gone

____________________

[a]

[b]

[i] (s)he / it had gone: ierat

[ii] (s)he / it has gone: iit

[iii] (s)he / it is going: it

[iv] (s)he / it will have gone: ierit

[v] I had gone: ieram

[vi] I shall have gone: ierō

[vii] they are going: eunt

[viii] they went: iērunt

[ix] they were going: ībant

[x] we are going: īmus

[xi] we had gone: ierāmus

[xii] we were going: ībāmus

[xiii] you (pl.) were going: ībātis

[xiv] you (sg.) went: īstī

[xv] you (sg.) will have gone: ieris

08.06.27: Level 4 (review); eō, īre – and its compounds [1] indicative active

The irregularity of the verb is in its stems which are most often a single vowel. Once you are familiar with the stems, the conjugation of the verb is straightforward.

Note: Active forms of the verb are very common and part of the core vocabulary of Latin. Passive forms of the verb are rare and very restricted in their usage. Therefore, all passive forms will be discussed separately.

[i] Present tense

eō [stem: e-  + personal ending: ō]

is [stem: i-  + personal ending: s]

it [stem: i-  + personal ending: t]

īmus [stem: ī-  + personal ending: mus]

ītis [stem: ī-  + personal ending: tis]

eunt [stem: eu-  + personal ending: nt]

[ii] Imperfect and future tenses

single stem vowel: ī- + 1^st / 2^nd imperfect tense and future tense endings:

• imperfect: ībam, ībās etc.
• future: ībō, ībis etc.

[iii] Perfect tense stems

[a] single vowel: i- + perfect tense endings

However, note the spelling changes marked with an asterisk:

(1) iī [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -ī]

* (2) īstī [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -istī, but the two vowels merge > īstī]

Note: iistī is sometimes attested, especially in the work of Plautus:

• Strēnuē mehercle iistī.
• Bis periistī?
• Iamne abiistī? 

(3) iit [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -it]

(4) iimus [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -imus]

* (5) īstis [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -istis, but the two vowels merge > īstis]

Note: iistis is sometimes attested, especially in the work of Plautus: 

• Iam vōs rediistis in concordiam?
• Ā mē magnam iniistis grātiam.

(6) iērunt [perfect stem i- + perfect tense ending -ērunt]

[b] perfect stem: īv- + the perfect tense endings

These forms do not occur as often with the verb eō, īre; in Classical literature, some do not exist at all, but are used in later Latin. However, they are used as perfect tense endings for 4^th conjugation verbs throughout the Classical period.

īvī | audīvī

īvistī | audīvīstī

īvit | audīvit

īvimus | audīvimus

īvistis | audīvistis

īvērunt | audīvērunt

[iv] Pluperfect and future perfect tenses

[a] perfect stem: i- + pluperfect / future perfect endings

[b] perfect stem: īv- + pluperfect / future perfect endings

pluperfect: ieram, ierās etc. | īveram, īverās etc.

future perfect: ierō, ieris etc. | īverō, īveris etc.